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К вопросу реализации деривационного потенциала англицизмов в русском и хорватском языках (на материале текстов сми и интернет-форумов)

Author(s): Nika Zoricic,Marina Vasilievna Radčenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

English loanwords, demonstrating varying degrees of adaptation in Russian and Croatian, are actively used in derivational processes. The formation of neologisms, very frequently found in mass media texts and in the language of the Internet, can be carried out in both conventional and non-conventional ways. Based on a comparative analysis, the most productive ways of forming neologisms derived from Anglicisms are revealed: suffixation, analytical compounding (in Russian), graphical derivation, blending. The degree of word-formation potential of the newest Anglicisms reflects the relevance of the designated phenomenon and the frequency of use of the borrowing and its derivatives.

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Осврти и прикази

Author(s): Mirjana Petrović Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2020

Митра Рељић, Српска гробља на Косову и Метохији: уништена споменичка и језичка баштина, Матица српска 2020, 343 стране

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Kas katikahammustamatu etümoloogiline pähkel - linnased 'idandatud (odra)terad'?

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 3/2022

There is still no good etymology for the Estonian-Votic terms for malt – Est. linnas, usu. pl linnased, Vot. linnaz, linnahzõt. The etymologies offered this far are based on occasional juxtapositions without sufficient semantic motivation, thus raising more questions than providing answers. The main Finnic brewing terms are Germanic (Scandinavian) loanwords, while Est. õlu ‘beer’ etc. is either of Germanic or Baltic origin. This article considers the possible Baltic (Balto-Slavic) origin of the Estonian-Votic malt name, seeing the donor form in the Balto-Slavic stem variant *linda- (*lindā) ~ *ln̥da- (< I.E. lendh-), some of whose Baltic descendants are Lith. lį̇̃sti (< *lind-ti; leñda, liñdo) ‘to crawl, move slowly, drag (on); germinate, sprout etc.’, Latv. lìst (lìen ~ lìed, lìda) ‘crawl, creep, move slowly; squeeze in; appeal (to), please; cut, mow; sprout, germinate etc.’, OPru. lindan (accsg) ‘valley’, Rus. ляда ’assarted field or grassland; a plot of woods or bush assigned for slash and burn; virgin land; fallow land overgrown with grass or brushwood; low grass; bush, young woodland etc.’, (O)Cz. lado ‘overgrown, fallow, bad land’, Pol. lada ‘virgin land’ etc. (Slav. *lęd-). The presumed meaning of the Baltic (Balto-Slavic) source word is ‘germ, sprout (of a plant or grain)’. The borrowing must have adapted to the nouns with inflectional suffix -kse: *linta- > *linδa-kse-. The above etymological suggestion is supported by some (East) Slavic malt names analogously associated with germination such as Rus. dial. рóща ‘growth force; germ, sprout; greenery; shoot, runner; young mixed forest; germinated barley, malt’, рости́ло ‘rye malt’, BRus. рόшча ‘shoot, plant, germinated grains, growth in length’. Those Slavic malt names have semantic Finnic parallels such as Vot. itü ‘germ; malt’, Fin. dial. itu ‘germ’: itujauhot ‘malt’, Ingr. iDü ‘malt’, Olon. idy ‘germinated grains before drying’ etc., Lud. id́u: id́ud́auhod pl ‘malt flour’, Veps. idu, id́u: idujouh.

