Sv. Grgur čudotvorac – zaštitnik Kotromanića i srednjovjekovne Bosne

Author(s): Dubravko Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Honouring eastern saint Gregory the Miracle-worker and his state-building role began and spread in mediaeval Bosnia through the schismatic Bosnian Church. Besides its being not papacy-approved, this saint’s recognition as patron of the ruling Kotromanić dynasty came through the establishment of the new territorial Church after the Catholic bishopric see had been transferred from Bosnia to Đakovo in the mid-thirteenth century. This means that it was an autonomous act of the then Bosnian political and ecclesiastical structures in search of a new identity (confessional) form. Thus over a 70-year span, between the bishopric see transfer from Bosnia to Đakovo and Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić’s taking power, beyond Rome’s jurisdiction, St Gregory the Miracle-worker was promoted the Kotromanićes’ patron. The new state Church of Basilian orientation and the dynastic patron whose name is incorporated in the intitulation of Ban Stjepan II, Prince Vladislaus, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić are a notional pair describing the new ecclesiastical and political reality of mediaeval Bosnia and its ruling dynasty respectively. Search of the original sense of this intitulation, which according to the available sources was maintained for 40-odd years (1326/29-1370/74), leads to the Byzantine “commonwealth” area and the world of legitimistic perceptions built under the influence of Byzantine ruling titulature. When in the autumn of 1461 Pope Pius II, after unsuccessful attempts directed from Rome to establish Bosnian Bishopric, proclaimed, i.e. confirmed, St Gregory the Miracle-worker patron of the Bosnian Kingdom, ecclesiastical-political circumstances were radically different, marked by the sending of the Papal Crown to King Stjepan Tomašević (1461-1463). While St Gregory the Miracle-worker, after his official promotion, remained somehow in the background at least in contemporary documents – true, his name was permanently “built” into the court chapel at Trstivnica – another eastern saint was also given his role in the identification of the Bosnian ruling dynasty. On the coins of kings Tvrtko II Tvrtković (1421-1443) and Stjepan Tomaš (1443-1461), featuring is the figure of St Gregory of Naziansus – bishop and close associate and disciple of St Basil, one of the Eastern Church Fathers, the only one granted the title of theologian – Gregory the Theologian (329-388). This clearly points to the establishment of a cult of this (new) eastern saint related, like St Gregory the Miracle-worker’s cult, to the Bosnian Church. This will become clear especially when the figure of St Gregory, pope, instead of St Gregory of Naziansus, appears on the coins of King Tomaš after his official acceptance of Catholicism in 1445 – when one of the Eastern Church Fathers was replaced by one of the four Latin Church Fathers. This time once more arbitration was with the new ecclesiastical political paradigm represented in a new symbol. Despite the fact that after Tvrtko I its deceased kings were considered saints, mediaeval Bosnia did not develop the ideal of the king-saint in the form established in the countries of West and East-central Europe. This means that in Bosnia the king-saint ideal, like in the case of ruling intitulation referring to St Gregory the Miracle-worker, remained limited to the internal use. Thus the Bosnian ecclesiastical-political contorted paradigm becomes even more visible, and the need for its fuller scientific evaluation more pronounced.

Isprave bosanskih vladara izdane na Bobovcu i u Kraljevoj Sutjesci

Author(s): Milko Brkovic / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Sve što se općenito odnosi na srednjovjekovne isprave Bosne i Huma, to osobito vrijedi i za one koje su izdane na Bobovcu i u Kraljevoj Sutjesci. Pod pojmom isprava podrazumijevamo pisano svjedočanstvo o pravnom činu, čiji je oblik sastavljen po određenim propisima. Oblik isprave ovisi o vremenu kada je nastala, o mjestu gdje je nastala i o osobama koje su je sastavile. Razlikuje se isprava u užem i širem smislu, pa je prema tome otac moderne diplomatike Theodor Sickel, u uvodu svoga djela Acta regum et imperatorum Carolinorum, ispravu u užem smislu definirao kao pisano svjedočanstvo o jednom činu pravne naravi sastavljeno u određenom obliku koji se razlikuje po mjestu, vremenu, osobama i vrsti samog čina. Slično Sickelu ispravu defi nira i talijanski diplomatičar Cesare Paoli, po kojem je ona pisano svjedočanstvo o jednom pravnom činu sastavljeno u propisanom obliku koji ima zadaću zajamčiti joj vjerodostojnost i dati dokaznu moć. Takvu ispravu hrvatska diplomatička terminologija naziva poveljom ili listinom, a ako je svečanija formula, onda i diplomom. Sve ostalo su isprave u širem smislu riječi, a to su mandata, epistule, acta, otpisi, priznanice i slično.

