The Evolution and Challenges of Directors' Duty of Loyalty

Author(s): Adina Ponta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The duty of loyalty is the core of the fiduciary relationship between ownership and effective control of a company. This paper aims at identifying the contours of this heterogeneous fiduciary duty in corporate law, absent of clearly established legal limits. The objective is to highlight the pattern of this duty based on evolutionary case law, from the beginning of confluences between legal and microeconomic elements, by emphasizing the shades of current social and moral norms. The article renders both exposures of this duty, from the minimalist conception, "lack of betrayal", to the broad dimension of "active commitment". Various case law examples contribute to the identification of overlaps between loyalty and good faith, and of conflicts between applicability of the duty of care and duty of loyalty. The paper exposes a comparative analysis of the duty of loyalty among the jurisdictions of the European Union and Romania, emphasizing the influences of agency rules and traditional fiduciary values within civil law. The expansion of the duty is reflected by addressing the notions of conflict of interest and corporate opportunity doctrine. The findings reveal case law substantiated factors which facilitate the identification of duty of loyalty violations and differentiate them from good faith situations, where jurisprudence mainly facilitates the exclusion of this fiduciary duty.

Administrative Contracts in the European Union Law

Author(s): Catalin-Silviu Sararu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The administrative contracts of procurement and concessions involving substantial funds, one of the main sources that feed the ongoing process of economic and social development of Member States. The article analyzes developments in European legislation on public contracts and concessions, purpose and action directions of these regulations. The article points out the role of EU regulations in the field of public contracts. It stresses that freedom of exchange and application of competition rules of the common law can not be sufficient to ensure a genuine internal market for public contracts in the European Union. To these must be added the harmonization of procedures in Member States through EU directives regulating: to choose the form of adjudication, advertising, conditions for participation of undertakings, conditions for awarding contracts, ways of contesting the proceedings.

The Improvement of Legal Framework of the Limited Liability Company Provided by International Uniform Law

Author(s): Charlotte Ene,Ileana Voica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the tasks assumed by the European Commission is to create a suitable legal framework for companies in order to facilitate the cross-border cooperation and to consolidate the European internal market. This article examines mainly the legal framework of Societas Privata Europaea, a supranational private limited liability company designated especially for small and medium enterprises, as one of the dimension of the harmonization process of the corporate law in the EU. In this regard, it starts by outlining the evolution of the European Private Company, and then presents the proposal for the Statute of this company. In the end, this article are analyzed other provisions regarding similar supranational structure drafted by international law-makings in order to draw the future developments. In conclusion, this form of supranational company will improve the legal framework of Limited Liability Company by eliminating a great amount of uncertainties in doing trans-border businesses into internal market, and allowing to set up the same European legal entity across the Member States.

International Air Transport of Passengers and Luggage from Tourist Industry Perspective and the Rights of Tourists

Author(s): Ilie Dumitru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The tourism sector represents for many countries one of the engines of economic growth and the interdependence between tourism and transport branch, especially that of the transport of passengers and luggage, is more than obvious. For this reason, at international level a greater need to develop more uniform legal regulations was felt in recent decades, along with the exponential growth of the number of tourists. Although by the adoption of the Montreal Convention in 1999 an important step was made in this direction, backed then by its taking over by the European Union law, it still remain many countries which are of great interest to tourists where this international convention or EU regulations are not applicable. Therefore, we believe that an analysis of the provisions of regulations applicable at an international, European and national level, as well as of the international jurisprudence and doctrine regarding the protection of passengers' rights, the compensation due to them in case of damages and the limitations of damages can be nothing but useful.

