АНТРОПОМОРФНЫЙ КОД ВО ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМАХ С ЧИСЛОВЫМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ

Author(s): Galina Syritsa / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with phraseological units with numeral component in the Russian, Latvian, Polish and German languages in a comparative aspect. In the phraseological units with numeral component different codes are reflected: zoomorphic, spatial, mythological, etc. The zoomorphic code is reflected in the phraseological units with zoonyms, the spatial code is associated with the "numeral" representation of a particular object (or situation) and the mythological code is associated with the symbolism of the number. A special place is taken by the anthropomorphic code, which is represented primarily by somatisms in the component structure of phraseological units. They convey anthropomorphic actions for which the semantics of the numeral is significant. The universality of the anthropomorphic code lies in the fact that in different languages there are equivalent phraseological units, as well as similar models and identical inner form, which provide the basis of the phraseological unit. A large group is formed by the phraseological units with component two encoding paired human organs (two eyes, two ears, two hands, two legs), as well as with component five (five fingers). Imagery in phraseological units with initial numbers of counting (one, two, three) is based on actualization of simplicity semantics. In the phraseological units with numeral component, imagery is often based on the use of the stylistic figures of litote or hyperbole, euphemisms, and rhymed structures. In litote components one, two, three are most often used. The numbers two and three bear hyperbolic semantics. The numeral component in phraseology has linguocultural specificity and can vary in different languages.

АКТИВНОСТИ У САВРЕМЕНОМ РУСКОМ И СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Tijana Balek / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

In the paper we present negatively marked verbs denoting speech based on material from Russian and Serbian languages. The verbs were excerpted from various descriptive and specialized dictionaries and illustrative examples of their use in context were taken mostly from Russian and Serbian electronic corpora. A general characteristic of the verbs discussed is the denotation of the speaking activity of human beings. However, speaking activity does not need to be their primary meaning because verbs have the ability to transpose their semantics into the analyzed domain. It is the reason why we divided the excerpted material into four groups, according to its dominant distinctive semantic features: (1) verbs that have (primarily) negative meaning of speaking activity, (2) verbs that primarily denote animal and/or onomatopoetic sounds, (3) verbs that denote physical change of the objects and (4) the others (with unclear etymology). The conducted analysis has shown that the list of the verbs observed grows constantly and that it is impossible to give strict numbers of its components. Their main pragmatic characteristics, however, are the usage in the second or the third person of the singular or plural, because the speaker in most cases has the tendency to assess negatively the speech of other people but not his/her own.

OCCASIONALISMS IN ADVERTIZING COPIES (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY SLOVAK, BULGARIAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)

Author(s): Lidija KHODA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In the article, occasionalisms as individual authored new formations in Slovak, Bulgarian andUkrainian advertising texts were researched. The state of studying the selected scientific problems was analysed, as well as different views of scientists on the interpretation of the concept of ‘occasionalism’ and the use of various terms for its designation (occasional derivation, advertising new formations, potential words, etc.) were considered. Attention was drawn to the distinction between the terms of ‘neologism’ and ‘occcasionalism’. In the article, the reasons for lexical innovations appearance in advertising language were also studied, its functions were considered. According to the grammatical affiliation of occasionalisms in the advertising language, occasional verbs, nouns, adverbs, and adjectives were analysed, the peculiarities of its formation and use in advertising texts were found out, as well as a comparative analysis of some lexical units functioning in the texts of Slovak, Bulgarian and Ukrainian advertising was performed. A particular attention was given to occasional phrases, which acquire new shades in advertising due to an unexpected combination of words. According to word formation classification of occasionalisms, such ways of its creation were considered as prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix, word compounding, word stem compounding, and graphic derivation. Graphic occasionalisms occupy a significant place in the advertising texts, which arise from the type of highlighting certain letters, replacing individual letters with different symbols or borrowed letters, etc. Based on the material analysed, the influence of occasionalisms on the consumer during the perception of advertising texts was determined.