“Slavni dvor kraljevstva u Trstivnici” (Ponovno o proglašenju Bosne kraljevstvom 1377.)

Author(s): Dubravko Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The act of proclaiming the Bosnian Kingdom in 1377, which had been preceded by the reform of the royal chancellery of Tvrtko I Kotromanić in the spirit of the diplomatic norms of the ruling Serbian chancellery, resulted in applying these norms in the field of sacral and political representation in the creation of the new state and to its end in 1463. This is particularly apparent in the arengae of Cyrillic charters related to the correspondence between Bosnian rulers and Dubrovnik, the closest and most important ecclesiastical, political and economic partner of the Medieval Bosnian State. Of course that ecclesiastical-law terminology was not mechanically adopted, and was not a decorative element of documents, but rather had the goal of serving a fundamental purpose: to describe the new juridical, ecclesiastical and ideological reality that had emerged with the transformation of Bosnian bannats in the kingdom; this is most completely represented in the arenga as a key part of the document containing political actuality and propagating state ideas and the virtue of monarchy. Th e introduction of the Raška arenga with its ecclesiastical language and new system of ecclesiastical political ideas indicates the transformation of the ruling ideology of Kotromanićes from the ruler-autocrat model represented by the identification of ban Stjepan II, Prince Vladislav and Tvrtko I Kotromanić with Saint Gregory Wonderworker in the ruler-autocrat model, whose foundation was in the dynastic holiness of Serbian Orthodox Nemanjićes. This new system of state ideas was supported by the syntagms which, with the greater part of them copied from Serbian diplomatic material as of 1377, embellished the Bosnian royal and governmental documents: „...“ Nevertheless, this does not mean that the Medieval Bosnian Kingdom became only a “branch” of the Serbian Kingdom and did not have its own political and cultural identity. On the contrary, the endeavors are still present attributing this specific Slavic political formation first to the embodiment of the national spirit, the Croatian people – the so-called Ruler Trpimirovićes – and then even to the Serbian ruling dynasty of Nemanjićes before they were painted over by the integral political programs of the second half of the XIX century, when the question Whose is Bosnia? was asked; rather, the stronghold is in the historical science conducted under the principle: Sine ira et studio. Th us, without hatred and biasness, fairly, objectively and justly. For the historiography of the open horizon to the past and to the future. Of course, this is within the premises which Ryszard Kapuściński discusses.

Prilog poznavanju sudbine slike uskrslog Krista i kralja Stjepana Tomaša porijeklom iz Kraljeve Sutjeske