Excise Duties in European Union. Relevant National Case-Law

Author(s): Mihaela Tofan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Excise duty is an indirect tax category, particularly important due to the economic impact it has on the public budget. EU harmonized excise duties represent special consumption fees that are due to the state budget for certain products, derived from domestic production or imported. In the area of regulation concerning substantive law on excise duties, EU law contains harmonized rules, mainly through directives. Accordingly to the transposition right into national law, each Member State has its own regulations in the field, resulting a very diverse legal framework. Especially in the rules of procedure, we notice considerable differences on the perception and payment of these tax liabilities, as demonstrated by the consistent jurisprudence. This paper shows the influence of the jurisprudence of the EUCJ on the interpretation of the rules of law applicable in the field.

Considerations Regarding the Contract Assignment in the Romanian Civil Code

Author(s): Tudor Vlad RĂDULESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to give an overview of an institution that has not benefited from general rules in Romanian legislation before 2011 (the year that the actual Civil Code has entered into force) respectively the assignment of contract. The paper starts with a brief review of some aspects of comparative law regarding the assignment contract, moving through the few applications of this operation that were present in the Civil Code of 1864, to end with the actual regulation of the contract assignment, with its particular applications.

Consultation between Social Partners. From a General View to a Particular One

Author(s): Magda Volonciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper was based on an analysis that focuses on the following aspects: Can the social partnership be the same thing as social dialogue? What is the place of the social dialogue in the consultation and information procedures among partners? Is the Law. 62/2011 an obstacle to a real social partnership? Also, it refers to the advantages and disadvantages for close dialogue from the baseline - the unit (including discussions on the concept of unity, according to the latest practices of European law) but also the employee`s right to be informed and the transition from the individual to the collective. For a thorough research of the problem it addresses the following: The general framework of information and consultation procedure established by Law no. 467/2006, the specific information and consultation procedures established on normative aspects but also the specific information and consultation procedures established by convention but also the strengthening of the social partnership. Last but not least, we analyze the social intervention in economic and managerial decision with their limits and risks.

Rocznik Strategiczny 2019/2020

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

PRZEGLĄD SYTUACJI POLITYCZNEJ, GOSPODARCZEJ I WOJSKOWEJW ŚRODOWISKU MIĘDZYNARODOWYM POLSKI2019/20, TOM 25, JUBILEUSZOWY!Temat wydania30-LECIE POLSKIEJ TRANSFORMACJIROCZNIK STRATEGICZNYjest jedyną w Polsce i Europie Środkowej publikacją, która systematycznie i całościowoprzedstawia główne wydarzenia i tendencje w życiu międzynarodowym mijającego roku.Obserwatorium bezpieczeństwaoferuje wnikliwą analizę globalnych oraz regionalnych problemów bezpieczeństwaw ujęciu instytucjonalnym i sektorowym.Świat w Roczniku jest geopolitycznym ujęciem sytuacji międzynarodowej,w tym polityki wielkich mocarstw.Diagnoza sytuacji strategicznej dokonywana jest w RS z polskiej perspektywy.Zawartość RS jest wzbogacona autorskimi tabelami i kalendarium.Ponadto w obecnym wydaniu RS m.in.:– Koronawirus dżumą czasów globalizacji,– Autokracje w natarciu, czyli pandemia kratokracji,– Początek rozpadu Zachodu?– Rządy Hobbesa na Bliskim Wschodzie.

PARYSKA KULTURA – 1952 / Numer specjalny – Marzec

Author(s): Antoni Nowak,Wł. Dunin-Borkowski,Al. Stypułkowska,Jan Szułdrzyński,Tadeusz Sulimirski,Maria Danilewicz-Zielińska,Marek A. Rudzki,Juliusz K. Serafin,Stanisław Gryziewicz,Józef M. Biliński / Language(s): Polish

SPECIAL ISSUE as a report on the general situation of State and Society in Poland under Communist Rule (There is a bibliography and a list of statutory laws at the end of each article).

Między rozumem a mitem

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The book is a collection of articles dedicated to Professor Stanisław Filipowicz for his 70th birthday anniversary. The texts refer to his scientific achievements in political philosophy and the history of thought and political ideas.

