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The paper focuses on agent nouns (nomina actoris) in the Vratsa Gospel, a medieval manuscript which dates back to the 13th or 14th century. The formations are classified by suffixes and presented in word-formation types. Formants, which form word-formation types, are varied, making nomina actoris one of the best performing categories with desubstantive motivation in the Vratsa Gospel.
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The paper tackles Greek diminutives which are only formally derivedwords while semantically hey are separate lexical units representing a new class of denotation different from that of non-diminutive words. Тhe features of diminution are outlined, among which that of similarity is most common. The paper presents an overview of the semantic content of lexicalized diminutives and the form of diminutive suffixes. The model of the French linguist Danielle Corbin is used as a framework for the analysis as applied in the derivation process in Modern Greek.
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The article presents a survey over the behavior of some Bulgarian Facebook users, who participate in groups which are oriented toward the problems of Bulgarian grammatical and orthographical norm. The analysis of the communicative models shows that the four phases of Language management can be defined – noting and registration of deviations from the language norm; an evaluation of the deviations; the desight of adjustments to these deviations and the real process of the adjustments.
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There is a large variety of language resources for expressing quantitative meaning in Modern Bulgarian. Their pragmatic potential, however, has not yet been fully explored. This article examines the manipulative uses of some verbs which express a meaning of indefinite divisible quantity of the argument over the norm. The research is based on texts from online sites of popular Bulgarian newspapers and similar news and information websites. The analyses and the research results may be useful for an extensive and detailed investigation of the pragmatic potential of quantifiers in Bulgarian.
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The work of Piotr Szmidt, not only as a rapper, but also as the author of a contemporary novel (Two dogs survived), is proof of the intensity of the penetration of English borrowings into the Polish language in recent years. The fact that we are dealing, to a large extent, with new vocabulary results from the processes taking place within contemporary culture, not only popular culture (e.g. specialist vocabulary). These phenomena cause the emergence of new lexical forms, both original and resulting from neo-semantization or calqueing. The lexical material includes: neologisms (prank ‘trick’; slow motion ‘tasting, not immediate consumption’; brifowanie ‘summarize’), neo-semantisms (fejmy ‘famous people’, zombie ‘a drugged-up man’), calques (gównoburza < shitstorm), replacements of Polish words and phrases (bez pomysłu na futurę ‘no idea for the future’; ta damulka jest camera shy ‘this lady is camera shy – feature or behavior of a person who doesn’t like to be photographed’), complementing phrases in Polish (ta jego no problem mentality ‘bezproblemowa mentalność’ nie pozwoliłaby mi… ‘his no problem mentality wouldn’t let me ...’), phraseological elements of phrases ((Back in the days ‘kiedyś, dawno temu’ podstawową walutą był szacunek ‘back in the days, the basic currency was respect’). In Mes we are dealing not only with older and newer English vocabulary, adapted rather smoothly to Polish, but, what is equally interesting, with new phenomena in terms of syntax. For example, the fashion of starting sentences in Polish and ending them in English or vice versa (I’m sorry my book ‘przepraszam moja książko, pamiętniku’, jutro do ciebie zajrzę ‘I’m sorry my book, I’ll look at you tomorrow’) requires careful study. English borrowings, similarly to other languages, although to a much lesser extent, serve to renew the resources of the Polish language, to ennoble both their users and the spheres of life they concern, as well as broadly understood pop culture, which has a profound impact on the daily lives of young people. Their use is motivated by snobbery, but above all by the joy of being a bilingual person, of code-switching, so visible in Mesa. Noteworthy are his metalinguistic remarks on borrowings into Polish, a voice that initiates an interesting discussion, which I hope will develop.
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An essential problem with which a good number of linguists have confronted themselves over time is that of giving an accurate picture of aspect. The aspect category varies from language to language.Understanding aspect in all its manifestations is important to our work which seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of the various verbal systems we address.Some aspects are systematic in some languages. It is in the comparison of languagesthat we manage to identify the most subtle verbal aspects and to see them in their true light. Our main comparison concerns French and Romanian. We can say that the classification of verbs in simple and compound tenses in French has a similar figuration with Romanian.
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The superlative expresses the highest degree of meaning of an adjective or an adverb and it can be realized as relative, which implies comparison, and absolute, which indicates a high degree of intensity without direct comparison. In Romanian, there are numerous ways of formation of absolute superlative, grammaticalized or expressive (phonetic, syntactic, lexical). Starting from a more detailed analysis of the absolute superlative in Romanian specialized literature, the aim of our paper is to identify to what extent there are comparable ways of formation of absolute superlative in Croatian, as well as to give an overview of this degree of comparison in Croatian with specific examples from the corpus.
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Review of: Clara Căpățînă, The verbal aspect in Croatian and ways of rendering in Romanian, Bucharest: Pro Universitaria Publishing House, 2021, 187 p., ISBN 978-606-26-1484-3.