НОВ ТРИЕЗИЧЕН ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕН РЕЧНИК – ПОЛЕЗНО И ЧАКАНО ПОМАГАЛО, ПОСВЕТЕНО НА СЛАВЯНСКАТА ЕЗИКОВЕДСКА ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ (Сталянова, Надежда. Крейчова, Елена. Речник на лингвистичните термини за студенти слависти. А-Н. София: Парадигма, 2019)

Author(s): Borislav Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

ДИНАМИЧНИ ПРОЦЕСИ ВЪВ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯТА, ПОВЛИЯНИ ОТ ПАНДЕМИЯТА COVID-19 (ВЪРХУ МАТЕРИАЛ НА БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК)

Author(s): Nataliya Khoroz,Olha Soroka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The authors analyze transformed phraseological units which cover the topic of the coronavirus. They are systematized: a) in terms of the types of transformations (replacements of idiomatic components and extensions of phraseological units where general words are combined freely with those related to the topic of COVID-19; phraseological units allusions when standardized phraseological units are evoked in mind by using their separate components, syntactic construction and / or intonation; syntactic transformations, when a statement is changed into negation); b) in terms of the influence of transformations on the meaning of phraseological units (the denotative meaning of the occasional figurative phraseological units either gets specified or acquires new semes, or is destroyed; non-figurative phraseological units realize contents which is the sum of their semantic components; the connotative meaning of phraseological units with any kind of semantic relations between their components has increased due to the creation of a comic effect, which is achieved by transforming a phraseological unit); c) in terms of the topic, the transformed phraseological units are divided into four thematic groups (phraseological units denoting quarantine and hygiene measures; phraseological units characterizing lifestyle of people during quarantine; phraseological units describing the disease; phraseological units covering the work of doctors and medical institutions). These phraseological units represent a current phraseological picture of the Bulgarian reality. Their reflection and study are important for understanding language processes in synchrony in terms of their relationship to the extralingual situation.

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF METAPHORS IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH INSCRIPTIONS ON CLOTHING

Author(s): Natalia Striuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The present research is an attempt to analyse metaphors in English and Ukrainian clothing inscriptions in a comparative aspect. The study focuses on providing a sufficient semantic classification of this versatile figure of speech in the discourse that has never been analysed in terms of metaphors. It deals with English and Ukrainian metaphorical inscriptions on clothing harvested on the Internet over a two year period (2017-2019). The paper shows that metaphorisation is unevenly typical of English and Ukrainian linguocultural environments. The peculiarities of the source from which the units under analysis were collected allows us to identify seven main vehicle-driven categories of metaphors employed in clothing inscriptions: anthropic, zoomorphic, botanomorphic, creaturemorphic, artefactomorphic, ecomorphic and sensory. The research proves that both English and Ukrainian metaphorical clothing inscriptions have their peculiar sources; moreover, even if metaphors are built on the same or similar images, the focus is usually quite different. This study argues that metaphors on clothing inscriptions can serve as an applicable source to study social priorities, values and tendencies of two different European linguocultural environments. The outcome of the research can be used as an interesting material for sociolinguistics and linguocultural studies.

THE FATE OF THE BULGARIAN WORD ДЕТО IN SLOVENE LITERARY TRANSLATIONS

Author(s): Robert Grošelj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the article is to determine and to analyse translation equivalents of the Bulgarian lexical item дето in Slovene translations of five Bulgarian novels. After the introductory overview of the uses of дето (with a contrastive Bulgarian-Slovene perspective) and the functional-semantic analysis of all the occurrences of дето (including само дето and освен дето) in the novels analysed, their Slovene translation counterparts were extracted and analysed functionally, semantically, as well as quantitatively. The most frequent function of дето in the analysed novels is that of the absolute relativizer, followed by дето as a causal and a locative conjunction, and a relativizer with a concessive meaning; дето is also a part of two complex conjunctions, with само дето indicating limitation-contrast or unfoundedness, and освен дето signalling limitation. In addition, дето is found in the parenthetical clause дето се казва ‘as the saying goes’. The translation equivalents show a higher diversity in comparison with the source text forms. Bulgarian дето, само дето and освен дето have – within separate functional-semantic categories – a broad array of functional-semantic, lexical and structural Slovene translation equivalents: pronouns (mainly relative), various conjunctions, omissions, modal particles, adverbs, and clauses. The analysis has shown that дето (with само дето and освен дето) does not have an analogous lexical counterpart in Slovene. Moreover, translators frequently depart from the semantic, syntactic and stylistic features of the source text

ПОГОВОРКИ И ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМИ В РОМАНА „ПОД ИГОТО“ НА ИВАН ВАЗОВ И ПРЕДАВАНЕТО ИМ НА АНГЛИЙСКИ И РУСКИ ЕЗИК

