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Najwyższa nauka Da xue 大學 — próba interpretacji tekstu w duchu wczesnego konfucjanizmu

Author(s): Katarzyna Pejda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2018

The article contains translation of classical Chinese text Greatest Learning Da Xue 大學 and the interpretation of important terms such as de 德 and gewu 格物. Da Xue is a part of ancient Chinese texts Liji 禮記 but the reinterpretation of the text became later a basis of neo-confucian philosophy. I argue that Da Xue is a pragmatic manual for an individual who firstly wants to cultivate himself and being cultivated is able to change the world into confucian utopia. Hence the phrase gewu does not have a meaning of “investigating things” in order to understand li 理 but “understanding the order of things that come”.

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Kulturowe czytanie literatury. Społeczne parametry ewaluacji bohatera literackiego (przypadek Wokulskiego)

Author(s): Arkadiusz Gut,Zhao Gang,Andrzej Ruszer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2018

The present article attempts to show how culture-specific factors dominant in a given social group influence and model evaluation of literary characters. Special attention is paid to the character’s attitude towards challenges he faces, his decisions, his personality traits, his mental states (beliefs, desires and thoughts) as well as folk psychology which guide him in his life. The profile of our research project fits into contemporary investigations of how culturally defined thinking can shape reading and understanding of literary works in terms of both evaluation of literary characters, comprehension of plot, and perception of time implied in the work. Our research project contributes to the current discussion on cultural differences between the West and the East. Students from Poland and China took part in the project. They all answered several dozen questions of a specially prepared social questionnaire concerning their evaluation of Stanisław Wokulski, the protagonist of Bolesław Prus’ novel Lalka (The Doll). The results show that students from the two cultural groups responded in different ways to many questions which were correlated with specific cultural parameters that differ the East and the West, which in the profile of our research is interpreted as a visible cultural transfer from one area of thinking into another.

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The Book of Job as a Drama: Interpretation Possibilities

Author(s): Agata Szepe / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The article examines an interpretation possibility to read the structure of the Book of Job as a drama structure. It shows that some of the apparent paradoxes and contradictions in the text can be understood as an inner logic of a drama. The seeming incoherence of narrative Prolog and Job's later statements can be easily reconciled by following through the dramatic cause-effect sequences and seeing the events as happening in permanently changing present. The dramatic approach enables to see the meeting between God and Satan as an unsuccessfully attempt to make a bet. Deprived from omniscient narrator’s perspective, the drama shows various attitudes, without pointing directly which is the best one. Full of paradoxes and contradictory statements, the main hero’s style can be compared with a modern stream of consciousness. The culminating point of the drama shows a durable change in Jobs posture and leads to surprising changes on a metalinguistic level.

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Similar intentions with different underlying wishes: Intensional profiles of imperatives in Hungarian

Author(s): Judit Kleiber / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The paper investigates imperative sentence types in Hungarian focusing on the pragmasemantic contribution of discourse markers. It follows Lauer (2013) in assuming that – though illocutionary force varies widely – sentence types can be associated with conventions of use. The aim is to capture how the addition of extra elements can specify the domain defined by the generalized pragmasemantic representation of imperatives. For the analysis, the formal dynamic discourse- and mind-representation theory ℜeALIS (Alberti & Kleiber 2014) is applied. The paper presents how the central component of imperatives can be captured with an intention-based axiom, and how the pragmasemantic description of the numerous uses – often signaled by dis-course markers – can be generated by “monotonously increasing” the basic in-tensional profile. This typically means the specification of the formula characterizing the interlocutors’ desires behind the utterance, and/or adding elements representing authorities of various kinds.

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Possessive pronouns as oblique DPs: Linkers and affix stacking

Author(s): M. Rita Manzini / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In many familiar European languages, e.g. German or Italian, possessive pro-nouns agree in φ-features with their head noun. We argue that they are genitive pronouns, endowed with an extra φ-features set. As such, they are part of a range of phenomena including case stacking and linkers unified under the historical-typological label of Suffixaufnahme. We express the formal basis for this unification as the Stacking Generalization (Section 1). We then apply our analysis to the narrower domain of facts involving possessive pronouns, specifically in Balkan and Romance languages. We further find that 1/2P pro-nouns present a richer stacking structure than their 3P counterparts (Section 2). We examine this latter fact in the context of a more general phenomenon, whereby the 1/2P vs 3P Person split not only tends to correlate with different case and agreement alignments – but seems to govern the morphological expression of case and agreement itself, in terms of richer vs poorer content (Section 3).