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Set Phrases with the Lexeme ”Thursday”. Considerations Regarding the Linguistic and Cultural Image of the Days of the Week in the Polish and Romanian Folk Calendar. Ever since the 1970s and 1980s, the relationship between language and culture has been a topic of broad interest for linguists, which undoubtedly contributed to bringing linguistics closer to humanities. The prefix ethno- contained in the term ethnolinguistics used over the course of this article should be interpreted as an abbreviation for ethnology, a term synonymous with the American anthropology. Describing so-called language stereotypes is one of the main topics of interests for what we generally call “Polish cognitivism”, conducted for years by Polish linguists. The term stereotype itself is used in its original Lippmann's meaning as a schematic and one-sided “picture or image in a person’s mind” of a phenomenon, human being, or thing and at the same time an opinion assimilated from the environment even before discovering the object itself. In Polish language and culture, days of the week were not personified. Therefore, to a philologist-linguist who is comparing the two languages, the data derived from folklore will be a “weaker” starting point than “hard” linguistic confirmations (fixed structures). My goal is to offer a Polish and Romanian comparative analysis which is supported by ethnological or historical data.
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The article shows that lexico-semantic innovations in the Ukrainian language system of proper names which are characterized by a specific neurophysiological mechanism of formation require in-depth study. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that lexico-semantic word formation used to be mainly considered in the diachronic aspect, which led to little attention to ergonyms and pragmonyms as relevant classes of proper names. The article aims to analyze lexico-semantic innovations in the context of ergonyms and pragmonyms and determine their role in word formation in the system of naming-related tools in the modern Ukrainian language. Research methods include observations, analogies, analysis, synthesis, linguistic description, component analysis, structural-semantic analysis, statistical methods. The article proves that lexico-semantic word formation is the most active and productive way of replenishing the fund of ergonyms and pragmonyms in the Ukrainian language under the conditions of a transition economy. The main types of lexico-semantic word formation are derivational metaphor and derivational metonymy. They enable the formation of both simple and compound lexico-semantic innovations mostly represented by binary word combinations. Including all layers of vocabulary in the scope of such a type of word formation can bring unlimited prospects of its functioning in the future. The international value of the research implies clarifying the role of lexico-semantic word formation in the naming system of modern Ukrainian, describing important fragments of the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language, systematizing modern lexico-semantic naming models, and determining the ways of activating lexico-semantic substitution. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, the research analyzes peripheral classes of proper names in various ways, classifies ergonyms by thematic groups and motivational features underlying the naming unit and reveals the specifics of different semantic groups of Ukrainian pragmonyms.
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The paper focuses on the category of diminutiveness in languages, its characteristic features and means of expression. It presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis on the diminutive forms in Ivan Vazov’s novel “Under the Yoke” in its original Bulgarian text and the equivalent diminutive forms in the English translation of the novel. An attempt is made to explain the diminutive patterns in both studied languages by emphasizing the characteristic features of diminutives in Bulgarian and English. Some conclusions are suggested based on the investigation of the diminutive forms in the Bulgarian and English texts as well as based on some previous research on the topic.
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We continue the presentation of the glossary of terminology: in this issue, the letter D. Paul Caravia, researcher with the N.l.S.T. Ph.D. candidate in the philosophy of culture and associated professor at the Bucharest University. Recent book: The Imprisoned Church. Romania, 1944-1989, 1998 (coordinator).
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The article is a glossary of words implying various forms of authoritarianism. Paul Caravia, researcher with the N.I.S.T.
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It continues with the glossary of terminology pertaining to the totalitarian ideology and practice.
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The dictionary includes terms of totalitarianism and authoritarianism; to define them, the logic schemes of political comparative studies have been used. As this is a pioneer work, the dictionary mainly seeks to point to human rights and their violation.
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Learning the Romanian language by foreigners seems to be a challenge for teachers and students from several points of view: the objectives pursued, the diversity of traditional and digital educational resources, the applied methods, the differences between the literary and the spoken language, the duration of the courses, age, context, socio-cultural particularities and interests of the participants. Our goal is to successively present these aspects, theoretically and practically. For this, we will refer to case studies and examples from personal experience of teaching-learning the basics of the Romanian language to foreign students who come to our institution, Military Technical Academy „Ferdinand I”, as part of international mobility exchanges. If in theory, the chaining of the notions of phonetics, vocabulary, morphology and syntax is done cursively, in practice there are syncopes and overcoming them is the real stake of the time-limited educational process. We will thus highlight the strengths and weaknesses that we have identified over time in the interaction between Romanian teachers and foreign scholars, starting from our own experience.
