Zaburzenia syntaktyczne wewnątrz fraz nominalnych w komputerowej konwersji tekstu z języka angielskiego na polski i rosyjski. Spojrzenie generatywne

Author(s): Ewelina Alwasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2010

Presented article is the next one of several planned presentations of a larger research project. The overall goal of the presented analysis is to contribute toward improvement of the fully automatic machine translation integrated within search engines. The author tries to answer the question why language syntactic disorders occur in the process of automatic translations of phrases by the Google search mechanism. For comparison selected version of translation — Google, Yahoo and Bing has been analyzed. In the presented article a generative view (the theory of x-bar syntax) on this method theme is proposed as a possible way to avoid such kind of disorders in computer translations.

Ekwiwalencja językowa i kulturowa w angielskim i rosyjskim przekładzie „Wojny polsko-ruskiej pod flagą biało-czerwoną” Doroty Masłowskiej

Author(s): Wacław Osadnik,Natalia Strzelecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 125/2009

The paper consists of two parts. The first one is devoted to the problem of equivalence in translation from the historical perspective. The authors discuss concepts of full, partial and zero equivalence and their understanding from the ancient times to the polysystem theory.The second part contains an analysis of translations of Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną by Dorota Masłowska into English and Russian. The authors give a short overview of the cultural approach to the language and of the behavioral patterns of the “street-boys”. Following, they attempt to illustrate how both translators coped with the specificity of the language of the novel, in order to translate it not only linguistically but also culturally. In the conclusion the authors point to the issues concerning the untranslatability of some of the elements of the source text as well as evaluate how the translated text has been accepted in the target language and culture.

О ДВУХ ПЕРИФЕРИЙНЫХ МИКРОСИСТЕМАХ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ГНЕВА В РУССКОМ, ПОЛЬСКОМ И ЧЕШСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

Author(s): Eugeniusz Stefański / Language(s): Russian Issue: 125/2009

The article analyzes two groups of words, which mean different kinds of anger in Russian, Polish and Czech. The author pays special attention to the etymology of these words and reveals peculiarities of these emotion experiences by the Russian, Polish and Czech linguistic personality.

The French Feminine Pattern in the 19th Century Romanian Prose

Author(s): Ramona Mihăilă / Language(s): English Issue: 4-II/2010

Cet article essaie d’analyser les facteurs modeleurs de la construction de l’identité des personnages féminins dans la prose roumaine du XIXe à travers un modèle français qui apparaît dans plusieurs écrits. Je vais développer ce sujet à travers trois perspectives : une perspective socioculturelle et historique qui met en discussion la transition de la société rurale/agraire à la société urbaine/industrielle; une perspective qui met en discussion l’estompage des conventions et des stéréotypies dans la représentation de la féminité moyennant le passage du romantisme au réalisme et une perspective comparative entre la littérature et la culture roumaine et la littérature et la culture française : perspectives comparatives des sujets que les écrivains roumains et français ont choisis: stratégies du discours féministe, indépendance économique des femmes, conformité sociale et accomplissement personnel ou personnages féminins et milieu rural/urbaine.

Językowe wpływy tureckie w Atla sie ogólnoslowiańskim

Author(s): Janusz Siatkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2003

The paper claims that Turkish idioms attested in the Slavonic Linguistic Atlas (SLA) occur both in East Slavic and South Slavic dialects, however, with significant differences in the two groups. In the East Slavic part, they originate from Northern Turkish dialects (Tatarian, Chagatay, Chuvash, Kazakh, and others). Some of them are common throughout the whole territory and have even got incorporated into Standard Russian, while others are restricted mostly to Russian dialects. In South Slavic dialects, they originate from the Turkish Ottoman language and are usually found in Macedonian dialects, particularly in Aegean Macedonia. Historically, Turkish idioms tend to decrease in number but the lack of data from Bulgaria (stopped working on the Atlas) and from Bosnia and Herzegovina (recent war) makes an elaborate analysis of the process impossible

Uwagi o białorusko-polskich kontaktach językowych w miastach Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego

Author(s): Jerzy Gordziejew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2004

The article deals with the development of the Polish language and the Polish- Belarusian language relationship in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The text concentrated on the example of the city of Grodno situated in the western part of the Duchy. According to the sources, specific features of the Polish language were that it adopted interesting Belarusian lexical loans, Belarusian personal names written in Latin alphabet. The materials collected contain a lot of examples of the Belarusian influence on the Polish phonetic system. The results of the research problem are discussed on the wide historical background: ethnic structure of the city and the cultural contacts of its inhabitants. The author’s attempt to describe the problem is based on the numerous valuable sources, preserved and gathered in the Belarusian archives: the council files of old Grodno, the court’s records and the Civilian-Military Commission of Grodno district, the inventories of the nobles’ and the monasteries’ possessions and other kinds of contemporary sources.