Религиозната толерантност в съвременния свят : Сборник статии и доклади 2013-2014

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

The collection includes reports presented in 2013 and 2014 at the series of organised scientific events connected with the research project "Religious tolerance".

Трудът и социалната защита в условията на глобални обществени, икономически и социални промени

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

The collection includes reports from the jubilee scientific conference on the topic: "Labor and social protection in the conditions of global public, economic and social changes", held on 31.05.2023. The conference is organized on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the "Human Resources and Social Protection" department, the 70th anniversary of the "Human Resources Economics" major and the 32nd anniversary of the "Insurance and Social Affairs" major. The main thematic directions of the reports presented at the conference are in the field of: labor market, industrial relations, human resources management, organizational behavior and corporate culture, health and safety working conditions, insurance, social security, corporate social liability etc.

Актуални проблеми на превенцията на престъпността. Сборник с материали от Първата международна научна конференция, организирана от Юридическия факултет на Пловдивския университет „Паисий Хилендарски“ – 19 април 2005 г.

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian,Russian

The collection is dedicated to the current criminal legal policy pursued in relation to the prevention and fight against crime. Different points of view are presented – criminological and criminal law. The relevant problems are analysed from theoretical and practical viewpoint.

Comparative Analysis of Cybercrime in the Criminal Law System

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Importance of the topic. In recent decades, information technology has advanced significantly, leading to an increase in cybercrime. These include a wide range of illegal activities such as hacking, phishing, online fraud, cybercrime and more. As a result, cybercrime has become a major issue for the contemporary criminal law system. Cybercrime is a growing phenomenon in today's digital world, and its consequences can be devastating for individuals and companies. As a result, the criminal law system has developed to combat these crimes and to try to protect society against them. The development of computers has had, and still has, a major impact on everyday life, on the way business is conducted, on the way information is managed, etc. At the same time, the development of technologies has also led to the emergence of new, highly sophisticated crimes, namely cybercrime. There are many types of such crimes, including computer fraud, computer sabotage, computer forgery, etc., with software piracy accounting for the largest share of these crimes. Criminals in this field, especially hackers, use highly sophisticated software, which makes it virtually impossible to detect them and their attacks cause irrecoverable damage to companies. Computer networks have thus come to occupy a world of their own, in which criminals are in charge, and justice, for the time being, is far removed from this world. Technological development and the widespread use of information systems has brought with it a number of risks. The increasing dependence of businesses, public institutions and even individual users on the IT systems that largely manage their resources makes them increasingly vulnerable to the impact of cybercrime. There are many international methods and practices to prevent and combat cybercrime. These include international collaboration, standardisation of investigative practices, use of specialised technology, improved investigative capacity and better legislation. It is important to recognise that cybercrime is a global phenomenon that requires an international approach and cooperation between governments and law enforcement organisations in order to be effectively prevented and combated.

Optužujem!

Author(s): Tatjana Tagirov / Language(s): Croatian

Declaraţia Universală a Drepturilor Omului – moment important în dezvoltarea dreptului drepturilor omului

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian

This volume presents the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in the evolution of international human rights law. It examines how the UDHR laid the foundation for the development of subsequent human rights treaties and frameworks, influencing both national and international legal systems. It delves into the historical context of the UDHR's adoption, the key principles it enshrines, and its lasting impact on global human rights discourse. It also addresses the challenges and criticisms faced by the UDHR over the decades, highlighting its role as a cornerstone of modern human rights advocacy and legislation.