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One of the key terms that we touch on in this paper is the phenomenon of virtuality. In the context of this research, we use the term virtual or virtuality in its meaning which implies the expression of possibility that is present at the textual level (if, as is the case here, we are talking about the written form), but remains in the virtual sphere, or as the potential that is not actualized in the reality to which that text refers. Although the phenomenon of virtuality most often appears as a subject of narratological research, primarily postclassical narratological approaches, the aim of this paper was to analyze this phenomenon from a linguistic point of view, relying on the results of linguistic research on counterfactuality, grammatical, semantic and pragmatic category of modality and discourse analysis. In this paper, we were analyzing different language forms and strategies which are being used, in order to construct such virtual aspects of reality, in various instructions, which are taken as an example of technical-informative genre, which is considered as one of the genres within a wider scientific discourse. We limited our analysis to two groups: (1) instructions for use of drugs and dietary supplements and (2) instructions for use of household appliances. The selected material consisted of a total of ten instructive texts, with five belonging to the first group and five to the second. The aim of this paper was to point out the most frequent linguistic markers that indicate the presence of the phenomenon of virtuality and different purposes of its use. Firstly, the basic features of the chosen theoretical and methodological framework, as well as the status and main features of the instructions genre in the context of classifications based on functional stratification of language were presented. Finally, the presence of category of virtuality within the instructions was explored. The analysis pointed out that linguistic markers that show the presence of the category of virtuality include examples at different levels of linguistic organization, such as the use of modal verbs and semantically similar lexemes and expressions, the use of imperatives and conditionals, and the use of adverbial conditional clauses. These linguistic forms and strategies are formulated in such a way that they simultaneously confirm certain general features of scientific functional style (e. g. impersonal constructions, objectivity, avoidance of emotional or expressive vocabulary), but they also include examples that do not fit into the ones that could be considered as expected in the context of scientific style (e. g. imperative, second person plural), which can be explained by the communicative orientation of instructions towards the final recipient of the message. The analyzed examples show that the phenomenon of virtuality is not related exclusively to the sphere of literary narratives, but it can also be found in examples of genres belonging to different types of discourse, in this case – scientific one.
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The article considers lexical and syntactic word formation based on works of Ukrainian literature. Hermeneutics is closely related to philology, but most often examines the text from the point of view of literary criticism. The linguistic aspect, namely the study of occasionalisms, is much less studied. Attention to Ukrainian culture is growing, and in this context it can be an interesting source of hermeneutic research. This article examines the most interesting examples of occasionalisms, which by their function and non-standard structure are divided into two types – a priori and a posteriori. The difference between coalescences (words formed in a lexical-syntactic way) and similar words and phenomena has also been clarified. Most of these words are related to holophrases, but in Ukrainian literature there are examples that we call a posteriori coalescences, they are formed according to individual authorial models and have almost no analogues in the texts of other writers. We hope that this study will be an important step in the study of Ukrainian language and literature in the world and will draw attention to Ukrainian culture – a culture with millennial traditions.
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The following pages are a sample of possible directions for analysing translations from an ancient and very special language – the Homeric Greek – into a modern language. Even if the two languages are genealogically and typologically related, any translation, naturally, is a challenge in terms of mentality and the linguistic approach. When differences imposed by the genealogical and structural-typological criterion interfere between the two languages brought into cultural contact, the difficulties in rendering the original text increase very much. However, the new versions may be very well done, because, as it is known, any natural language has compensating virtues for rendering particularities in the source language. The corpus of texts selected for our little excursion into the diachrony of Turkish translations from theIliad and the Odyssey has been extracted from the most representative Turkish version, “Erhat-Kadir”. In order to render the texts in Romanian, we have used the best-known version in this cultural-linguistic area, the “Murnu version”.
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Paginile de mai jos reprezintă o mostră de posibile direcții de analiză a unor traduceri dintr-o limbă veche și cu totul specială – limba greacă homerică – într-o limbă modernă. Evident, orice traducere, chiar dacă ar fi vorba despre două limbi înrudite genealogic și tipologic, constituie o provocare, din punctul de vedere al abordării mentalitare și lingvistice. Cînd între cele două limbi puse în contact cultural se mai interpun și diferențele impuse de criteriul genealogic și structural-tipologic, dificultățile de redare a textului original cresc foarte mult. Cu toate acestea, versiunile nou realizate pot fi foarte reușite, pentru că, așa cum se știe, orice limbă naturală dispune de virtuți compensatorii pentru redarea particularităților din limba-bază. Corpusul de texte selectat pentru mica noastră incursiune în diacronia traducerilor turcești din Iliada și Odiseea a fost extras din cea mai reprezentativă versiune turcească, aceea numită „Erhat-Kadir”, iar pentru reflectarea în română a textelor respective am utilizat versiunea cea mai cunoscută din respectivul spațiu cultural-lingvistic, „versiunea Murnu”.
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