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In this paper, the authors analyze Croatian invariant relativizers (InvRels) in European perspective, with emphasis on InvRels employed in non-standard Croatian. The paper is roughly divided in two parts. In the first part of the paper, previously researched facts about InvRels are reviewed. It is demonstrated that in Croatian, InvRels are more typical of non-standard variety and with fewer syntactic restrictions when compared to standard Croatian. Sociolinguistic variation is also briefly commented on. In the second part of the paper, two previously unanalyzed features of non-standard InvRels are examined by means of the hrWac 2.0 corpus: distribution across the position relativized, and the use of resumptive pronouns with direct object. Due to the nature of corpus data, the investigation was narrowed to the InvRels šta and kaj. The paper demonstrates that the two InvRels are found in most cases with subject, and to a lesser extent with direct object relativization. Other positions relativized are rarely encountered. Resumptive pronouns with inanimate direct objects are readily omitted, while with animate direct object the omission seems fairly rare. These findings are important because they display that only subject and direct object are regularly relativized, even in non-standard Croatian. Furthermore, the major role of animacy with respect to the use of resumptive pronouns is pointed out, with a comparable tendency in Czech (Fried 2010).
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This paper presents an analysis of the similarities in some phraseological units containing numerals and is based on selected phraseological material from two Balkan languages – Bulgarian and Romanian, as well as on phraseological equivalents from other languages, including Albanian, Greek, Russian and English. Based on the theory of the existence of a dominant component among the phraseological unit’s elements, which may be considered the semantic core of the idioms, the purpose of the proposed analysis is to illustrate that numerals play a significant role in constructing the phraseological semantics, despite the rule that phraseological units are stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings.
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The paper presents the roots and the results of politically motivated action to nationalize the place-names in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia which was started after „the Law of the place and street-names and marking the number of houses“ was brought (on 18th February 1930). The emphasis of the paper is laid on some Croatian place-names of Hungarian (Bjelovar, Daruvar, Erdevik, Monoštor, Sot, Vukovar) and German origin (Karlovac).The unsuccessful attempt to rename Ilok into Pragovo is presented extensively.
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В статье представлен анализ инхоативных глаголов с префиксом за- в трёх славянских языках: болгарском, польском и белорусском, а также показаны различия в распределении этих гла голов в отдельных семантических группах. В славянских языках наиболее продуктивным способом деривации форм инхоативной конфигуркции является префиксация, а префикс за- является типичым славянским инхоативным префиксом. Инхоативность в статье представлена не как один из способов действия, а как конфигурация двух видов - длителыюго и моментального моментальной доминантой.
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The following study offers an editorial and e-editorial stance on “Slavic studies, ” seen externally as a field of research and found in publication titles. Advanced interactive and digital elements will be investigated on the basis of selected volumes and applications.
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Changes in probability distributions of individual words and word types were investigated within two samples of daily press in the span of fifty years. Two samples of daily press were used in this study. The one derived from the Corpus of Serbian Language (CSL) /Kostić, Đ., 2001/ that covers period between 1945. and 1957. and the other derived from the Ebart Media Documentation (EBR) that was compiled from seven daily news and five weekly magazines from 2002. and 2003. Each sample consisted of about 1 million words. The obtained results indicate that nouns and adjectives were more frequent in the CSL, while verbs and prepositions are more frequent in the EBR sample, suggesting a decrease of sentence length in the last five decades. Conspicuous changes in probability distribution of individual words were observed for nouns and adjectives, while minimal or no changes were observed for verbs and prepositions. Such an outcome suggests that nouns and adjectives are most susceptible to diachronic changes, while verbs and prepositions appear to be resistant to such changes.
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Frazemi predstavljaju skupove leksema koji prevodiocima često zadaju glavobolju jer ne samo da značenje frazema nije jednako zbiru njegovih sastavnica, nego značenje frazema uveliko ovisi i o kulturi i historiji nekog jezika. Ovaj rad istražuje određeni broj frazema koji kao svoju osnovnu sastavnicu imaju riječ heart tj. srce. U radu se komparativno analiziraju odabrani engleski frazemi sa sastavnicom heart i njihovi prijevodi na bosanski jezik.
