РЕЛАТИВНЕ КАРИТИВНЕ КОНСТРУКЦИЈЕ СА ВЕЗНИЧКО-ПРЕДЛОШКИМ СПОЈЕМ ИЛИ БЕЗ У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ (УЗ ОСВРТ НА СИТУАЦИЈУ У РУСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ)

Author(s): Tijana Balek / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2021

The paper presents 29 relative caritive constructions identified in Serbian language thanks to a search of the Serbian National Corpus, from which they are excerpted. Detailed analysis has shown that most of the excerpted constructions consist of a preposition, noun in a certain case, conjunction-preposition complex ‘ili bez’ and, often, a noun or pronoun in genitive. The analysis has also shown that 29 types of the excerpted constructions consist of 9 different prepositions on their left side which give the information about the absens, and that inclusion and action of the absens in concrete situations are relativized. Nevertheless, there are 5 non-prepositional constructions and 2 constructions that have complex prepositional expressions ‘u suprotnosti sa’ and ‘u saglasnosti sa’ on the left side. Regular caritive constructions negate inclusion of the absens on the right part of the construction, but these (analyzed in the paper) are specific because the conjunction ‘ili’ slightly neutralizes caritive semantics of the preposition ‘bez’. It should be said that among excerpted constructions we identified 11 with anaphoric features that are discussed in the paper as well. In general, the conducted analysis showed that caritive semantics in Slavic languages (i.e. in Serbian and Russian) is not grammaticalized, which means that there are many grammatical and lexical resources for its presentation that need to be registered and described.

THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC BASIS OF MEDIA NEOLOGIZATION CAUSED BY COVID-19

Author(s): Dmytro Syzonov,Olga Zlotnyk-Shagina,Oleksandr Kozynets / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the psycholinguistic reasons for the appearance of new language units in the Ukrainian language during the COVID-19 pandemic, theso-called ”infodemic” (Zarocostas 2020). In a short time, under the influence of extralinguistic factors, language innovations associated with COVID-19 have entered a wide range of media sources, the search for the reasons how these innovations function is the goal of analysis of both media and psycholinguistics. Three methodological bases were chosen, which helped identify the degree of appropriateness of the use of new words in a specific media context. During the pandemic, the media remains the main source of information: on the one hand, the media has a responsibility to inform promptly and truthfully, on the other hand, the degree of misinformation is increasing. Based on this, language innovations appear as psychological markers of time, allusively linked to the pandemic. We assume that the psychological opposition “trust / mistrust” to information also affects the appearance of neologisms, because they actually reflect the mood of society, and therefore the demand for language innovations will be particularly logical in the course of social transformations (as demonstrated by the comparative characteristics of the search engine at the initial stage and at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic).

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ И СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ В ОБОЗНАЧЕНИИ ВРЕМЕНИ В БОЛГАРСКИХ ГОВОРАХ И СЛАВЯНСКИХ ГОВОРАХ КАРПАТ

Author(s): Mikhail Kondratenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

The article examines the peculiarities of the designation of time periods in the Bulgarian dialects and in the Ukrainian dialects of the Carpathian region, mainly from the point of view of the specifics of dialect segmentation of this semantic sphere and the principles of nomination. The lexical material of the Ukrainian dialects of the Carpathians and dialects of the Bulgarian language allows us to identify within the framework of the article some semantic models and shifts that exist in time designations: orientation in the names of months to phenological cycles and periods of work; perception of the concept of "time" displayed by vocabulary as a favorable or unfavorable time for any activity or life in general; nomination of morning as the appearance of daylight or a period of time slightly removed in the past from the moment of speech; borrowings are also noted as part of the vocabulary denoting time in its various manifestations. Based on the analysis of dictionaries of the Carpathian-Ukrainian and Bulgarian dialects, it is concluded that this vocabulary represents semantic models of names of time periods that have parallels in other Slavic and some non-Slavic languages. Taking into account the wide distribution in the linguistic territory of Slavia, as well as beyond its borders, it is possible to assume the status of these models as semantic archetypes, represented in their totality in the Carpathian-Ukrainian and Bulgarian dialects.