Что такое «простая мова»?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2002

The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.

Lehnprägungen nach italienischen Vorbildern in der Sprache der Dramen der kroatischen Renaissance

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 1-3/2003

Following К. Schumann’s classification, the paper establishes 8 of the 23 possible types of loan translations and semantic loans in the Renaissance Croatian drama. At the same time, two new types of calquing are also identified: “Lehngebrauch der Rektionen von Verben und Substantiven“ and “syntaktische Lehngebrauch der Rektionen der Lehnwörter“. In using loan translations or semantic loans the authors’ individual choice is for the lexical types, while in terms of syntactic loans the widespread and generally accepted forms are preferred.

Hungarian Loanwords in the Dialect Dictionary of Béltince

Author(s): Mária Zsilák / Language(s): English Issue: 1-3/2003

On the basis of Pleteršnik's dictionary and dialectal lexical material collected in his native village of Beltince, Franc Novak compiled a dictionary containing about 8,000 entries. His work was later completed and edited by Vilko Novak. This dialectal dictionary includes a significant number of Hungarian loanwords, lexical elements transferred into the Beltince dialect through Hungarian as an intermediary language, as well as loan translations and words based on a Hungarian model. The present paper describes this lexical material, also discussing problems of phonetic and morphological adaptation these transferred elements undergo. The population of the Porabje region in Slovenia has lived in the natural neighbourhood of Hungarians for centuries. The Beltince dictionary yields a linguistic documentation for this coexistence, contributing not only to research in Slovenian dialectology but also Hungarian-Slovenian language contacts.

Z HISTORII POLSKO-TURECKICH KONTAKTÓW JĘZYKOWO-KULTUROWYCH W XVI W. – OD SANDŻAKA DO SĘDZIAKA

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2018

It is assumed in the history of language that the main phase of infl uences of the Turkish-Tatar languages is the 16th and 17th centuries. They were caused by linguistic and cultural contacts the background of which was largely political and military. The infl uences are indirect borrowings (through the medium of the Ruthenian languages, the Hungarian language, and the German language) or direct ones. An example of the latter is the Turkicism sandżak ‘an administrator of a district in the Ottoman Empire, a military commander’, which – as a result of adaptation processes – was equated with the original Polish form sędziak, constituting an interesting example of lexical heterogenic homonymy.

К вопросу о специфике внутренних языковых контактов: русский язык как источник сленгизмов латышского языка

Author(s): Igors Koškins / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the specifics of the Latvian-Russian language contact and one of its results — slang words and barbarisms. The author consideres also motivations of this kind of borrowings from Russian in the Latvian language. Uriel Weinreich pre¬sented the classification of “motivations of lexical borrowings” in his book Languages in contact. Some postulates of Weinreich’s research can be applied to the study of Russian-Latvian language contacts connected with distribution of slang words. A lar¬ge number of the Russianisms entered in colloquial Latvian as a result of oral com-munication. Slavisms in the colloquial speech (slang) have been borrowed because of internal language contacts and bilingualism. Russian language was eveolving in a so¬ciolinguistic situation of collective bilingualism that assumes the existence of internal language contacts. It is possible to classify Russianisms-barbarisms from the point of view of their motivation in several groups, which are described in the article. Various degrees of adaptation of slang words in Latvian show that various types of lexical in¬terference are parts of one dynamic process.

The influence of Russian on the Eskaleut languages

Author(s): José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente / Language(s): English Issue: 162/2018

The main objective of this article is to present a brief overview of the linguistic effects that Russian influence has caused on the Eskaleut (a.k.a. Eskimo-Aleut) languages. There exist very good general surveys, albeit none of them approach Eskaleut as a whole: some of them focus on Eskimo data, others on Aleut. The lexicon, phonology and grammar of various Eskaleut languages present clear traces of Russian influence. However, the degree of intensity reached its peak on the Aleutian Islands.Russian has also experienced much of what the Eskaleut languages went through under Russian rule. The immediate future of Ninilchik and Afognak Russian, however, seems less auspicious than the prospects of Eskaleut languages spoken on both sides of the Bering Strait.