Poczekalnie. Interakcje w przestrzeniach edukacji prawniczej a sfera publiczna

Author(s): Karolina Kocemba / Language(s): Polish

Istnieje rozdźwięk między oficjalnym, wyidealizowanym obrazem wydziałów prawa a rzeczywistością, którą możemy odczytać na podstawie przestrzeni i odbywających się w niej interakcji. Wydziały nie przypominają miejsc rozwoju czy tworzenia wspólnoty, a raczej poczekalnie, gdzie przebywa się z konieczności, w oczekiwaniu na coś lepszego, na jakąś aktywność. Edukacja prawnicza to etap przejściowy, który należy przeczekać i przetrwać. Wydziały prawa opuszczają prawnicy, których ustawienia fabryczne są w „trybie poczekalni”, obejmującym postawy takie jak bierność i zdolność podporządkowania się. Bez zmiany „trybu poczekalni” prawnicy nie będą potrafili reagować na kryzysy wymiaru sprawiedliwości czy demokracji ani walczyć o sprawiedliwość; nie będą samodzielni w myśleniu, staną się koniunkturalistami. Rozwiązaniem jest zmiana „ustawień fabrycznych” przyszłych prawników z „trybu poczekalnia” na „tryb obywatelskość”. Karolina Kocemba Książka Karoliny Kocemby stanowi cenną próbę dotarcia do ukrytego obrazu edukacji prawniczej, odległego od oficjalnych deklaracji uczelni i programów kształcenia, a wyłaniającego się z obserwacji doświadczeń osób studiujących prawo. Powiązanie przestrzeni edukowania prawniczego ze stosunkiem przyszłych prawniczek do prawa jako reliktu wydziałowej mentalnej poczekalni to jedna z lepszych znanych mi hipotez wyjaśniających wiele zjawisk zachodzących ostatnio w polskim systemie i kulturze prawnej. Jako absolwentka prawa rozpoznaję doświadczenia opisywane przez autorkę: doskonale pamiętam atmosferę „nie-miejsca”, która utrzymywała się uporczywie mimo nabywania przez mój wydział nowych budynków, przestrzeni i wyposażenia. Marta Bucholc, profesorka socjologii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim, współpracowniczka naukowa Uniwersytetu Saint-Louis w Brukseli Praca Karoliny Kocemby jest ważnym apelem w sprawie zmian w edukacji prawniczej w Polsce, a zarazem głosem w debacie na temat kształtowania sfery publicznej w naszym kraju. Opiera się na dobrze przemyślanych badaniach empirycznych, skutecznie dowodzących tezy, że mechanizmy socjalizacji do zawodów prawniczych powinny ulec zmianie, jeśli absolwentki i absolwenci tych studiów mają w pełni realizować swoje role publiczne. Z tych przyczyn książka powinna zainteresować badaczki i praktyków edukacji prawniczej, a także absolwentów wydziałów prawa. Dla osób odpowiedzialnych za zarządzanie wydziałami prawa lektura tej książki jest wręcz obowiązkowa. Jan Winczorek, socjolog i prawnik, adiunkt na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim Karolina Kocemba – doktorka nauk prawnych, badaczka prawno-społeczna, stypendystka programu Max Weber (post-doc) Europejskiego Instytutu Uniwersyteckiego we Florencji oraz programu re:constitution (2023/2024), post-doc na Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim i badaczka w Centrum Edukacji Prawnej i Teorii Społecznej, a także visiting professor w Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law, Uniwersytet Kraju Basków. Specjalizuje się w badaniu mobilizacji prawnej i strategicznej litygacji, praw kobiet, konstytucjonalizmu oraz edukacji prawniczej.