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The effect of intercultural communication in social media on figurative expressions usage

Author(s): Demah Aamer Alqahtani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Figurative expressions, such as idioms, are used orally and in writing in everyday language. An idiom is an expression used by itself or as a part of a sentence, and its meaning cannot be derived from the literal meaning of its constituents. Idioms can add an extra level of difficulty to the language learning process (either L1 or L2) because after understanding the literal meaning of each word, the learner has to make sense of the figurative meaning and how to use it correctly. From a pedagogical point of view, social media platforms appear to be influential with regard to learning literal and figurative meaning because they provide a context where this new language item is being used. This research investigates the role of social media platforms in figurative language learning. Different idioms are retrieved from social media platforms to show the effect of intercultural inclusion between speakers of different languages (English and Arabic). It is expected that watching a video containing figurative expressions or reading the comment section where an idiom is used can help the learners infer the meaning and know precisely how to use it and in what context. Moreover, new idioms are starting to be translated and borrowed to different languages due to L2 learners' exposure to this idiom in different contexts, which gives them an accurate depiction of it. The light is shed on the role of bilinguals and L2 learners who can work as an intercultural link between speakers of Arabic and English.

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Implicit causality biases of Romanian interpersonal verbs: elicitation and initial results

Author(s): Mădălina Matei,Sofiana Iulia Lindemann / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Implicit causality is the property of interpersonal verbs to relate two human or animate entities in such a way that one of the referents is assumed to have caused the action or attitude described by the verb. This assumption, which has been termed bias and which is seemingly rooted in the argument structure of verbs, affects remention and subsequent pronominalization. This paper surveys theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language with a focus on implicit causal relations expressed inter-clausally by verbs. It also presents the preliminary results of an off-line sentence-continuation study in which we tested the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural consistency of the implicit causality bias patterns of interpersonal verbs in Romanian.

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ЗА ПРОИЗХОДА НА ДВА ОБЩОСЛАВЯНСКИ ГЛАГОЛА С ПРОТИВОПОЛОЖНО ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2022

The text deals with the question of the common (proto-)Indo-European origin of two Slavic verbs with opposite meanings. The author proposes an account of the possible primary motivation of the ancient root and identifies its relations with other modern (Slavic) words.

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Cromatica simbolurilor

Author(s): Eugen Lungu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7-12/2022

The present study brings into discussion some colors that were attracted to poets from Romanian, but also universal literature, in order to build their artistic imagination. Yellow, purple and gray are the most important chromatic symbols that managed not only to mark modern expressiveness, but also to penetrate into the postmodernist, with their exact meanings, bringing an articulating register between the two eras of poetic sensibility

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Kulturološki uvjetovana tematska polja s riječima perzijskog porijekla u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Amela Šehović,Đenita Haverić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

The paper analyzes the words of the Persian origin represented in the thematic fields that reflect the material and spiritual culture of these areas, which is why many of them can be seen as realia. Also, it seeks to determine what is their stylistic potential in the Bosnian language, i.e. whether they belong to the active or passive vocabulary of the Bosnian language. In that sense, the paper indicates that they can be substituted by the Slavic origin lexemes, but also the fact that many of these expressions belong to non-equivalent or hardly replaceable lexicon.

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Kes või mis oli Jörru?

Author(s): Külli Prillop / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 7/2022

In 1695 Christian Kelch, the then pastor of Järva-Jaani, published his chronicle “Liefländische Historia”, which also contained an Estonian folk song titled “Jörru, jörru”, with German translation. This was the first Estonian folk song to appear in print; owing to Johann Gottfried von Herder it became known even more widely. Despite repeated analysis of the text, the meaning of jörru has remained a mystery to this day. In Herder’s “Volkslieder” there is a note explainig Jörru as the male name Georg. This interpretation has been predominant, although it contradicts Kelch’s original explanation of Jörru being a young man’s word of address for his beloved girl. Possibly Herder did not find the text in Kelch’s chronicle but in a Königsberg newspaper, where the song had been published in 1764 without Kelch’s comment. Kelch, however, had a good reason to explicate the meaning of Jörru, as he wanted to refute an earlier claim that Jörru refers to Jerusalem and the song as a whole expresses the longing of a people for their former homeland. The article hypothesizes that jörru is the Middle Low German gör ‘girl’. In the local variant of Low German it was normal that before a front vowel g would be pronounced as j; another expected change is ö > õ. The word-final vowel u is a diminutive suffix. The lengthening of the r-sound can be accounted for by diminutive gemination. In addition to the etymology for jörru the meanings of some other archaic words and expressions occurring in the song are specified.