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Postverbal-only focus as evidence for biclausal structure in Hungarian

Author(s): Krisztina Szécsényi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In Hungarian, focused constituents appear in a preverbal position. Postverbal focus is possible, but only in multiple focus constructions, in the presence of a preverbal focus. The present paper discusses constructions with only post-verbal focus and argues that what seem to be monoclausal patterns are bi-clausal underlyingly, where the postverbal focus is actually in the preverbal position in a non-finite clause. The biclausal analysis is supported by the ob-ligatory modal interpretation of such sentences. The embedded verb is claimed to undergo movement to the matrix clause to support a bound zero modal with the postverbal position reflecting the scope properties of the sen-tence. This analysis makes it possible to account for other constructions with covert modal meanings in a more principled manner as well.

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Semantic restrictions on modal auxiliary combinations: Evidence from Croatian double modal constructions

Author(s): Ana Werkmann Horvat / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Even though single modal auxiliaries have often been the main and only focus of literature on modality, Croatian data shows that modal auxiliaries show in-teresting restrictions when they occur in layered constructions. This paper ex-amines double modal constructions in Croatian and their semantic restrictions. The result of the study is a hierarchical analysis, which regards modal force and flavour as the crucial factors behind semantic restrictions under which modal auxiliaries combine. Croatian data shows that epistemics can embed non-epistemics, but not vice versa. Within the non-epistemic group, the priority flavour scopes over the circumstantial group, within which pure possibility scopes over ability and disposition. On the other hand, regarding the modal force, data shows that necessity scopes over possibility, but only in combinations of modals conveying the same flavour. This analysis also challenges some of the traditional assumptions on modal flavours.

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Mikrotoponimy jako sposób kreowania ludowych miejsc kulturowych – podejście antropologii lingwistycznej

Author(s): Arkadiusz Dudziak,Marina Paiunena / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2018

The paper deals with selected issues of linguistic anthropology with the purpose to examine a few theoretical assumptions of its methodology, taking into account Keith H. Basso’s study on the creation of cultural places as a result of linguistic activity. The research is based on the empirical material obtained from Polish native speakers, namely, folk tales of the residents of the Augustów County

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Възгледите за езика в „Основи на преводаческото изкуство“ на Любомир Огнянов-Ризор

Author(s): Hristo Stanchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The paper thematizes the views of language in Prof. Lyubomir Ognyanov-Rizor’s pioneering work in the field of translation theory in Bulgaria. To the fore are brought the relations of language and style, form and content, particular and general, period of the work and time of translation. In the focus of scientific interest are the dichotomous presentation of translation phenomenon and the influence of the author’s views on the subsequent development of general and literary translation theory in the German studies in Bulgaria.

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Mail – analiza wypowiedzi pisemnej uczniów szkoły ponadgimnazjalnej

Author(s): Anna Kucharska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2018

Writing a text is a complex task that can pose many problems for students. At the beginning of the article we ask a research question if a student that has already acquired a certain level of lexical and grammatical competence is able to write a mail (an utterance that respects the discourse rules) on the basis of input of an exemplary document. Next we want to verify an impact of exercises that aim to improve the abilities necessary to write a mail. The comparative and qualitative analysis should help to draw conclusions that allow to answer the research questions.