Author(s): Mariya Bagasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The paper examines the use of proverbs and phraseological units in Ivan Vazov's novel “Under the Yoke” and their rendering in the English and Russian translations of the novel. It studies the specifics of proverbs and the types of phraseological units as well as similes which have been excerpted from the English and Russian translations of the novel. The approaches of their rendering in these languages and the explanation of the reasons for their absence (if any) in the translation are also discussed. The paper focuses on the difficulties a translator may have when translating proverbs and phraseological units into another language. This is because these linguistic elements reflect a people’s life – their cultural, social, historical development, which poses a serious challenge for a translator to find an equivalent in a language quite different from the one in study. The study tries to discuss the most appropriate approaches a translator into English and Russian may use so as to render the specific meaning of the proverb, phraseological unit or simile without losing their “native flavor”. The theoretical framework is mainly based on the study of realias (or "non-equivalent vocabulary") by S. Vlahov and S. Florin in their book "The Untranslatable in Translation"

Behind and Beyond the Lexicon: Anglophone Terminology and Western Balkan Realities

Author(s): Tony Thorne / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (4)/2011

When considering how the Western Balkans and their current circumstances have been imagined by outsiders, the linguistic and semantic difficulties begin with the very naming of the region(s) under scrutiny. Neither previously published reference guides nor analytical essays serve adequately to clarify the nuances of contemporary usages and the complex, shifting state of affairs they refer to. Working from a lexicological perspective and an ‘outsider’ stance, this article highlights some contemporary issues by citing examples of keywords used recently in geopolitical, diplomatic and popular discourses. The article tracks transitions that have taken place in representation, focusing in turn upon the language used to describe progression towards Europeanization, upon terms which may be perceived differently by those within and those outside the speech communities in question, and upon changes in meaning and interpretation of key terms, as well as the generation of relevant new terminology taking place in the Anglosphere, but yet to be disseminated across global English. A conclusion briefly notes some lexicographical projects in preparation in the Western Balkans and suggests that these need to be complemented by further analysis of the lexicon of geopolitics and integration.

SKRAĆENICE U ZAKONODAVNO-PRAVNIM DOKUMENTIMA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Emira Mešanović-Meša / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2024

Legislative and legal documents in Bosnia and Herzegovina are published in all three official languages, so they have three different linguistic versions in official gazettes – Bosnian, Croat and Serbian. Among the versions, certain spelling and gramatical differences are introduces to distinguish each version from the others. These differences should reflect the spelling and gramatical variations among their respective standards. Given that these documents belong to the administrative style, abbreviations have a significant plase in this corpus due to their nature. Up until now, abbreviations have not been the focus of the articals addressing this issue. One of the goals of this study is to examine their usage in these documents, comapring them with normative status and guidelines in language standards.

Явлението „псевдонимност“ в българската литература за деца

Author(s): Tanya Kazandzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The subject of pseudonyms is a special phenomenon, which unfortunately remains to this day aside from research interests, especially in Bulgarian literature for children and adolescents. The article briefly examines the appearance of this phenomenon in literature in general, indicates the reasons for choosing a pseudonym, as well as the types of pseudonyms chosen by not only Bulgarian but also foreign artists.

GALAT SÖZLÜKLERİNDE BİTKİ ADLARI ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Author(s): Burcu Sibiç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 47/2024

Galat refers to the words or groups of words that arise as a result of the incorporation of words borrowed from foreign languages into the language by undergoing changes in sound, form and meaning. With this feature, galat are related to all sub-branches of grammar, especially vocabulary. In Turkish vocabulary, in addition to the words of Arabic and Persian origin that entered Turkish with the adoption of Islam, many words from Western languages penetrated into the language; as a result of the changes these words underwent, it is seen that many galat words emerged. Galat, which is expressed as “wrong”, “erroneous”, “defective” utterances, were initially the subject of various works written by scholars; later on, independent works such as galat dictionaries etc. were written on this subject. In these works, many animate and inanimate names, person names, tribe names, place names, various verbs, etc. were discussed. One of the categories mentioned in galat dictionaries is plant names. In this study, the plant names evaluated in the galat dictionaries written in the Ottoman period were identified, and they were discussed with their forms in different dictionaries as well as galat dictionaries. During the analysis, the usage of the words in the historical periods of Turkish written language was also utilized.