Author(s): Ivana Prijatelj Pavičić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Kotorsko-dubrovački slikar Lovro Dobričević je s predstavnikom bosanskih franjevaca Marojem Restićem dogovorio tijekom 1459. i 1460. godine izradu triju slika za bosanske franjevce. Za izradu jedne od slika angažirao je i suradnike, Vukca Rajanovića i Đurđa Bazilja 23. VII 1459. J. Kujundžić i P. Anđelić bili su mišljenja da je Dobričević slikao navedene kompozicije za franjevački samostan sv. Nikole u Milima kod Visokog. U radnji se pokušava utvrditi za koje su bosanske crkve naručene slike te je li nešto od njih ostalo sačuvano. Autorica drži da je važno bosanske franjevačke narudžbe sagledati u povijesnom kontekstu. Posebice se osvrće na kontekst druge narudžbe od 19. svibnja 1460. kojom je naručena jedna oltarna slika. Za sliku je Dobričeviću drugi predujam isplaćen 18. XI. 1461., a posljednja isplata za postavljanje slike uslijedila je 6. X. 1462. Autorica upozorava da je slika naručena za života kraja Stjepana Tomaš, a dovršena za kraljevanja njegovog sina. On je preminuo u srpnju 1461. godine, a dana 17. XI. 1461. (?) Stjepan Tomašević okrunjen za kralja papinskom krunom u crkvi sv. Marije u Jajcu. U radnji se istražuje može li se narudžba iz 1460. godine povezati s Dobričevićevom slikom Uskrslog Krista s kraljem Stjepanom Tomašem porijeklom iz Kraljeve Sutjeske, koja se danas čuva u Strossmayerovoj galeriji u Zagrebu. Na njenoj poleđini do recentne restauracije 2006. godine bilo je prilijepljeno rodoslovlje obitelji Ohmučević, koje je gotovo identičnih dimenzija kao drveni nosilac slike. Na temelju toga donosi se zaključak da je spomenuto rodoslovlje (povelja za koju se pretpostavlja da ju je za admirala Petra Ivelju Ohmučevića izradio Antun Polus de Matthaeis, bosanski biskup i franjevački provincijal krajem XVI. stoljeća) izvedeno u navedenim dimenzijama s namjerom da se zalijepi na navedenu sliku. Nadalje, postavlja se pitanje je li Dobričević naslikao sliku Uskrslog Krista i kralja za grobnu kapelu obitelji Kotromanić u Bobovcu, u koju je 1461. godine pokopan Stjepan Tomaš. Naime, prikazi Uskrslog Krista u drugoj polovini XV. st. bili su naručivani za zagrobne kapele. Kapela sv. Mihovila na Bobovcu bila je pod patronatom franjevaca. Ukoliko je doista slika Uskrsli Krist i donator bila naručena od strane franjevačke vikarije za mauzolejnu crkvu u Bobovcu, bio bi to dodatan argument za hipotezu da su mauzolejnu crkvu u Bobovcu u tom trenutku opremali franjevci. Pretpostavlja se da su franjevci sudjelovali u aktiviranju crkve za potrebe dinastičkog mauzoleja nakon što je ona izuzeta iz patronata Crkve bosanske. Nadalje, autorica pokazuje da je lik Krista na slici inspiriran antičkim predloškom, uspoređujući tipologiju Dobričevićevog Krista s Antinojem iz Belvederea i Idolinom iz firentinskog Arheološkog muzeja. Citiranje antičkog predloška izraz je Dobričevićevog renesansnog htjenja.

Stećci sutješkog kraja

Author(s): Lidija Fekeža-Martinović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Kao geografska osnova za ovaj rad poslužili su historijski i topografski podaci, te karta sa granicama srednjovjekovne župe Trstivnice (Karta). Na teritoriji ove župe ustanovljene su srednjovjekovne seoske općine: Borovica, Trstivnica (Kraljeva Sutjeska), Brištrani, Poljani, Kakanj, Zgoš ća, Ričica, Doboj i Viduša. Općine su određene prema povijesnim i paleoetnološkim izvorima, te prema prirodi terena. Budući da je kapacitet poljoprivrednog zemljišta bio ekonomski ograničen, rodovska sela su u srednjem vijeku bila mala. Udruživala su se u širu zajednicu organiziranu u seosku općinu. Tako raštrkano selo-općina je bila dominantna forma naselja u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni (Anđelić, 1973., 16-19, 152; isti, 1982., 38). U radu su prvi puta na jednom mjestu sakupljeni i uspoređeni podaci o stećcima na ovom području autora M. Filipovića, Š. Bešlagića i P. Anđelića, kao i literatura koja se odnosi na ovu problematiku. Specifične pojave kao što su stećci na Crkvini u Donjoj Zgošći nisu u potpunosti tretirani (kao što je podroban opis spomenika i ukrasa, te problematika natpisa), već su navedena opća razmatranja o lokalitetu koja se uklapaju u koncepciju rada.