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Onomastički odgovor na pitanje ko su Bosanci i Hercegovci

Author(s): Enisa Gološ / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2021

Review of: Indira Šabić, Prezimena u Bosni i Hercegovini, Off-set, Tuzla, 2020.

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The N-Word and Other Sticky Issues: Considering Alice Childress’s "Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Relationship in Black and White" in the Black Lives Matter Era

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The N-Word and Other Sticky Issues: Considering Alice Childress’s "Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Relationship in Black and White" in the Black Lives Matter Era

Author(s): Tanya Long Bennett / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2022

Alice Herndon Childress’s 1962 play Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Story in Black and White mines many of the issues that the most recent US race crisis has brought to the forefront, but in the twenty-first century, a long overdue shift in political climate has raised new questions regarding what is acceptable, even in the realm of art. Childress investigates oppressive forces through realistic, compelling characters and setting, and electric dialogue, yet in doing so, she employs the N-word and other disturbing epithets that discomfit contemporary students, actors, and audiences. In a time when use of such words can result in one’s being fired or sued, do the lessons of this play outweigh the turmoil that such terms can cause? This study argues that they do, with an important caveat: just as words’ meanings are contingent on their context, the positive power of the play is contingent on careful treatment of it, suggesting that current US sociopolitical crises, like those of the past, cannot be satisfactorily resolved by simple rules or mandates.

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Kako je Humo divaniti znao - književnojezična i jezičnohistorijska studija

Author(s): Indira Šabić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2021

Review of: Enisa Gološ, Ekspresivna leksika u Huminom djelu, Univerzitet „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru, Mostar, 2020.

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AN OVERVIEW OF SPECIALISED LANGUAGE RESEARCH FROM A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Theodora Flaut / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

Specialised languages are used to help disseminate information and news pertaining to the respective fields, both nationally and abroad. In order to achieve this, it genuinely helps to have the results translated into a foreign language and English is most frequently used to this end. If, however, the person who wishes to translate the information in question is a competent user of English but lacks the necessary specialised knowledge, the result is not always going to be the desired one. In order to illustrate this, we are going to select a number of Romanian words: corp (corpus in Latin), formulă, întreg, operaţie, virus, etc. The words corp, formulă and întreg are employed, with a variety of meanings, in certain branches of science including astronomy, physics, mathematics; the word operaţie is frequently encountered in medicine and mathematics, the word virus is extremely prevalent in medicine and computer science.

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HRŽICA, G., KUVAČ KRALJEVIĆ, J., & ŠTEFANEC, V. (2022). ČESTOTNI RJEČNIK HRVATSKOGA DJEČJEG JEZIKA: MORFOLOŠKI I RAZVOJNI OBLICI

Author(s): Sara Košutar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Hržica, G., Kuvač Kraljević, J., & Štefanec, V. (2022). Čestotni Rječnik Hrvatskoga Dječjeg Jezika: Morfološki i Razvojni Oblici. [Frequency Dictionary of the Croatian Child Language: Morphological and Developmental Forms]. Zagreb: Naklada Slap.

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Translation strategies for verbal collocations in Jonathan Coe`s Middle England

Author(s): IULIA CRISTINA ANTONIE (COTEA) / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The current paper deals with the functional and structural aspects of collocations while at the same time it explores their socio-cultural features on the grounds of a corpus-based inductive approach. Collocational translation requires in-depth collocational analysis which in turn leads to a tripartite approach based on linguistic, communicative and cultural competence. The meaning of a collocation depends upon the meaning of its constituents so translation becomes more difficult when their figurative meaning is taken into account. Between the untranslatable and easily translatable collocations we come across degrees of translatability depending upon the lexical and cultural congruence between the two languages. But how efortless or how problematic is it to set scientific boundaries? What the paper seeks to explore is some of the strategies used for the translation of verbal collocations in Middle England by Jonathan Coe along with their presentation, attempting to highlight that collocations should not be viewed as mere embellished versions of literal language, but as practical solutions used to fill the void of vocabulary when we are at a loss for the proper translational equivalent.