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The article is dedicated to the concept of money in its quality as cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The understanding of Bulgarian and Russian native speakers, as representatives of the respective linguocultures, about the nature and characteristics of money have been analyzed based upon a variety of paroemiological material.
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This paper examines the semantics and etymology of Slavic verbs with the meaning of underwater motion such as diving, immersing, sinking and drowning. The contemporary Slavic languages possess a certain number of verbal lexes describing underwater motion which are inherited from the oldest stratum of the Common Slavic and Indo-European lexicon (e.g. *nerti, *grǫziti, *roniti, *topiti, *daviti). Their semantics and distribution, however, differ partially or sometimes even totally in every contemporary Slavic language due to their own historical development and semantic changes. The main purposes of this paper are to demonstrate initial parallels and divergences in the semantics of the underwater motion verbs in the contemporary Slavic languages including some literary microlanguages such as Upper and Lower Sorbian and Vojvodina Ruthenian, and to shed the light on the patterns of their semantic changes. Great attention will be paid not only to the etymology of the verbs in question, but also to their semantic behavior and function in each lexical system.
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The paper aims to compare two groups of minority language-majority language bilingual students and employees at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia (23 Hungarian-Serbian individuals and 19 Slovak-Serbian individuals) in an attempt to establish which language is dominant and to explore whether a positive attitude toward L2 correlates most strongly with proficiency in L2, frequency of use, or language history. The research presented here is part of a larger study focusing on the connection between monoligualism/bilingualism and executive functions (see Perovic–Đurđević Filipović, & Halupka-Rešetar, in preparation). The instrument used in this research is Birdsong et al.’s (2012) self-report questionnaire for assessing aspects of language dominance in bilinguals (BLP). This instrument produces a continuous dominance score and a general bilingual profile, which takes into account multiple dimensions, including the age of L1 and L2 acquisition, the frequency and contexts of use, competence in different skills, and attitudes toward each language (see Gertken et al., 2014). The questionnaire also gives an opportunity to calculate the research participants’ Global Language Score and their language dominance index.An independent samples t-test was used, and no significant differences were found on any subscale between the scores of the Hungarian-Serbian and the Slovak-Serbian groups regarding their respective L1. The same was true for Serbian as the L2.Next, paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the mother tongue and the second language in the two groups. In the Hungarian-Serbian group there were significant differences between L1 and L2 with respect to language history, language use, and language attitudes as well as on the Global Language Score, all of which were higher for Hungarian. In the Slovak-Serbian group, none of the subtests showed a significant difference between L1 and L2 (except a borderline value regarding language attitudes).Language attitudes toward L2 were found to correlate with language proficiency in both groups of research participants (rs = .661, p = .001 for the Hungarian-Serbian group and rs = .650, p = .003 in the case of Slovak-Serbian bilinguals). In the Slovak-Serbian group of participants, a positive correlation was observed between L2 language history and L2 attitudes (rs = .610, p = .006), as well as between L2 language use and L2 attitudes (= .753, p < .001).
