Zaburzenia syntaktyczne wewnątrz fraz nominalnych w komputerowej konwersji tekstu z języka angielskiego na polski i rosyjski. Spojrzenie generatywne

Author(s): Ewelina Alwasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2010

Presented article is the next one of several planned presentations of a larger research project. The overall goal of the presented analysis is to contribute toward improvement of the fully automatic machine translation integrated within search engines. The author tries to answer the question why language syntactic disorders occur in the process of automatic translations of phrases by the Google search mechanism. For comparison selected version of translation — Google, Yahoo and Bing has been analyzed. In the presented article a generative view (the theory of x-bar syntax) on this method theme is proposed as a possible way to avoid such kind of disorders in computer translations.

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА ‘ПАМЯТЬ’ В СТАРООБРЯДЧЕСКОМ ВОЙНОВСКОМ СИНОДИКЕ

Author(s): Joanna Orzechowska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 130/2010

In the article updating the concept of ‘memory’ was analysed through its material expression in the text. The analytical material consisted of a special kind of religious literature, sinodik, which is an expression of remembrance about the dead and was used to mention them in prayers. With the application of frame analysis and statistic methods of research an artifi cial text was delineated, which is the main form of updating the concept of ‘memory’ in the Sinodik from Wojnowo. In turn, it allowed to differentiate a new subconcept from the latter one, i.e. mentioning the dead in prayers.

Ekwiwalencja językowa i kulturowa w angielskim i rosyjskim przekładzie „Wojny polsko-ruskiej pod flagą biało-czerwoną” Doroty Masłowskiej

Author(s): Wacław Osadnik,Natalia Strzelecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 125/2009

The paper consists of two parts. The first one is devoted to the problem of equivalence in translation from the historical perspective. The authors discuss concepts of full, partial and zero equivalence and their understanding from the ancient times to the polysystem theory.The second part contains an analysis of translations of Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną by Dorota Masłowska into English and Russian. The authors give a short overview of the cultural approach to the language and of the behavioral patterns of the “street-boys”. Following, they attempt to illustrate how both translators coped with the specificity of the language of the novel, in order to translate it not only linguistically but also culturally. In the conclusion the authors point to the issues concerning the untranslatability of some of the elements of the source text as well as evaluate how the translated text has been accepted in the target language and culture.

О ДВУХ ПЕРИФЕРИЙНЫХ МИКРОСИСТЕМАХ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ГНЕВА В РУССКОМ, ПОЛЬСКОМ И ЧЕШСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

Author(s): Eugeniusz Stefański / Language(s): Russian Issue: 125/2009

The article analyzes two groups of words, which mean different kinds of anger in Russian, Polish and Czech. The author pays special attention to the etymology of these words and reveals peculiarities of these emotion experiences by the Russian, Polish and Czech linguistic personality.

Język rosyjski w Polsce — fakty i mity

Author(s): Władysław Figarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 121/2008

Seeing through the lens of Poles’ perception of Russia and Russians over centuries, looking through the lens of Poland’s and Poles’ experience of relations with this great country, the author undertakes an analysis of a number of factors that have determined Poles’ attitudes towards the Russian language as a school subject. Some facts bearing on the attitudes are endorsed as true or approximating the truth, while others are exposed as myths, fiction at odds with truth, often not even pretending to be true. It is emphasised, inter alia, that the Russian language in Poland has always been burdened with political overtones, most so during the period of partitions and in the years 1945–1989. This has had catastrophic consequences for the attitude of Poles towards the actual teaching and learning of the language of Pushkin in our country. However, the author posits that there are grounds for a change of the attitude to the Russian language and its place among other foreign languages taught at Polish schools, in the spirit of broadly-defined collaboration and tolerance, including language tolerance, in line with changes taking place across the civilised world.

О пользе книг славянских для истории и этимологии венгерской фразеологии

Author(s): András Zoltán / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1(2)/2007

This paper examines cases when Slavonic parallels of Hungarian phraseologisms help to reveal their common third source (in the analyzed cases—Germ. obs. daran sein ‘to strive for sg, to aim at sg’; Germ. freilassеn ‘to let free’).