ЗА ОБРАЗНИТЕ СРАВНЕНИЯ С ТERTIUM COMPARATIONIS КРАСИВ /ХУБАВ (ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ ВЪРХУ БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК)

Author(s): Mariyana Kartalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The current article’s object of study are similes containing the beautiful/pretty tertium comparationis in their structure. Comparisons known to linguistics as sustainable rather than figurative seem to be the easiest way to understand the contemporary environment and new cultural idioms. Such constructions reveal individuals’ associative thinking, which suggests that the comparisons can be viewed as both language facts and speech facts. The article introduces the lexico-grammatical characteristics of the components under scrutiny, framed by comparative constructions. The goal is to analyze their connotative quality, anthropocentric intentionality, and so on. Bulgarians have a rich associative thinking process that is evident from their use of similes or realia that take up the role of tertium comparationis. This type of thinking is subjected to the development of language, as well as society (introducing of new technologies, realia, appearance of new actors, popular among the contemporary generation, etc.). The research explores one of the main qualities of similes – their idiomatic nature, the possibility of reconsidering the elements that similes consist of. This quality becomes progressively unstable since it comprises the components to which the quality of beautiful/pretty is assigned – i.e. tears, Aphrodite, roses, princesses, the sun, paintings, etc. At the same time, there are many similes that use an illogical image in the role of a comparatum – i.e. worms, goblins, Quasimodo, etc. The current research will show that people focus both on the bad and imperfect qualities of those around them, and also on what is beautiful in their surroundings.

LINGUISTIC IMAGE OF THE WOMAN IN KASHUBIAN, ENGLISH AND POLISH PROVERBS

Author(s): Anna Stachurska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the article is to show the linguistic and cultural image of a woman on the basis of paremiological material preserved in Kashubian, English and Polish. According to Jędrzejko (1994, p. 159) 'views about women, updated and modified by literature and folklore, are expressed in all sorts of general judgements that attribute positive or negative qualities to them'. We can see that the experience of different cultures is habitually collected and fossilised in proverbs. Additionally, as indicated by Mieder (2004, p. xi) (…) ‘there are no signs that proverbs have outlined their usefulness in modern technological societies either’. That is why proverbs make it possible to understand the character, worldview and also the underlying system of values of a given nation. As such, they are an excellent tool for learning about other cultures. The article discusses the history of paremiology and peremiography of the three languages in question. What is more, the notion of linguistic worldview and the studies carried out worldwide will be discussed. Finally, the author attempts to compare proverbs in which a set of features attributed to a woman has been preserved. To this end, she searches the equivalents of the proverbs in order to find an answer to the question of possible convergent observations testifying to the proximity or distinctiveness of the indicated cultures

TOPONYMICKÉ KOMPONENTY V ČESKÝCH, SRBOCHORVATSKÝCH A BULHARSKÝCH PŘIROVNÁNÍCH

Author(s): Pavel Krejčí / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

The text presents the toponyms in the role of components of the Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Czech phraseological units, which have the form of a stable comparison. Traditionally, a comparison – whether idiomatized (established) or non-idiomatized – has a semantic structure that can be expressed by the formula Cd – R – Tc – c – Ct, where Cd (comparandum) is a referential expression usually in the subject position, given a specific context, R (relator) is a relational expression (usually a verb) that gives the idiom the character of a predicate, Tc (tertium comparationis) denotes a property, which Cd and Ct have in common (Tc often merges with R), c (comparator) is a formal feature signalling a general relation of similarity (as, in Czech usually jako/jak, in Serbo-Croatian kao/k'o, poput, in Bulgarian като, колкото, сякаш) and Ct (comparatum) is a generalised and usually known model, prototype, standard to which the contextually given referent of Cd is related in terms of its similarity (Čejka, 1992, p. 34 – 35, cf. also Filipec, Čermák, 1985, pp. 217 – 218). The toponymic component is usually part of the comparatum. From the point of view of the syntactic structure we have identified two main types of comparatum: 1. simple comparatum (comp. = toponym, e.g. Bulg. стар като Ерусалим, S.-Cr. velik kao Velebit, Cz. vyprahlý jako Sahara) and 2. complex comparatum (comp. = structure containing a toponym), which has three different forms: prep+TOP (e.g. Cz. je tam zima jako v Rusku), Subst+prep+TOP (e.g. Bulg. оправям работата колкото Бамо в Троян) and Verb[+Subst]+prep+TOP (e.g. S.-Cr. kao da je došao iz Tunguzije).