Polskie baśka, rosyjskie башкá, ukraińskie бáшкá ‘głowa’ i ich etymologia w słowniku Maxa Vasmera

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 162/2018

The three colloquial words for ‘head’ adduced in the title of this paper are of Turkic origin, cf. Tkc. baš ’head’. However, this author contests Max Vasmer’s opinion that the Russian word was borrowed from the Turkic dative form (baš.ka) with the meaning ‘per unit, each; pro Stück’. Moreover, it is suggested that the Ukrainian reflex continues, as a matter of fact, two words.

Белорусская «трасянка» и украинский «суржик»: oб основных различиях в степени влияния русского языка

Author(s): Gerd Hentschel / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the mixed types of speech in Ukraine and Belarus – Surzhyk and Trasyanka. On the basis of multidimensional research conducted by the scholars from Oldenburg University and their colleagues from Ukraine and Belarus, the author discusses the range of Russian influence on the hybrid languages. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on the basis of corpora collected in various regions of Belarus and Ukraine.

Les verbes introducteurs de noms de sentiments en français et en allemand : étude comparative diachronique

Author(s): Matthieu Pierens / Language(s): French Issue: 30/2018

In this article we compared the introductory verbs of feelings in French (sentir, ressentir, éprouver) and in German ( fühlen, empfinden, (ver)spüren) across the time in order to bring to light the affinities between these verbs. To this end, we measured the principal collocations of these verbs and determined for each verb the most salient ones. This allowed us to determine affinities between French and German verbs according to the time. We also noticed the kind of feelings, which are more connected to feeling auxiliary verbs, notably pain, joy and pleasure, whereas emotion words such as anger and fear are less present.

Nekoliko podataka o lingvističkom uticaju Dubrovnika na govor gradova u hercegovačkom zaleđu (XVI— XVIII vijek)

Author(s): Edina Alirejsović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/1978

L’auteur de cette contribution a examiné quelques documents dans les Archives historiques à Dubrovnik se rapportant aux rapports de cette ville et les villes à l’intérieur en Herzégovine. Il est connu que ces rapports ont été intensifs et qu’ils ont laissé leurs traces remarquables dans la langue de ces régions. Ces rapports ont été surtout commerciaux, c’est-à--dire les villes Trebinje, Stolac et Ljubinje ont été situées sur la route connue qui a mené de Dubrovnik jusqu’à Constantinople. Les commerçants de ces villes ont procuré les marchandises à Dubrovnik et inversement. Les médecins de Dubrovnik venaient en Herzégovine, ensuite les Herzégoviniens étaient engagés comme serviteurs, apprentis à Dubrovnik. Les mots, les plus souvents employés, sont les suivants : afermat, avizat, bastat, kastigat, konfin, kredit, oblegati, pasati, užanca. Quelques de ces mots sont aujourd’hui en emploi dans ces régions.

Did a Getic Language Exist?

Author(s): Svetlana Yanakieva / Language(s): English Issue: 23-24/2017

The paper discusses the hypothesis launched about the existence of a Getic language that was different from Thracian and from the so-called Dacian-Moesian language. The analysis was made on the basis of two criteria: socio-linguistic – the evidence of ancient authors on the speech of the Getae compared to the other Thracians, and internal linguistic – data on the phonetics and lexical material in the onomastic finds from the lands of the Getae, compared to the onomastics from the remaining Thracian territories. It becomes clear from the examples that no substantial differences – either phonetic or lexical – existed between the onomastics of the region inhabited by Getae and the one from the areas inhabited by the other Thracian tribes, which does not give grounds to refer to the Getic language as independent.

Hieroglyphic Luwian CUM-ni (*344) iyasa- ’to buy from’, Lycian ije- ’to buy’ and Hittite iwaru- ’gift, inheritance-grant, dowry’

Author(s): Georgi Rikov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1993

’Gold’ in Mycenaean Greek and Indo-European

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1994

Hittite šuwa- ’to fill’, šuta(i)- ’to fill up’ and Slavic *sytъ ’satisfied, replete’

Author(s): Georgi Rikov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1994