Critica et bibliographia

Author(s): I. I. Savickaja,Larisa Stankevich,Michael Moser,Zoltán Farkas,Istvan Frid,Erzsébet Kámán / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2008

Review of: 1. Вугорска-беларускй слоушк. Пад рэд. Атылы ГОЛАТТТА i Ларысы СТАНКЕВШ. I Прэдзьгаэа, 2007. 280 с. - Magyar-fehérorosz szótár. Szerk. HOLLÓS Attila és Larisza SZTANKEVICS. Nyíregyháza, 2007. 280 p. by: И. И. Савицкая (Минск) 2. BELENTSCHIKOW Renate (Hrsg.): Das Russische in zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern. Internationale Fachtagung, Magdeburg, 18.-22.5.2005. БЕЛЕНЧИКОВА Ренате (ред.): Русский язык в двуязычных словарях. Международная научная конференция, Магдебург, 18-22 мая 2005 г. Band 13. 2006. 392 с. by: Лариса Станкевич (Брест—Будапешт) 3. BORYS Wieslaw: Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Krakow: Wydawnic- two literackie, 2005. 861 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 4. WITKOWSKI Wieslaw: Nowy slownik zapozyczen polskich w języku rosyjskim. Wydanie drugie, rozszerzone. Kraków: Universitas, 2006. XXIV + 251 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 5. DANYLENKO Andrii: Slavica et Islamica. Ukrainian in Context. (Sagners Slavistische Sammlung 31.) München: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2006. 460 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 6. Szűcs Olga: Nyikolaj Bergyajev történetfilozófiája 1901-1924 között írt mű¬vei alapján. Dobroljubov Társadalomtudományi Társaság Közhasznú Egyesület, 2006. 167 p. by: Золтан Фаркаш 7. MARIN EL LI-KÖNIG Gertraud: Russische Kinderliteratur in dér Sowjetunion dér Jahre 1920-1930. Slavistische Beitrage 457. Hrsg. von Peter Rehder. München: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2007. 293+7 S. by: Иштван Фрид 8. Studia Russica XXI. Литература и визуальность. Под ред. Анны ХАН И Жужи ХЕТЕНИ. Budapest: Institut Philologiae Slavicae Orientalis et Balticae, 2004. 436 p. by: Эржебет Каман

Mittelruthenisch (Mittelweißrussisch und Mittelukrainisch): Ein Überblick

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2005

The Middle Ruthenian (Middle Belarusian and Middle Ukrainian) period is an important stage in the development of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. It is characterized by several significant innovations on all linguistic levels. Of utmost significance is the broad functionality of Middle Ruthenian as a literary language, particularly beginning from the second half of the 16th up to the middle of the 17th century.

Новосадското творчество на Павел Йозеф Шафарик и българската тематика в него

Author(s): Teodorichka Gotovska-Henze / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

The article presents the main scientific works of one of the most prominent specialist in the field of Slav Studies – Pavel Josef Šafarik, written during his stay among the Serbs in Novi Sad (1819–1833) where he worked as a teacher at a lo¬cal secondary school. Thanks to the long study of Orthodox literary tradition he became an excellent expert in Slav Studies. At that time, he already had the firm opinion that the first Slav literary language – the Church language, used by St. Cyril and St. Methodius – was based on a dialect, different from the Serbian one, but spoken among the Slavs of the Bulgarian group, located in the Thessaloniki district and at the foot of Rila and Pirin mountains. The young scientist intended to visit those places and gather the necessary proves of his idea, however the Russian-Turkish War of 1828–1829 put an end to his plan and in 1833 he left Novi Sad for good. The study of the first Slav literary language however remained his everlasting task in the future.