ФУТБОЛНАТА ЛЕКСИКА В ИНТЕРНЕТ СТАТИИТЕ ЗА СВЕТОВНОТО ПЪРВЕНСТВО В КАТАР

Author(s): Vladimir Dosev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The present study aims to describe the origin of the specific football vocabulary used in the modern Bulgarian media language. The football vocabulary used in internet articles about the World Cup in Qatar 2022 has been studied. Various ways of enriching the football vocabulary and phraseology in the modern Bulgarian language are discussed: lexical loanwords, word-formation and phraseological calques, rethinking of vocabulary already existing in the Bulgarian language. Lexical loanwords from English are the most characteristic way of providing football-specific lexis. Most of the football vocabulary in Bulgarian is borrowed from English, which is also the case in many European languages. The forming of new derivatives from the loan lexis is one of the main ways of providing the necessary football vocabulary. The article explores also the use of metaphorically reinterpreted vocabulary from other semantic fields. The usage of metaphors in the headlines is very characteristic for the Bulgarian articles about football. Language has turned into a powerful marketing tool for the football media. Catchy headlines often prompt the reader to click on the link and to read the whole article. The applied methods of the research are descriptive and discourse analysis. The object are journalistic articles about the Football World Cup published online in November and December 2022.

АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЧЕСКИЙ ХАРАКТЕР ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЭВФЕМИЗМОВ В СЛАВЯНСКИХ ЯЗЫКАХ

Author(s): Olena Voytseva,Natalia Demianenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article is devoted to the consideration of euphemistic phraseological units used to nominate topics significant for native speakers of Slavic languages such as birth and death, the human body, age, physiology, diseases, and human vices, as well as their dynamics, semantic and functional characteristics. The studied phraseological units related to non-linguistic phenomena are part of an anthropocentric paradigm and represent a public ban on pronouncing certain nominations in a particular language group. The object of this study are verbal and nominal phraseological units in the system of Slavic languages denoting concepts, phenomena and actions replacing words prohibited for extra-linguistic reasons and having a pronounced anthropocentric character. The purpose of the work is a comparative semantic-functional analysis of phraseological euphemisms in Slavic languages. It is emphasized that phraseological euphemisms replace words denoting concepts, phenomena and actions that are considered taboo for the Slavs, whose history dates back to the distant past of the Slavic peoples. They were originally associated with religious faith, fear of the gods, supernatural beings, nature, magical thinking and the deep conviction about the interdependence between the thing and the name. Comparative semantic and functional analysis of euphemistic phraseological units reveals coincident nominations in different Slavic languages and differences in phraseological units containing standards that replace certain words and expressions denoting objects and phenomena that nowadays replace not taboo entities, but linguistic units perceived in the language collective as non-tactful, rude or vulgar.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МАШИННОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

Author(s): Iurie KRIVOTUROV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

The article considers the possibility of translating literary texts from a natural language into a target language using an automatic machine translation system. The author considers the possibilities of biological intelligence in comparison with machine "intelligence", which is a prototype of artificial intelligence. The paper gives an example (based on the game in GO) of the emergence of neural networks that appear as a result of self-learning of automated systems. New types of neural networks create an algorithm that always wins (the game of GO) against a person, even with the title of “world champion”. Studies show that automated translation systems must be taught to recognize lexico-semantic groups that would be based on the linguistic categories of natural language. Another task is to teach the machine to “think” and operate with images, since natural language is closely related to images and, at present, cannot be fully algorithmized. The practical application of automatic translation of poetic works shows that automatic machine translation systems, not possessing a psyche, are not able to translate texts of this type.

Функционални трансформации в дисперсното поле на континуума непреходност – преходност при употребата на глаголи в устната практика на френския език

Author(s): Veska Kirilova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The subject of the present study is the functional transformation in the objectargument orientation of certain verbs in spoken French. The process under consideration leads to three types of changes: (1) a change in the type of the object argument within transitivity, (2) the adoption of an object argument by intransitive verbs, and (3) the loss of an object argument by transitive verbs. The article analyzes the reasons for these processes.

Разговорная речь в цифровой среде

Author(s): Natalya I. Klushina / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2024

The emergence and improvement of new digital technologies has given an impetus to the development of interactive dialog of Internet users, which in turn has given rise to the phenomenon of new orality and awakened the creative potential of the category of colloquiality. A new (media) version of language is being formed in the Internet space, realizing the “new orality” of the Internet era. The new linguistic phenomena are not just isolated or accidental, but are systemic, as they manifest themselves at every linguistic level. This allows us to draw conclusions about the inevitability of the future transformation of the Russian literary language and its historically established norms, since the language will have to ensure communication of the digital society.