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(Nie)widowiskowe ciała (nie) idą na wojnę. Uniformy i dyscyplina

Author(s): Alicja Muller / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2018

The aim of this article is to present uniforms (or costumes) as masks used by the disciplinary authority to control and change bodies. By the word “costume” I understand both the material object and a repertoire of abstract rules according to which bodies are formed and trained. Defined in this way, the mask is a medium which, on the one hand, covers the individual characteristics of whoever wears it, and, on the other, somehow directs his or hers actions. To describe this mechanism, I choose two seemingly different spaces: classic ballet and the military. I show that in both disciplinary power operates on similar – perhaps even identical – principles. In the first part of the article, I develop the concept of mask-costume, focusing on its theatrical character. In the second part, I study two texts of culture: Cezary Tomaszewski’s play „Cezary goes to war” (2017) and Artur Żmijewski’s short film „KRWP” (2000). They provide excellent material to exemplify my initial diagnoses.

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„Dusze przemierzają wieki, jak chmury przemierzają niebo” — Tożsamość sieciowa w filmie „Atlas chmur”

Author(s): Sonia Front / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2018

In 21st-century science fiction narratives, the figure of the cyborg has been replaced by a new group of liminal characters: avatars, clones, sentient AI, genetically modified humans and time-displaced individuals. Through these characters, the narratives explore philosophical questions about the unity of personal identity. One of the films that investigate this question is Tom Tykwer’s and Lilly and Lana Wachowski’s film „Cloud Atlas” (2012), as it proposes the notion of network identity, divorced from time. Network identity – in the form of transmigration of souls – is enacted in the film by the concept of eternal recurrence which is the film’s overriding framework. This identity is what connects the six juggled stories, spanning through various historical eras from the nineteenth century to the distant future. The paper analyses the film’s concept of twenty-first century subjectivity, singular and manifold, separated and connected simultaneously, and how it taps into the theme of global interconnectedness and co-temporality brought about by the media and globalization.

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Varia – kontynuacje – antycypacje: Refleksja estetyczna nad opowiadaniem Ryūnosuke Akutagawy „W krainie wodników”

Author(s): Przemysław Górecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2018

The article is an attempt at reading the modernistic short story of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, a Japanese “father of short story,” in terms of aesthetics. The subject of this analysis is the Polish translation of the work „Kappa”, also known in Poland under the title „In the land of Aquarius”, made by Mikołaj Melanowicz. The story shows a phantasmagoric visit to the strange country (peopled by anthropomorphic creatures) and some sober observations on this disturbingly atypical land made by the main character. Due to the multitude of culturally recognizable themes referring to the history of Gulliver, the work bears remarkable signs of anti-utopia. My analysis takes on the themes of the story that are important from the point of view of this branch of philosophy and on its symbolic dimension with its immersion in the tradition of Japanese aesthetics. Basing my interpretation on the critical revision of the basic assumptions of the Japanese aesthetics school and on a close reading of the two surfaces of the work (literal and symbolic), I consider how the text functions in a philosophical way. The article focuses both on the literally aesthetic level of expression (descriptions of the presented world) and on the aesthetics of narration and the way of constructing the text.

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Refleksje o narracji donbaskiej w kulturze i literaturze ukraińskiej z perspektywy XXI wieku

Author(s): Agnieszka Matusiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2018

The article is devoted to political, cultural and mental diversity of Donbass from the rest of Ukraine. The author shows the uniqueness of this region as a result of a complex and contradictory history, as well as the effect of permanent social, economic and ethnocultural processes of a colonial and totalitarian character. This is the reason for the hybrid identity of local residents. Later on, more space is devoted to the work of two writers — Ukrainian-speaking Serhiy Zhadan and Ukrainian-Russian-speaking Vladimir Rafeenko.

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Linguistic and cultural identity hindrance in the era of globalization

Author(s): Azamat Akbarov / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2011

The aim of this paper is to round up different items that portray the complex conceptuality of linguistic and cultural identity within modern society. It involves in a theoretical research into the questions of how the wide-ranging uses students are now making of new information and global communication may pose the potential to transform their linguistic and cultural identity and how educational establishments should understand and behave accordingly to this evolving cultural reality. In analyzing these questions, it refer to recent theories of cultural identity, especially as they relate to the increasing volume of global flows of thoughts and ideologies, people, linguistic and cultural practices, and specific theories about the nature of globalization in terms of explicating the relationship between society and modern technology. At the end, it concludes with implications for educational practices of technology use.