Kraljeva Sutjeska kao mjesto nastanka značajnih djela književnosti Bosne Srebrene

Author(s): Željko Ivanković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Ono što nas uči Georges Duby u svojoj više nego instruktivnoj knjizi Vrijeme katedrala, a vezano za razvoj umjetnosti i društva u vremenu od 980. do 1420., mnogostruko se, makar i u malom, i makar krajnje marginalno, ili baš stoga, potvrđuje na našim prostorima i u našoj povijesti. (I premda se to odnosi na srednji vijek, mi ćemo tu Dubyjevu metaforu primijeniti na vrijeme kad u nas formalno srednji vijek prestaje – na vrijeme nakon osmanskog osvojenja Bosne. I to zato što drugi franjevački samostani u Europi nisu ni blizu u sličnom, a kamoli istom položaju kao oni u Bosni toga doba, od početka ranog novog vijeka, pa gotovo do moderne.) No, naravno ne u konceptu razvoja društva, jer je u Bosni ozbiljno izostao, prekinut u razvoju onaj stadij što ga kod Dubyja znamo kao katedrala. (Nestanak katedrale u Vrhbosni i premještanje bosanskoga biskupa u Đakovo trajno je označilo bosanski politički, društveno-religijski i kulturološki prostor!) Naravno, ono na što ovdje asociramo, a kao i sve ostalo, sa značajnim se vremenskim zaostatkom, s obzirom na zapadnoeuropsku civilizaciju, može aplicirati na našim prostorima. Riječ je o razvoju zapadnoeuropske civilizacije, kako je i kakvu je razumijevamo od vremena kad se i kakva se počinje formirati u vrijeme onoga što povijest pamti kao “karolinšku renesansu”.

Vareška crkveno-pučka baština

Author(s): Marko Dragić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Vareš je brdski gradić, udaljen od Sarajeva 36 kilometara, smješten na nadmorskoj visini od 829 metara u kotlini rječice Stavnje, u podnožju mitskih planina Zvijezde i Peruna. Živa je tradicija kako su Iliri osnovali Vareš. Ispod vareških brda golemo je rudno bogatstvo: željezne rude, magnezita, kroma i ugljena. Postoje tragovi da se u Varešu kopala željezna rudača i talilo željezo još u antičko vrijeme. Na lokalitetu Smreka nađene su rudarske svjetiljke i alat iz rimskoga doba. Vareško selo Dubošticu kralj Tvrtko je smatrao riznicom svoga kraljevstva jer je bilo središte rudarstva toga kraja.

Katolici i franjevci u srednjovjekovnoj župi (županiji) Lašva

Author(s): Milko Brkovic / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The middle-age parish and district Lašva were spread out on both sides and on the full length from the source to the mouth of the homonymous river Lašva; probably the name of the residence originates from that fact. From the 12th century and up to conquest of the Ottomans in 1463, the district Lašva was incorporated in the Bosnian State like one of the seven middle age districts composing the original Banate of Bosnia. The Bosnian Catholics were a component of the Bosnian middle-age Christians. The parishes in middle ages belonged to the Bosnian Catholic Diocese, which had existed before the question on the orthodoxy of Bosnian Christians was asked. The term Bosnian Church according to the sources is the same as the Bosnian Diocese. The Bosnian Church from the beginning belonged to the West, in other words to the Roman Church, and its bishop was the teacher of the local community as he was the bishop of Rome. When the Bosnian Christians and their bishop became suspected of heresy, in the same way the Church of Dubrovnik with its archbishop was also groundlessly suspected because allegedly he didn’t take enough care of the people when he appointed for the Bosnian bishop. There is the argument that the Bosnian Church never broke its community and connections with the Roman Church, although it was accused of being heretical. But the Bosnian Church had to suffer, to experience rejection, and even once be without its head bishop and without connection to its archdiocese community. Beginning in the 13th century, the Pope’s authoritative representatives demonstrated the orthodoxy of local Christians, but conflicts arse when the Hungarian Church and civilian authorities took e over the role of Rome. The real problems were with the liturgical language, different taxes and political aspirations of the Hungarian and Venetian authorities. The consequence was first the exclusion of the Bosnian Diocese from the jurisdiction of Dioceses Split, Bar and Dubrovnik, and subsequently replacing the residence of the Bosnian Metropolis. On one side was the weakened Bosnian Diocese and Bosnian vassal rulers, and on the other. the strong Hungarian Church and government which, after establishing of Zagreb Diocese, removing the Croatian bishop and installing a group of Hungarian people at the Archdiocese curia in Split, dividing and absorbing the Bosnian Diocese, it replaced its residence and subjugated it to the head of Hungarian Church. The Bosnian Church community kept acting outside of the official Catholic Church, which automatically subjected it to be considered disobedient to the discipline of the Catholic Church, but not to heterodoxy. The faith of the Bosnian Church is the Catholic one. There is no contemporary treatise disputing a Credo or structure of Bosnian Christians, but there are other different contemporary sources testifying almost all the truths of the Apostolic Credo. According to foreign sources, the Bosnian Christian community fell to heterodoxy, but according to the documents of Bosnian rulers and nobility, there was no heterodoxy. The middle age Scriptures of Bosnian Christians, as the Old Testament, and also the New One, have no difference in regular orthodox Biblical codex from West or East tradition. An excellent example of middle age Bosnian New Testament codex is Zbornik krstjanina Hvala from 1404 year. One bishop during the Church Council in Basel witnessed on Bosnian Christians: “When they saw me dressed in bishop suit, I could not lift my legs because of their kissing.” The Bosnian middle age Franciscans were correct Catholics and true representatives of Catholicism in Bosnia, and thus in Lašva. The well-known indiscipline and licentiousness of higher clergy in the Catholic Church in 12th and 13th century were contrasted to the simple and sincere believers in Bosnia. In historical sources there is no evidence that Franciscans tortured alleged Bosnian heretics. The official Franciscan mission in Bosnian Banate, and thus in Lašva parish, started during pope Nikola IV (1288-1292).