TRADUCEREA CA MIJLOC DE COMUNICARE INTERCULRUALĂ

Author(s): Viorica Lifari / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Translation is considered to be the most economical type of intercultural communication. This idea is announced by Monica Năstase, a Romanian researcher who investigated the difficulty of translating realia words from Romanian into English. Realia are words and expressions for culture-specific items. As realia carry a very local overtone, they often represent a challenge for translators. They are born in popular culture, and are increasingly found in very diverse kinds of texts. In this paper we discuss the translation variants of such realia words as “colac”, “ie”, “mămăligă”, “horă” and “dor” from Romanian into English as they represent translatable lacunas and the interpreter has to be very accurate in transposing them into another language. At the same time we concentrate on the ways of rendering word combinations containing „privacy” lexeme in English, a value which is typical to the English and American cultures, and analyse variants of these realia words translated into Romanian.

Termeni sportivi sintagmatici: caracteristici structural-semantice

Author(s): Aliona Luca,Viorica BREGA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (323)/2024

The main purpose of this paper is to reveal some lexical-semantic and structural features of syntagmatic sports terms. The syntagmatic terms from several sports disciplines were identified, as subsystems of sports terminology in Romanian language; their role in the sports terminological system was determined; the ways of forming the respective terms were highlighted; the classification of syntagmatic sports terms was carried out from a structural and semantic point of view.As a result of the study, it was found that syntagmatic terms occupy a significant role in sports terminological system, their share in various sublanguages being much higher than that of simple terms (except for the subsystem of general sports terms, where simple terms predominate). The semantic field of syntagmatic sports terms is very extensive and has multiple denominative valences: sports branches and events names, techniques, movements, combinations, exercises, people, titles and categories, clothing items, equipment, devices, violations and sanctions, places of activity, areas, boundary lines, structures, organizations, athletes’ qualities and moods, sports events, etc.

În universul sublim al cuvintelor

Author(s): Aliona Luca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (323)/2024

Continuităţi lexicale – continuităţi şi discontinuităţi semantice şi simbolice în Historiae abbreuiatae ale lui Aurelius Victor. Vocabularul puterii supreme şi al deţinătorilor ei

Author(s): Nelu Zugravu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LIII/2024

The vocabulary of the writings of late Antiquity is a significant indicator of the semantic and symbolic adaptations and changes absorbed by certain lexemes in harmony with the changes that occurred in the sphere of the historical reality of reference. At the same time, it allows us to evaluate the way in which the authors perceived them and adapted them to their own political visions and moral conceptions or religious options. There are important contributions in this sense. Following this direction of philological and historical analysis, we propose an original approach below, that is, to examine a series of terms taken from the work Historiae abbreuiatae, or Caesares, by Aurelius Victor which, on the one hand, reveals both the persistence of some elements of classical political thought, and the emergence of a specific political culture of late Antiquity, expressed through a renewed semantics of traditional words, while, on the other hand, it reveals some elements of the historical conception and ideological orientation of the author; here we will analyze the vocabulary of supreme power and its holders.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ МОРАВИЗМОВ: ТHМѢНО, ТHМѢНHѤ

Author(s): Rostilav Stankov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2024

The paper continues research in the field of false moravisms in Old Bulgarian manuscripts and texts of Old Bulgarian tradition, such as George Hamartolos’ Chronicle. Textological and etymological analysis revealed that ТHМѢНО, ТHМѢНHѤ cannot be considered moravisms in the Psalter (translated by Cyrill and Methodius before the beginning of the Moravian mission) and other Old Bulgarian manuscripts. It also turns out that the Czech biblical tradition towards to at least the Psalter is not directly related to the activities of the Slavonic first teachers. The words in question belong to the archaic layer of the vocabulary of the Old Bulgarian language.

Overview of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Stand-up Comedy

Author(s): Zhivko Slavov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This paper dwells on the interdisciplinarity of stand-up comedy by discussing several authors who have made a great contribution to its understanding as a phenomenon. Though the main vehicle of delivery of the humorous in stand-up comedy is speech, historically and culturally, it involves a lot more. From the era a joke is spawned and told through the pauses between utterances to the topic the joke broaches, everything plays part in evoking an audience’s laughter. In order to more successfully grapple stand-up comedy, a wider approach that involves fields such as sociolinguistics, theatre studies, anthropological linguistics must be considered.