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Alcune osservazioni sul tono aggressivo nella lettera commerciale in italiano e in romeno

Author(s): Diana Sopon / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

Based on Infante’s concept of verbal aggressiveness, the article presents a new perspective on understanding the business letter. By means of stylistic, rhetorical, morphological, syntactical and lexical approaches, it reveals expressions of irony, mockery, derision, intimidation, menace, all of them considered to be forms of aggressiveness in Infante’s theory. The article scrutinizes these forms of aggressiveness in Italian and Romanian business letters. The analysis is performed separately for each business letter. Equivalent aspects are emphasized in the last part of the article, suggesting a predominantly common linguistic pattern of expressing aggressiveness in Italian and Romanian business letters.

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FÉMINISATION ET SUBDUCTION DANS LA PRESSE ÉCRITE, CAS DE CAMEROON TRIBUNE

Author(s): Faty-Myriam Mandou Ayiwouo / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2022

The feminization of terms and the grammar “rule of proximity” remain a topical issue for terminologists as well as discourse analysts. If the generic masculine prevails over the noun agreement, the communication context tends to challenge this statement. This paper examines the morphological variation of gender in professional names and analyzes its syntax from a phenomenological point of view. The analytic potential of subduction to syntactic feminization is studied here based on the theoretical framework of Psychomechanics. We use examples drawn mainly from the field of print media, especially the Cameroon Tribune. The final aim is to show that, as for the lexicon, subduction is also a specific modality of the general operation of syntax.

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LE FRANÇAIS DES RESEAUX SOCIAUX : UN PARLER FAVORI DES INTERNAUTES

Author(s): Yasmine Mohaman Saoudatou / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2022

The adaptation of French to sociocultural and linguistic contexts is no secret. This tendency to want to vernacularize French is found everywhere in French-speaking countries in Africa, as is the case in Cameroon,which stands out for its diverse use (for Tabi-Manga (1994) its use has several forms). The emergence of Cameroonian French can be seen in the media through the advertising discourse of mobile telephony in this country. These discourses have identified marks that show that it is a new expression driven by a certain communication freedom. Therefore, advertising gives both to communicators and to consumers, a certain linguistic freedom which bringsout an extraordinary way of speaking. Thus, we want to focus our reflection on the linguistic practices that take place on the Facebook social network with the aim of questioning the French used during interactions between advertiser sand consumers. The question that arises is that of knowing how this speaking manifests itself. We want by this article to describe the mechanisms of functioning of French on the internet, we have identified for this purpose the speech estate on the Facebook page of the MTN and Nexttel brands which benefit from a treatment in speech analysis. Also, we are going to submit our corpus to a semiological analysis grid introduced by Joly (2015). In the end, the analysis of this practice of French on Facebook allows us to see that these mechanisms are deployed on the lexical and semantic levels that we are going to apprehend.

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ANALYSE ETHNO-LINGUISTIQUE DES MÉCANISMES DE (DÉ) CONSTRUCTION DU CODE CULTUREL À PARTIR DES NOMS DE RITES ET FÊTES MAFA

Author(s): Candice Guemdjom Kengne,Abdias Chele / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2022