Stećci gučogorskog kraja

Author(s): Marinko Slipac / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian up-right tomb-stones are sepulchral gravestones renowned from the middle of the 12th to the end of the 15th century. The culmination form of trunk and roof-ridge was prominant in the times of the civil governor Stjepan Kontromanić (1322-1353), and especially in the times of Tvrtko I Kotromanić (1353-1391). Developmental growth ended in the form of the cross. “Lašva’s cross” is particular to the homonymous valley, and in fact it is a tombstone with a stressed head and undeveloped sides. Also “Lašva’s sarcophagus” is to be seen exclusively in the region of Lašva and characterized by ornamental motives and epitaphs with the original Bosnian lettering “bosanica”. During the Ottoman occupation the Catholics from this region inherited and preserved the continuity of middle-age tombstone construction in the form of Lašva’s cross. It was especiallz preserved in a diminished version, but preserved monuments are mostly from the 17th, 18th and 19th century.

Улога нотара у средњовјековном Дубровнику

Author(s): Mirjana Pupić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Development of the notary institution in Dubrovnik has been presented within this document, covering period from its very beginning until the period of contemporary notaries. These information are based on the published and unpublished sources from the National Archives in Dubrovnik. At the beginning of the work it is given a brief overview of the notary institution development in European regions, particularly in Italy, which had the greatest impact on Dubrovnik’s notary office. Then, the author enters into the issue of Dubrovnik’s notary where elaborates various aspects related to notaries such as the appearance of the first notary, origin, and their role in the preparation of testaments. Special attention was paid to the analysis of various provisions of the notary institution which are contained in the basic source of Dubrovnik’s law, Statutarum civitatis Ragusii.

Unpublished correspondence between Michael Italicus, Archbishop of Philippopolis and Theodore Prodromes

Author(s): Robert Browning / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Мировые империи на средневековых исламских картах

Author(s): Irina Genadijevna Konovalova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Рад је посвећен картографској традицији исламске географије од 9. до 10. века у контексту државних/просторних/владајућих односа о којима се активно расправља у тренутним историјско-географским дискурсима. Главна пажња је посвећена опису светског система царстава, држава и земаља на мапама и у текстовима главних представника тзв. „класичне школе арапске географије“ из 10. века. Са њихове тачке гледишта, царска државност – за разлику од „држава“ и „земаља“ – створена је органском комбинацијом три фактора: религије, културе и моћи. Заправо четири царства која су навели арапски географи – Калифат Абасида, Византијско царство, Кина и Индија – у целини кореспондирају са цивилизацијским областима формираним на основу ислама, хришћанства, конфучијанизма и хиндуизма. Овај систем царстава је хијерархизован: Византија, Индија и Кина су не само стубови светског поретка већ делом и темељ на коме је свет ислама – врх хијерархије – растао. Унутрашњи простор исламског света је такође формирао хијерархију: Иран је симболизовао суштину исламског простора, редукован на калифат Абасида, док су друга два калифата, Фатамиди и шпански Омејади, једноставно искључени. Таква геополитичка структура је била тесно повезана са персијским пореклом оснивача „класичне школе арапске географије“, који су користили ову геополитичку конструкцију да представе своју домовину као центар света. Тако су исламске средњовековне мапе представљале не само уопштене географске информације већ су биле облик политичког дискурса: оне су манифестовале моћ кроз приказивање светског поретка.