LEXICOGRAPHIC ORGANOLEPTICS: PERCEPTUAL SIGN ‘TASTE’ IN THE DEFINITION OF FRUIT NAMES (BASED ON DICTIONARIES OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES)

Author(s): Marharyta Zhuikova,Alina Yodlovska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

223 definitions of lexemes of the thematic group “Fruits” selected from ten dictionaries of eight different languages were investigated in this article. All researched dictionaries were designed for a wide range of speakers and created in the second half of the twentieth century. The analysis showed that all definitions are specific, despite the fact that they provide information about the same objects perceivable by a human via senses. The task was to identify the peculiarities of using the taste marker when describing a particular fruit in different dictionaries. Two fruits that have the highest marker usage rate for “taste” are date and grapefruit. It can be explained by some deviation from the organoleptic standard (the date is very sweet and the grapefruit is bitter). The tendency towards a significant decrease in the use of the “taste” marker while investigating the group of fruits growing on the territory of the corresponding country was revealed due to the fact that the taste of those fruits is actualized in the speakers' minds and forms a single complex with other perceptual features. The inclusion of the "taste" attribute in the definition can be intuitively perceived as redundant information. Another tendency reflects the increasing use of the “taste” marker in the description of fruits that are not typical for a particular country (territory) and are less likely to occur in the perceptual experience of speakers. The definition is thus a means of constructing meaningful reality in accordance with some trends in the assessment of extra lingual phenomena.

DIMINUTIVE FORMS OF FAMILY MEMBERS IN ENGLISH AND SLOVAK LANGUAGE - CORPUS BASED ANALYSIS

Author(s): Marianna Hudcovičová / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

The study concentrates on the analysis of diminutive forms of the members of the family, i.e. mother, father, daughter, son in English and Slovak language. We are able to detect specific suffixes in order to create diminutive forms. The target is to compare these known suffixes and analyse their occurrence, frequency and usage in the electronic corpora. For the purpose of the research Slovak – English Parallel Corpus (par-sken-all-4.0-sk, par-sken-all-4.0-en) was used. The research will focus on approaches used in traditional linguistics and their possible and effective relationship with the approaches within corpus linguistics. In the corpus linguistics, there are used mathematical, statistical methods that enable us to analyse precisely linguistic items. The article will concentrate on application of electronic corpora tools, i.e. average rate frequency, frequency, occurrence in linguistic analysis. Moreover, it will offer experiences and methodological guidelines towards the corpus-based analysis of linguistics. Specific topics to deal with are e.g. morphological characteristics, analysis of the morphemes, word-formation analysis and lexical analysis. In the field of traditional linguistics, linguistic analyses have predominantly focused on the structural aspects of language, with the objective of identifying the various structural units and classes that constitute the language. Conversely, the corpus-based approach places greater emphasis on language use, specifically how speakers and writers make use of the resources available to them within their language. The corpus-based approach studies the actual language use in naturally occurring texts, which are characterised by an authentic character. The electronic corpus allows for the study of the behaviour of individual words. It is capable of identifying words that occur with greater or lesser frequency. In the field of grammar, we can examine a specific grammatical construction with restrictions on form or context can be examined. This allows us to investigate the factors that determine the choice of one construction over another, which may be influenced by factors such as lexis, grammar, or stylistic considerations. The spectrum of the contexts may enrich the general linguistic picture thanks to identification of the genre of the analysed words in the context of the sentence. The aim of the article is to present approaches how to combine methods of traditional linguistics and corpus linguistics in order to prepare the objective linguistic analysis. Thank to large corpora and data, they enable us to analyse linguistic items with precision, to quantify the typical features of linguistic items and to detect the use of diminutive forms representing the members of the family across genres and registers in both languages.

Є. А. Карпіловська (ред.). Лексикографічна парадигма ХХІ ст.: теорія і методологія. До 100-ліття від дня народження Леоніда Сидоровича Паламарчука.

Author(s): Milena Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Є. А. Карпіловська (ред.). Лексикографічна парадигма ХХІ ст.: теорія і методологія. До 100-ліття від дня народження Леоніда Сидоровича Паламарчука. Київ: Інститут української мови НАН України, 2023, 596 стр