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L’auteur a analysé 21 noms communs et 2 noms propres serbocroates, 3 noms communs romans figurant exclusivement dans les documents médiévaux de la Dalmato aussi bien qu’une locution verbale italienne se référant à notre peuple. La plupart des mots étudiés sont usés en Dalmatie, Quinze en sont liés à Dubrovnik, y compris le toponyme éponyme. Les mots: b'àrdasa, djêstro, kàntula, Zéro, tùndela et irka vivent encore tandis que: blustro, karidza, kôsao, sela et skorova(j)ta sont tombés en désuétude. Cresiola e t poncha ne se trouvent que dans les documents notariaux rédigés en vénitien. Kuéica, au sens de »trou pour repiquer«, appartient à un type spécial des calques qu’on pourrait appeler »calque erroné«. Au 13eme siècle, lors de l’hégémonie vénitienne à Dubrovnik, les premiers traducteurs croates étant bilingues ont confondu la forme dégéminée issue de cassetta »petite caisse«, »trou pour repiquer« avec le diminutif de casa »maison«. Quatre mots se rattachent aux environs de Zadar (b'àna, fr'kata, jarga et lânda. Le cinquième lexème appartenant à cette zone (quirina) n ’apparaît; que dans les documents des» archives. Le nom de famille Du(j)ela appartient aussi à ce groupe. Un seul mot, (kéla) nous porte à Sibenik. Trois mots: kèbara, kèvara et kipra sont employés en zones plus ou moins étendues de la Croatie et de la Bosnie occidentale et parfois' aussi dans quelques-unes des villes côtières déjà mentionnée. Le mot skaurta a une aire très réduite. La locution navigare alla raugea »naviguer à la manière des marins de Dubrovnik« enfin était employée au 16eme et au 17eme siècle en Halle pour désigner une institution juridique que nos documents latins appelaient navigare ad partem et selon laquelle soit le profit soit les frais du voyage étaient divisés en parties égales entre les armateurs et les marins. Quelques-uns seulement entre ces mots avaient déjà été l’objet des recherches étymologiques. L’auteur en parle brièvement et renvoie le lecteur à ses travaux parus auparavant où les étymons inexacts ou incomplets proposés par les linguistes qui l’y précédèrent ont été corrigés ou complétés à la lumière de l’étymologie structurale. Cette méthode ne tient pas compte seulement des mots ayant des rapports, sur l’axe vertical du temps, avec le mot étudié, mais aussi de ses parents »latéraux «. En effet, un grand nombre de mots serbo-croates hérités ou empruntés ressemblant aux mots étudiés par leurs signifiants, par leurs signifiés ou par toutes les deux composantes du signe linguistique, ont pu exercer et souvent ont sûrement exercé une grande influence su r eux de manière que ces influences »horizontales« se sont montrées plusieurs fois décisives dans l’analyse étymologique.
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The paper deals with the study of baroque syntactic traits in the biography “Life of Sava Tekelija” written by Jovan Subotić, one of the most active writers of the 19th century. His work, as well as work of many of his contemporaries, is a direct result of the barocization of the Serbian language syntax which was under the influence of the German and Latin syntax, as well as the Polish baroque. By examining the excerpted material, we observed that the most common features of the baroque sentences are: the final position of the verb, the postponement of the attributes, the anteposition of object and provisions, the overrun. A long sentence occurs often, while an anteposition of genitive occurs rarely, as opposed to a large number of cases of postponed genitive. Although syntax parallelism is typical for discourse in the work of Jovan Subotic, it has been rarely found in the material, which can be explained by the nature of biography as a literary type.
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This paper compares different ways of describing the language history of Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks and Montenegrins, and sociolinguistic issues in this regard, as shown in the introduction of some grammars of Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian languages. In the analysed grammars we can observe the following: as far as the pre-standardisation period, views differ mainly in the Bosnian grammar; most disagreements in all grammars appear in connection with interpreting the events of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These findings illustrate the difficulties faced by teachers and students of the history of South Slavonic languages at Masaryk University in Brno, Czechia.
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The aim of the article is to analyze a group of indeclinable adjectives, for example Czech words such as: antisexy, cache, gay, crimes, ethno, retro, top, etc. The analysis of the lexical and grammatical properties of the examined units (mainly of English origin) questions their belonging to the adjective group in the vein of other studies. It takes the view that the units surveyed fulfill the function of attributes in the composita.
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The article discusses the most common problems in translating from Bulgarian into Serbian which arise from the use of literalisms. The theoretical part presents the translation concepts and an analysis of the excerpted material is carried out. In the report, literalisms are divided into two groups. The first group covers literalisms which refer to the interpretation of the text and which influence the perception of the meaning of the text and change it. The second group covers literalisms according to the type of transformation: grammatical or lexical. The reasons for the occurrence of literal translations are explored and possible solutions are proposed to avoid them.
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The author presents the book "Theoretical and practical grammar of Slovene language" ("Grammatica teoretico-pratica della lingua slovena") from the year 1918. The foreword of the book states that it is the first Slovene grammar designed for Italians. It was written by dr. Bruno Guyon who in 1917 lived in San Pietro al Natisone in Venezia Giulia. The grammar was also designed to meet the "needs of the time", that is, the needs of Italian military policy. It contains, among other things, examples for "dialogues" such as: "He must be arrested, interrogated, handcuffed"..."Your comrades are vile animals." etc.
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