Średniowieczna kuchnia „siermiężna” czy „wymyślna”. Uwagi o kulturze materialnej

Author(s): Anna Marciniak-Kajzer / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Knowledge about cuisine and kitchen in the Middle Ages is full of myths and contradictions. The situation has improved in recent times, since cooking has become fashionable. The so-called food studies, contributed to the collaboration of historians, archeozoologists, archaeobotanists, anthropologists and archaeologists. In this article, however, the kitchen and its equipment are described from the archaeologist’s point of view. We do not always fully realize that our archaeological “potsherds” are relics of pots which were only of a small part of the kitchen equipment. Many objects were made of organic materials – mainly from wood, bast or bark, but also from leather or fabric. This type of equipment is rarely preserved in the ground. Most of the kitchen appliances discussed in the article are simple objects, made of cheap raw materials, so widely available. They were rarely described in sources – they were not subject to pledges, lawsuits and did not appear in wills. Sometimes we only find them in iconography. Hence we know that the image of medieval cuisine is very diverse and depended largely on the wealth of its owner. Certainly, it does not correspond to the still popular myths which see the Middle Ages as a “rough” era. The kitchens of the poor have changed little over the next few centuries. Kitchens of social elites also evolved slowly, but they always remained “fancy”.

Очерки истории селадонов

Author(s): Evgeniia I. Gelman / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the history of the origin and the main stages of development of celadon what is one of the most remarkable inventions of mankind in the field of ceramic production. The path to the highest heyday of this sort of high-firing ceramics took about 2000 years. Kilns and workshops for their production functioned in North and South China, as well as in the Korean Peninsula. Special raw materials became a necessary condition for their appearance, and potter’s craftsmanship, experience and technical thought turned them into real masterpieces in the 8th—13th c.Ceramic wares with green glaze were spreading along the trade routes to the countries of East and South-East Asia, through Central Asia and the Middle East reached Africa during the Middle Ages. New archaeological discoveries in different regions of Eurasia are constantly expanding the geography of their distribution. After the discovery of celadons in Europe in the 17th c. interest in the technology of their production is constantly growing, and research methods are being improved.

Позднесредневековые памятники Приморья

Author(s): Olga V. Dyakova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes materials of Jurchen forts in the mountains of Eastern Xia (1215—1234), and settlements and industrial complexes of Jin Empire (1115—1234). The study aims to discover whether they could function during the Mongol time, i.e. after the official defeat of these states by the Mongols. The Mongol time is defined by such archaeological indicators as innovative artisan artefacts and technologies, which appear on archaeological sites in Primorye after the fall of Jurchen states, but are typical for the Karakorum craft centers. One of such indicators is a glass-blowing production of the Eastern Xia state. Works were conducted on imported raw materials, whose chemical composition fully coincides with the raw materials from Karakorum. Due to the difficulties in Jurchen-Mongol relations, trade and economic contacts between them practically did not exist. Therefore, the emergence of traditional Karakoram artisan materials could arise only after the defeat of Jurchen Jin Empire in 1234 by the Mongols. At the same time, as the research showed, the craft centers of mountain forts in Eastern Xia continued to function also during the Mongol time, which is also confirmed by radiocarbon data. These facts made serious corrections to the military, political and economic history of the Far Eastern region during the Mongol time.

Раскопки Хирхиринского городища в Юго-Восточном Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin,Svetlana E. Baksheeva,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Stanislav D. Prokopets,Artur V. Kharinsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Khirkhira site is a town of Mongol Empire period, located in Transbaikalia. It was used as a residence for Yesünggü, a nephew of Genghis Khan. It was a real town with a palace, elite homesteads, over a hundred dwellings, but without fortifications. This site was excavated by S. Kiselev in 1957—1959 and A. Artemjev in 1997—2005. The article discusses the results of excavations on one of the homesteads. The wooden pillars of the building rested on stone bases. There was a kang (heating system) inside of the building with traces of reconstructions. The kang was heated by two hearths situated in northern and western parts of the excavated area. Our studies on Khirkhira allowed revisiting the chronology of the site. Porcelain found there makes it possible to date this site not only by the time of its founder Yesünggü Khan’s life, but also by the period of Yuan Dynasty (1206—1368) in 14th century. Besides, Khitan ceramics found in lower horizons of the unearthed homestead makes us conclude that this territory was inhabited already at the time of Liao dynasty (907—1125).