Bedrohte Wörter. Ursachen des Wortuntergangs

Author(s): Maria Sânziana ILIESCU / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2022

Archaisms and obsolete words exhibit certain lexical, morphological and pragmatic properties that have been widely debated in both canonical and recent studies. However, exhaustive research on the subject remains a desideratum, hence the need for an overview that may point out possible missing links and solutions. And this is the aim and purpose of my paper. In the light of the conference`s theme I shall firstly describe the alternative perspectives on the problematic, thus encompassing an outline of theories on language change, since these theories represent the methodological base of grasping the phenomena, with the purpose to foreground, from my point of view, a suitable framework. The further heading offers an insight into how lexicography is the diachronical resource of codifying, ergo understanding such occurences. This section also offers a selection on converse views on the nature and properties of obsolete words. Accordingly to my past research on the subject, I shall then suggest two hypotheses to highlight aspects on the subject that to my knowledge have not been approached in literature.

O emocjach w audiodeskrypcji na przykładzie serialu pt. "W głębi lasu"

Author(s): Katarzyna Gabrysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The aim of the article is a linguistic analysis of emotions appearing in audio description, i.e. a verbal recording of visual content in the form of an additional soundtrack. Emotions are a fundamental element in verbal and non-verbal communication. In the film, expressed through gestures and facial expressions, they play a key role in the full interpretation of, among others, dialogue scenes. The task of the audio describer, which acts as an intermediary between the image and the blind person, is to present the observed emotions using linguistic means available in a given language system. A database of ready-made linguistic constructions assigned to specific emotions is intended to facilitate this process and speed up the entire process of creating audio descriptions.

THE SUPPRESSION OF VULGARITY IN TRANSLATION. A CASE STUDY ON NIGHTBITCH AND ITS ROMANIAN TRANSLATION

Author(s): Alexandra Maria Rogoz / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

With the constant evolution of technology, all societies are experiencing an increase in access to information, as well as an increase in the demand for certain information to be made accessible in their native languages. However, as it is already known, from the works of academics such as Lefevere and Benjamin, translation is not a scientific, accurate practice. While specialised translation may benefit from the clear-cut, unquestionable use of language through the use of specific words in specific syntactic positions, fiction, with its metaphors and poetic use of language, does not observe the same objectivity and rigour in translation. As such, many translations are conducted by either observing a faithfulness to the words used in the original, or a faithfulness to the meaning behind the words used. As such, when we consider the latter method of translation, we are faced with works which oftentimes hardly resemble the source text. This matter is of vital importance when it comes to the translation of feminist texts which aim to instill a certain effect and response in the reader. The present paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the novel Nightbitch by Rachel Yoder and its Romanian translation produced for Editura Trei by Radu Șorop, with a special focus on the profanities used by the author and its translated counterparts, to attempt to illustrate the way in which feminist texts considered “uncouth” are stifled in the target language through euphemisms and censorship.

THE SEMIO-PRAGMATIC RECONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE “KEEP CALM” PHRASE

Author(s): Diana Motreniuc / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

The slogan "Keep Calm and Carry On," originally devised as a morale-boosting message by the British government during World War II, has transcended its historical context to become a global cultural phenomenon. Since its rediscovery in the early 2000s, the slogan has been widely adapted, repurposed, and integrated into various discourses, including environmental activism. The phrase's simplicity, versatility, and authoritative tone have made it an ideal template for conveying messages of resilience and action across a range of contexts. This article explores the semio-pragmatic recontextualization of the "Keep Calm" slogan within ecological discourse, examining how it has been employed to promote environmental awareness and sustainability while also considering the potential risks associated with its use, particularly in the context of greenwashing. Through a detailed analysis of its adaptation in environmental campaigns, this study aims to uncover the ways in which this iconic phrase has been leveraged to engage the public in ecological issues, highlighting both its effectiveness and the ethical considerations it raises.