Językowe wpływy tureckie w Atla sie ogólnoslowiańskim

Author(s): Janusz Siatkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2003

The paper claims that Turkish idioms attested in the Slavonic Linguistic Atlas (SLA) occur both in East Slavic and South Slavic dialects, however, with significant differences in the two groups. In the East Slavic part, they originate from Northern Turkish dialects (Tatarian, Chagatay, Chuvash, Kazakh, and others). Some of them are common throughout the whole territory and have even got incorporated into Standard Russian, while others are restricted mostly to Russian dialects. In South Slavic dialects, they originate from the Turkish Ottoman language and are usually found in Macedonian dialects, particularly in Aegean Macedonia. Historically, Turkish idioms tend to decrease in number but the lack of data from Bulgaria (stopped working on the Atlas) and from Bosnia and Herzegovina (recent war) makes an elaborate analysis of the process impossible

Uwagi o białorusko-polskich kontaktach językowych w miastach Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego

Author(s): Jerzy Gordziejew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2004

The article deals with the development of the Polish language and the Polish- Belarusian language relationship in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The text concentrated on the example of the city of Grodno situated in the western part of the Duchy. According to the sources, specific features of the Polish language were that it adopted interesting Belarusian lexical loans, Belarusian personal names written in Latin alphabet. The materials collected contain a lot of examples of the Belarusian influence on the Polish phonetic system. The results of the research problem are discussed on the wide historical background: ethnic structure of the city and the cultural contacts of its inhabitants. The author’s attempt to describe the problem is based on the numerous valuable sources, preserved and gathered in the Belarusian archives: the council files of old Grodno, the court’s records and the Civilian-Military Commission of Grodno district, the inventories of the nobles’ and the monasteries’ possessions and other kinds of contemporary sources.

Что такое «простая мова»?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2002

The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.

Диалог между езици и култури

Author(s): Desislava Velimovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2017

ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ И МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ЛЕКСЕМЫ НАСЛЕДНИК В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Timur Ildarovich Galeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the decline of polysemy of the lexeme naslednik (наследник ‘heir’) and its derivatives. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been set: to describe the semantic structure of the studied lexeme and its derivatives in the historical perspective for the considered time intervals; to trace the major changes in the morphemic and semantic structure of words; to describe the potential of the studied lexemes in terms of education of phraseology. The following methods have been used to achieve the above objectives: lexicographic analysis, derivational analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the connotative content of the investigated words and to the peculiarities of their use in artistic and religious texts, legal documents and publicism. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions have been made: in the Ancient Rus, the lexeme was polysemantic and used in the domestic and religious spheres. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the polysemy of the lexeme developed in politics and law. In the 21st century, the word again, as in the pre-Petrine era, was basically used in the meaning of preemnik (преемник ‘successor’). The paper gives a number of examples proving that in the era when the title naslednik was common this lexeme acquired a different meaning, i.e., the heir of property, in legal documents. In speech, the usual nominations of naslednik and naslednitsa (наследница ‘heiress’) functioned (heirs to the traditions). The obtained results are important for further study of particular sections of etymology, historical lexicology.

М.В. ЛОМОНОСОВ КАК ПСАЛМОПЕВЕЦ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ А.И. АЛЕКСАНДРОВА

Author(s): Aleftina Yuryevna Chernysheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper is devoted to analysis of the work by Bishop Anastasius (Professor A.I. Aleksandrov), the rector of the Kazan and St. Petersburg theological academies and the Dean of the Historical Philological Department of the Kazan Imperial University during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, “In Memory of Mikhail Lomonosov, the Father of Russian Science and the Divinely Inspired Psalmist” based on the speech of A.I. Aleksandrov at the solemn meeting of the Kazan Theological Academy on November 7, 1911, on the 200th anniversary of birth of M.V. Lomonosov. M.V. Lomonosov’s linguistic findings still need further investigation, as well as A.I. Aleksandrov’s works. This defines the novelty and relevance of this study. The purpose of this paper is to trace M.V. Lomonosov’s contribution to the development of Russian linguistics as understood by A.I. Aleksandrov and to identify the features of A.I. Aleksandrov’s worldview. As a result of the study, the following conclusions have been made. Though the analysis of scientific and spiritual activity of M.V. Lomonosov, A.I. Aleksandrov showed that M.V. Lomonosov, as a brilliant linguist, is the creator of fine literature, including religious lyrics: versifications of nine pslams (1, 14, 26, 34, 70, 103, 116, 143, 145) of the Old Testament, odes from the Book of Job, and, in addition, two reflections on the Majesty of the God. The religious views of M.V. Lomonosov are associated by A.I. Aleksandrov with the faith of the poet in the “providential Hand” of the God and His mercy. According to A.I. Aleksandrov, M.V. Lomonosov’s poems is an evidence of the friendly union between faith and reason, as well as a reminder of the time in the history of Russian society when secular and spiritual science were indivisible, in contrast to the society. A.I. Aleksandrov explored carefully M.V. Lomonosov’s scientific works and demonstrated the specifics of his own worldview consisting in accepting the unity of secular and religious studies, which was characteristic of the Kazan Linguistic School during that period.