Средний Енисей в монгольское время

Author(s): Sergey G. Skobelev,Anton V. Vybornov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The current body of knowledge is presented on the history of the Middle Yenisei population in the Late Middle Ages, including a compilation of written sources on the history of Southern Siberia of the Mongol time. The Kyrgyz Khaganate, one of the earliest state formations on the territory of Russia, was the target of the first major conquest of the Mongol army. Later on, the territory and population of the Khaganate were split among different states emerging on the ruins of the Mongol Empire. In this regard, this work combines and analyzes heterogeneous sources for the Late Middle Ages of the Khakassia-Minusinsk Hollow and the adjacent territories, including archaeological ones. The authors describe characteristic topography and planning of burial grounds with cremations and inhumations. The grave goods, on the one hand, are as versatile as the complex of artefacts common for all ethnic groups exposed to the Mongol influence, and on the other hand, they have a strong technological and aesthetic identity of predominantly metal products, which are inherent for the peoples of the Southern Siberia.

Древнемонгольские города Тувы: обзор современного состояния

Author(s): Demir K. Tulush / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the middle of the 20th century, Soviet archaeologist L. Kyzlasov identified 6 towns in the territory of Tuva and dated them by Mongol time. Most of them are located in Tandy district. This article is empirically based on L. Kyzlasov’s studies conducted in the 50—60s of the 20th century, materials of the archaeological field surveys carried out by the author in cooperation with the Institute for Mongol, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (2011), as well as independently (2013, 2016, 2017). Visual surveys allowed to fix an unsatisfactory condition of ancient settlements exposed to destructive human activity. Some sites (Ertine-Bulak, the Elegest town) seem to be totally destroyed. Insufficient data on Oymak town in Ulug-Khem district did not allow its repeated localization. The best preserved town — Mezhegey — requires more attention and further research.

Новые исследования на золотоордынских поселениях Западного Казахстана

Author(s): Emma D. Zilivinskaya / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the results of work on the ancient towns of Zhaiyk and Zhalpaktal in Western Kazakhstan. The ancient settlement of Zhaiyk is located not far from the city of Uralsk. Since 2000, there have been studied large estates, a public bath with underground heating and production complexes: an oven for baking brick and a furnace for calcining lime. Two large mausoleums of burnt bricks, decorated with glazed tiles, were found on the necropolis. In 2013, a funerary complex consisting of a tower mausoleum and small funerary structures were excavated on the necropolis.A small rural mosque with a minaret was investigated at the settlement of Zhalpaktal. Excavations of a large farmstead showed that life on the settlement lasted long enough. First, pit-houses were used for dwelling. Later, a large house with many rooms and walls of raw brick was built in their place.

К вопросу о русско-ордынском пограничье в Марийско-Чувашском Поволжье

Author(s): Elena E. Vorobeva,Mikhail I. Fedulov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Now one of the main directions of the national historical science is a detailed study of the history of individual regions, suburbs, territories of the Russian-Horde border. Some of the areas are of particular interest to any student of the Russian-Golden Horde borderlands: these areas can be called buffer zones. They are described by travelers, recorded in chronicles and confirmed by archaeological materials. The Chuvash-Mari area of the Volga region played the role of such “buffer zone” at the Russian-Golden Horde border in 14th—15th centuries. The archaeological material accumulated to date (the results of exploration and excavations in the territory of the Mari-Chuvash Volga region) not only confirms the process of expanding the territory of the influence of the Golden Horde state over the studied territory, but also allows us to consistently trace this process, highlighting several conventional regions with concentrations of archaeological sites dated by the studied period. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to consider the presence of buffer zones at the Russian — Golden Horde border in the Mari-Chuvash Volga region on the basis of archaeological data.