DYSORËT TERMINOLOGJIKË NË RRAFSHIN E KULTURËS SË GJUHËS DHE NË TERMINOLOGJINË TEKNIKE

Author(s): Gani Pllana,Agron Duro / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 21-22/2024

Terminological doublets are subjective facts from the point of view of the moment of their appearance, while from the general point of view of language they arise as a necessity of the development and improvement of the language of science and technology. However, as transitory facts of language development, they are not of the same character as the variant norms of the general language. Terminological doublets, in contrast to norms-variants of the language, have a subjective character in terms of their use, but the general causes of their existence are objective. Their damage to the language of science and technology is small, they exist less in the language. The property of constancy requires the exclusion of inappropriate doublets from the language and the retention of the most appropriate element of the doublets pair. The choice of the most suitable element in the doublets pair or range is directly related to another important property of the terminological norm and culture, the ability of the term to express clearly and precisely, skillfully and without difficulty any scientific and technical concept.

Относно реконструкцията на глагола „съществувам“ в прасемитския език

Author(s): Victor Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 45/2024

In his article “Proto-Semitic Existentials: *yθaw and *laθθaw” Benjamin Suchard proposes a reconstruction of the verb *yiytaw (“to exist”) in Proto-Semitic. According to Suchard, the original meaning of this verb was “to have” and he cites as its derivatives the verbs īšu “to have” and the negation laššu (“does not exist”) in Akkadian, the existential particles yēš (in Biblical Hebrew) and ’īt(ay) (“exists”) in Aramaic, as well as the negative verb laysa (“does not exist”, “not to be”) in Arabic. The similarities between the above-listed lexemes both formally but also semantically make Suchard’s idea attractive, yet an analysis of their usage raises serious questions. The current article proposes an alternative approach, which rejects Suchard’s postulated connections and reconstructs “to exist” in Proto-Semitic as *isu, a verb from which yəhī in Biblical Hebrew and yəhwē in Aramaic are derived, both having the meaning “to be”.

THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOUNDING PATTERNS AND THE SUBCLASSES OF COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN

Author(s): Mirhat ALIU / Language(s): English Issue: 22-23/2024

Since my topic is contrastive – it is very important to emphasize that contrastive analysis is one of the methods which compares languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. This study it is focused to investigate the identities, differences and similarities of English compounding patterns and the subclasses of compound words corresponding in Albanian by manner of formation and meaning. In this case arises the question what are compound words? Compound words – are all the words that are formed by combining two or more topics in the process of creating new words. Their parts can be topics of nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs. In linguistic, a compound – it is known as a lexeme (exactly, as a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding is the word-formation which creates compound lexemes (and the other word-formation process is derivation). Compoundng, or saying better, word-compounding refers to the ability and the device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words

FJALA SI NJËSI E LEKSIKUT SIPAS GJUHËTARIT HAJRI SHEHU

Author(s): Orjeta Baja / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 22-23/2024

Ndriçimi i konceptit për fjalën ka zënë një vend të konsiderueshëm në mjaft diskutime e studime nga shumë gjuhëtarë shqiptarë, kryesisht leksikologë e leksikografë. Një nga këta studiues, që i ka kushtuar gjithë veprimtarinë e tij shkencore fjalës shqipe, duke hulumtuar për vlerat, funksionet, veçoritë që e dallojnë këtë njësi, si dhe për përzgjedhjen e pasqyrimin në fjalorët shpjegues njëgjuhësh, në fjalorët dygjuhësh apo në fjalorët krahinorë, e sidomos për rolin e saj brenda sistemit leksikor e leksikografik, është profesor Hajri Shehu, një nga leksikografët tanë profesionistë më të spikatur. Objekt i këtij artikulli janë punime shkencore të gjuhëtarit H. Shehu mbi sistemin leksikor të shqipes kryesisht në revistën “Gjuha shqipe” (organ i Institutit Albanologjik të Prishtinës), si dhe përmbledhja e tij studimore me titull “Studime për leksikun dhe për leksikografinë e sotme shqipe” I (2015), me një tematikë të gjerë, referuar leksikologjisë e leksikografisë (sidomos leksikut popullor me vlerë potenciale për gjuhën e sotme shqipe), fjalëformimit në gjuhën shqipe e kulturës së gjuhës, që dëshmojnë qartë kompetencën e lartë shkencore të autorit. Ç’është fjala në konceptin leksikografik është çështja kryesore e punimit tonë, referuar këndvështrimit të leksikografit Shehu përmes veprimtarisë së tij gjuhësore – veprimtari që e vlerësojmë si një pasuri të çmuar kombëtare.