Wynagrodzenie za pracę w świetle zasad sprawiedliwości i równości

Author(s): Helena Szewczyk / Language(s): Polish

Zasada równego traktowania oraz zasada niedyskryminacji w zatrudnieniu stanowią szczególny aspekt ogólniejszej zasady równości, uważanej za jedno z fundamentalnych praw człowieka. Z nieuzasadnionym różnicowaniem wynagrodzeń, będącym wyrazem zaprzeczenia tych zasad, można spotkać się na wszystkich etapach zatrudnienia, tj. na etapie jego powstania, realizacji oraz ustania. […] Na polskim rynku wydawniczym pojawiły się już prace traktujące o zasadach sprawiedliwości i równości w wynagradzaniu. Brakuje natomiast aktualnej, kompleksowej publikacji, która ukazywałaby efekty transpozycji europejskiego prawa pracy do polskiego prawa pracy w dziedzinie równości płac. Niniejsza książka stara się wypełnić tę lukę. Ukazuje polskie prawo antydyskryminacyjne w zakresie równości w wynagradzaniu oraz postępujący proces jego europeizacji. fragment Wstępu Monografia ta ma charakter wieloaspektowy i interdyscyplinarny. Jest tak dzięki połączeniu analizy regulacji międzynarodowych i krajowych, a także nieograniczaniu się do kwestii prawa materialnego oraz omówieniu zagadnień procesowych. Dzieło to ma wszelkie atuty, aby stać się ważnym, wręcz fundamentalnym opracowaniem zarówno dla specjalistów z zakresu prawa pracy, jak i dla badaczy z innych dziedzin zajmujących się kwestiami prawa do równego traktowania. dr hab. Marcin Wujczyk Helena Szewczyk – doktor habilitowana nauk prawnych, długoletni pracownik badawczo-dydaktyczny Instytutu Nauk Prawnych na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach. Jej zainteresowania naukowe są związane z polskim i europejskim prawem pracy oraz prawem urzędniczym. Jest autorką wielu publikacji naukowych (monografii, studiów, artykułów, glos), w których porusza przede wszystkim zagadnienia dotyczące indywidualnego prawa pracy, zatrudnienia w sektorze publicznym oraz zabezpieczenia społecznego. Czynnie wykonuje zawód radcy prawnego. Autorka książek Mobbing w stosunkach pracy. Zagadnienia prawne (2012) i Whistleblowing. Zgłaszanie nieprawidłowości w stosunkach zatrudnienia (2020).

USKLAĐIVANJE REGULATORNOG SISTEMA REPUBLIKE SRBIJE KOJI SE ODNOSI NA PITANJE GENETIČKI MODIFIKOVANIH ORGANIZAMA SA PRAVNIM OKVIROM EVROPSKE UNIJE

Author(s): Aleksej Tarasjev / Language(s): Serbian

Membership in the World Trade Organization is a precondition for the successful closing of Serbia’s pre-accession negotiations in Chapter 30 (External Relations) with the European Union. Although this Chapter does not explicitly deal with genetically modified organisms, international trade rules do not allow general traffic barriers, such as those that Serbia introduced in 2009 with the Law on Genetically Modified Organisms. Therefore, our intention with this publication is to present the possibilities offered by international standards for Serbia to fulfill the conditions of accession with both the World Trade Organization and the European Union, while at the same time to respond to the dilemmas that the citizens of our country have. These international standards allow Serbia to establish a system that would abolish the general ban on trade in these products. At the same time it would also establish, in a politically wise manner, an adequate restrictive system that would offer the maximum limit of trade with products containing genetically modified organisms at all levels and enable Serbia to ban the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops in the same way as the EU member states do.

Vodič kroz poglavlje 31 pretpristupnih pregovora Srbije sa Evropskom unijom

Author(s): Igor Novaković / Language(s): Serbian

The “Guide to Chapter 31” is the first publication of the ISAC Fund intended to provide better understanding of the specific elements that make up this Chapter of Serbia’s accession negotiations with the European Union, mainly in connection with the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union. The Guide contains basic information on the development, structure and importance of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union as a mechanism for the coordination of national policies. This publication also discusses individual topics, such as human rights, democratization and the rule of law, support for the work of the International Criminal Court, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc., on which the common foreign policy approach of the Union is based. Additionally, a topic that was discussed in particular is the operational dimension of this aspect of the EU, embodied in the Common Security and Defense Policy, i.e. civilian missions and military operations of the EU. This publication also contains the report on harmonizing Serbia with the EU’s foreign policy declarations during 2014.