Starting from the actions implemented by the majority of African States in favor of the promotion and popularization of mother tongues, this work, in the extension of this happy initiative, sets itself the objective of highlighting the mechanisms of (de) construction of the cultural code in mafa country. In culture, defined by Diki-Kidiri (2008) as “The set of lived experiences, productions made and knowledge generated by a human community living in a space, at the same time”. As part of this study, we were specifically interested in the designating names of some Mafa rites (13) and festivals (18) collected from 08 officials of the Mafa cultural center and guarantors of the Mafa culture in Mokolo (Far North, Cameroon). This explains the choice of the qualitative approach from where we targeted informants likely to inform us about the names of rites and festivals as well as their content. With regard to the theoretical framework, an emphasis is placed on ethnolinguistics understood as the study of the relationship between language, culture and society (Griaule, 1997), to which we have associated the concept of experience dear to psychomechanics. language that participates in the (re)construction of representations. Thus, speaking of the results, it follows that the cultural code is constructed linguistically from lexico-semantic processes referring to various experiences relating to their living environment and their activities. Mafa rites and festivals are therefore significant events in the annual calendar of the Mafa people.

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Covid-19 pandemija ir karas Ukrainoje: eufemizmų ir disfemizmų vartojimas viešajame diskurse latvių, lietuvių ir rusų kalbose

Author(s): Dite Liepa,Evija Liparte / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2022

The 2020’s kicked off with a number of new challenges for the human kind: the COVID-19 pandemic and the war that Russia started in Ukraine. These global events of the past three years have affected the way we use language as well: a democratic society needs to talk about what is happening and have everything explained and be informed about it; besides, language has responded to these developments rather vigorously. The pandemic has divided the society in two based on how the people approach the virus: its believers and its deniers. With the advent of vaccines the society split even further into two irreconcilable camps: those who supported the vaccines and those who were against them. Language saw an influx of new words, emotional expressiveness and verbal aggression were on a rise, and two polar linguistic tools, euphemisms and dysphemisms, were being used to describe the opposing factions. The COVID pandemic was not over yet when, in February of 2022, the world was shaken by yet another tragedy as Russia invaded Ukraine. The brutality of the war and the fierce resistance on the part of the Ukrainians triggered the use of euphemisms, and politically tinted dysphemisms in particular, which had existed at the passive level of the vocabulary for a long time (following the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of independence in Latvia and in Lithuania). The empirical material of this article shows that one side tries to call a spade a spade without avoiding the use of various dysphemisms, while the other does it selectively, using lies and misinformation, using both euphemisms and dysphemisms in great abundance, attempting to force everyone to use them at the beginning of the war. However, in the democratic world, as well as in Ukraine, Russia‘s official euphemistic style of speech has been met with ridicule, leading to the creation of new euphemisms and dysphemisms. During situations of physical aggression, both sides also use verbal aggression and irony. Thus, the usage of political euphemisms and dysphemisms will not see any sort of decline, especially in a state of war. The euphemisms and dysphemisms featured in the article are used to designate said events – the pandemic and the war in Ukraine – in the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian languages. A juxtaposition of the specific euphemisms and dysphemisms has established that some of them are common in both discourses: that of the pandemic and of the war (for example, Voldemort: ‘something that others are afraid to call by its real name’, putinistai // putleristai // vatnikai: ‘users and disseminators of Russian propaganda’). Only with the discourse of COVID-19, the universal dysphemism is covidiot, which is widely used to describe any person who, during the pandemic, behaves differently than the person using this dysphemism acts or thinks. However, used dysphemically, lexemes fascists, Nazis are considered universal only in the discourse of the war in Ukraine, because the two warring sides apply them and derivatives and compounds thereof (e.g., Ukrofascists, Nazi regime vs. Fascists, ruscists) with reference to one another. In the discourse of the pandemic, derivatives and compounds with these lexemes (e.g. Latvian covidfašistu banda ‘covid-fascist gang’) were applied only to government representatives and persons supporting the official line of the state (the alleged ‘dictatorship’). Various new words (situational dysphemisms) have also been created to describe the realities of both the pandemic and the war in Ukraine. A comparison of material from the three languages highlights both the universal nature of the reviewed language phenomena, and the possibility of their adoption.

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