Мышь в фольклорной традиции восточных славян

Author(s): Margarita Nadel-Czerwińska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2017

The article discusses the semantics of a number of metasigns (mouse, cat, tomcat, lynx etc.) of the folklore of Eastern Slavs in the mythological context of traditional beliefs and texts. Examples of proverbs, folk fortune telling and fairy tales are given as illustrations.

К вопросу о специфике внутренних языковых контактов: русский язык как источник сленгизмов латышского языка

Author(s): Igors Koškins / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the specifics of the Latvian-Russian language contact and one of its results — slang words and barbarisms. The author consideres also motivations of this kind of borrowings from Russian in the Latvian language. Uriel Weinreich pre¬sented the classification of “motivations of lexical borrowings” in his book Languages in contact. Some postulates of Weinreich’s research can be applied to the study of Russian-Latvian language contacts connected with distribution of slang words. A lar¬ge number of the Russianisms entered in colloquial Latvian as a result of oral com-munication. Slavisms in the colloquial speech (slang) have been borrowed because of internal language contacts and bilingualism. Russian language was eveolving in a so¬ciolinguistic situation of collective bilingualism that assumes the existence of internal language contacts. It is possible to classify Russianisms-barbarisms from the point of view of their motivation in several groups, which are described in the article. Various degrees of adaptation of slang words in Latvian show that various types of lexical in¬terference are parts of one dynamic process.

The Future of the Finno-Ugric Languages of Russia

Author(s): János Pusztay / Language(s): English Issue: 162/2018

The article is an approch to characterize the situation of Finno-Ugric langauges in Russia in 21st century on the basis of statistical, legal and sociolinguistic sources. Globalisation prevails in a more or less closed, originally multi-lingual and multi-cultural society mainly due to political or ideological reasons. This situation can be observed in case of Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia. Because of political conditions one-sided bilingualism is the entrance hall to a new (Russian) monolingualism.

The influence of Russian on the Eskaleut languages

Author(s): José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente / Language(s): English Issue: 162/2018

The main objective of this article is to present a brief overview of the linguistic effects that Russian influence has caused on the Eskaleut (a.k.a. Eskimo-Aleut) languages. There exist very good general surveys, albeit none of them approach Eskaleut as a whole: some of them focus on Eskimo data, others on Aleut. The lexicon, phonology and grammar of various Eskaleut languages present clear traces of Russian influence. However, the degree of intensity reached its peak on the Aleutian Islands.Russian has also experienced much of what the Eskaleut languages went through under Russian rule. The immediate future of Ninilchik and Afognak Russian, however, seems less auspicious than the prospects of Eskaleut languages spoken on both sides of the Bering Strait.

Polskie baśka, rosyjskie башкá, ukraińskie бáшкá ‘głowa’ i ich etymologia w słowniku Maxa Vasmera

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 162/2018

The three colloquial words for ‘head’ adduced in the title of this paper are of Turkic origin, cf. Tkc. baš ’head’. However, this author contests Max Vasmer’s opinion that the Russian word was borrowed from the Turkic dative form (baš.ka) with the meaning ‘per unit, each; pro Stück’. Moreover, it is suggested that the Ukrainian reflex continues, as a matter of fact, two words.