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Intercultural education: how Jewish – Arab relations are reflected in literary texts in the Hebrew matriculation curriculum in the Arab sector?

Author(s): Sarah Zamir,Sarah Hauptman / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2011

The high school curriculum for Hebrew literature in the Arab sector (studies and matriculation exams) was approved by the Minister of Education and Culture in March 1975. It was published in a special Director General’s bulletin in 1976 and is pertinent and obligatory to this very day. Along with declared aims connected to the discipline itself, such as the usefulness of the Hebrew language and the beauty of its literature, the curriculum also includes specific ideological social and civic aims. These include acquiring knowledge about the cultural traditions of the Jewish people and developing consideration for their social and cultural sensitivities. The fundamental axiom of this research, which relies on an extensive foundation of theoretical work, maintains that the literary curriculum does have the ability to achieve these social aims. The aim of the research was to check how the corpus of Hebrew literature in the curriculum reflects the relationship between Arabs and Jews in Israel, as individuals and as representatives of different cultures and traditions. The research made use of combined qualitative content analysis tools.

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Positive Institutions: A Case Study

Author(s): Katarzyna Budzińska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Positive psychology was founded on three main pillars: positive emotions, positive character traits associated with good living and positive institutions that create conditions for students to flourish (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Nevertheless, the research in psychology so far has been concentrating on positive emotions and character strengths. Enabling institutions have been the least well studied of the three pillars. A salient additional perspective, as MacIntyre and Mercer (2014) propound, would be to concentrate on the context in which students can experience enjoyment and flourish in foreign language learning. I try to fill the niche by analyzing a language school in the further education context in Poland which seems to be a positive institution. I base my study around the two criteria: enabling success and promoting positive language learning environments or student wellbeing. The language school is analyzed from three different angles: physical, pedagogical and psychological by means of an ethnographical research method and participant observation. The study is carried out in order to answer the research question: Can the school be labeled as a positive institution? The results demonstrate that the institution enables success as well as provides a positive learning environment and thus could be regarded as positive. The study is hoped to have contributed to positive psychology research by demonstrating what it means to be a positive institution in practice.

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Developing Learning Environments for Blended and Online Learning

Author(s): Beata Webb,Alicia Vallero / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Developing online and blended learning programs at a university requires the selection of an appropriate framework which addresses the criteria of effective pedagogy. This paper aims to determine a framework for developing and evaluating online and blended learning environments within university educational contexts. The paper is based on the experience of developing blended and online teacher training programs in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages at Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia. First, the paper outlines the methodology of the project. Then, it explores various concepts and theoretical models of learning environments. The next part of the paper examines students’ perspective of the elements of the learning environment as defined by the framework of choice. The paper concludes with a comparative overview of the theoretical framework and its application within the Bond University context.

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Polska terminologia prawosławna – analiza stanu obecnego

Author(s): Marek Ławreszuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

The article is a contribution to the efforts to establish the structure of the dictionary of polish terminology of the Orthodox Church. The preparation of the micro and macro structure of the dictionary must take into account the current state of the vocabulary based on the analysis of the current “partial” dictionaries in Polish, with particular emphasis on terminological problems. The analysis will determine the sphere for further work on the Orthodox terminology, pointing to the past silences and language difficulties, thereby setting the direction for further research.

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Représenter le sens d’un adjectif polysémique dans une perspective bilingue — la quête de l’équivalence

Author(s): Magdalena Perz / Language(s): French Issue: 30/2018

This study seeks to approach the problem of disambiguation of adjectives in the context of translation. On the basis of the French adjective austère analyzed as a case of study, the author demonstrates that adjectives can have a few equivalents in the Polish language. Such multiple interpretations caused by polysemy can be a problem for the description of adjectives in lexicographical publications, as well as for translation. Correspondences between adjectives are rarely bi-univocal in two languages and this study gives some insights on the possibilities of using this terms in both languages. Differences between senses are often highly subtle and contextually determined, so the author makes use of the theory of classes of objects. This kind of complex description allows to select the correct equivalent in another language and to make explicit the relations of equivalence between two languages.

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