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Britanski pogled na Hrvatsku 1945.: politika i društvo
4.50 €

Britanski pogled na Hrvatsku 1945.: politika i društvo

Author(s): Katarina Spehnjak / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Diplomatic relations between Britain and Yugoslavia in 1945 encapsulated all their past and future conflicts: traditional British orientation and interests as opposed to a pragmatism dictated by political realism and the evolution of Yugoslavian politics equally conditioned by its dominant factor – the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and its position as a small country at a time of global turmoil. At the end of the war British and Allied Military interest became less important in the face of a new geopolitical strategy which rested on the division of Europe and the world into two blocks. Even if at the time he decided to support Tito and the Partisans Churchill believed that it was not important if they wanted to introduce Communism – because the British ≪‘won’t be living there’≫ – in 1945 it was characterized by this factor. This can be seen in terms of the questions of support for UNRRA, the Tito – Šubašić, the problem of Istria and Trieste, and the extradition of war crimes. Yugoslavia, in an effort to obtain international recognition of the NOP (Narodnooslobodilački pokret – National Liberation Movement) accepted concessions in internal-political matters which in any case were quickly shown to be temporary. Although politically within the orbit of the USSR, the new Yugoslavia did not receive support from it on some critical foreign-political issues. When the resignation of minister Ivan Šubašić, the British trump card, occurred on the eve of the elections to the Constituent Assembly of the new Yugoslavia, and when the opposition – disabled by the regime but also by internal divisions – declined to engage in a political struggle, Britain, after experiencing initial discomfort at the unexpected turn of events, decided not to break off relations with Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, in solving certain future problems, Britain retained elements of its earlier policy. In British diplomatic reports Croatia, along with Serbia, was the main ≪≫bulwark of opposition,≫≫ especially important in this regard were the Croat Peasant Party, the Catholic Church, and the peasantry as powerful forces. The estimation that support for the new government was somewhere between 10-20% conflicts with the strong electoral showing of the National Front. Even if repression by the regime is held to play a large role in this support, the avoidance tactics and lost opportunities on the part of opposition leaders reveal a number of characteristic political and cultural stereotypes, from which the leaders of the communists are not immune either. The bulk of this article rests on this issue.

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Úloha medzištátnych vládnych výborov v slovensko-nemeckých hospodárskych vzťahoch 1939 – 1945

Úloha medzištátnych vládnych výborov v slovensko-nemeckých hospodárskych vzťahoch 1939 – 1945

Author(s): Ľudovít Hallon / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Hospodárske vzťahy Slovenska s nacistickým Nemeckom, resp. s Nemeckou ríšou, v rokoch 1939 – 1945 sú už niekoľko desaťročí objektom výskumu slovenskej a čiastočne aj českej a nemeckej historiografie.2 Slovenskí historici im venovali osobitnú pozornosť v 50. a 60. rokoch. V období normalizácie však výskum stagnoval. Nová generácia historikov, nastupujúca v 90. rokoch, si opäť začala uvedomovať ich význam pre formovanie celkového nemecko-slovenského vzťahu. Z viacerých otázok sledovanej témy už bola do značnej miery spracovaná expanzia nemeckého kapitálu na Slovensku, problematika poradcov – beráterov, kľúčové hospodárske zmluvy a niektoré ďalšie otáz ky. Nasledujúca štúdia hodnotí vývoj medzivládnych rokovaní s hlavným dôrazom na doteraz nespracovaný obsah rokovaní slovensko-nemeckých vládnych výborov.

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Разплата. История на Отон. Пратеничество в Константинопол. Разплата. История на Отон. Пратеничество в Константинопол
15.00 €

Разплата. История на Отон. Пратеничество в Константинопол. Разплата. История на Отон. Пратеничество в Константинопол

Author(s): Liudprand Liudprand of Cremona / Language(s): Bulgarian

This modern translation of all the surviving literary compositions ascribed to Liudprand, the bishop of Cremona from 962 to 972, offers unrivaled insight into society and culture in western Europe during the "iron century". Since Liudprand enjoyed the favor of the Saxon Roman emperor Otto the Great, and traveled to Constantinople more than once on official business, his narratives also reveal European attitudes toward the Byzantine Empire and the culture of its refined capital city. No other tenth-century writer had such privileged access to the high spheres of power, or such acerbic wit and willingness to articulate critiques of the doings of powerful people. Liudprand's historical texts (the Antapodosis on European events in the first half of the 900s, and his Historia Ottonison the rise to power of Otto the Great) provide a unique view of the recent past against a genuinely European backdrop, unusual in a time of localized cultural horizons. Liudprand's famous satirical description of his misadventures as Ottonian legate at the Byzantine court in 968 is a vital source of information on Byzantine ritual and diplomatic process, as well as a classic of medieval intercultural encounter. Readers interested in medieval European culture, the history of diplomacy, Italian and German medieval history, and the history of Byzantium will find this collection of translated texts rewarding. A full introduction and extensive notes help readers to place Liudprand's writings in context.

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Пътепис
17.00 €

Пътепис

Author(s): Evliya Çelebi / Language(s): Bulgarian

Evliya Celebi was an enlightened man in a variety of ways who believed in equality, freedom of thought and intellectual debate, and found all of these things present in Islamic societies. Over the course of his travels, he wrote ten volumes detailing his adventures. ‘Seyahatname’ – Book of Travels – is a unique and important text, representing one of the few accounts of the 17th century and the Ottoman world from the perspective of a Muslim. These are not just factual accounts, Evliya had a great imagination and just as important as his journal entries were the imaginative storytelling that ran alongside, elaborating, exaggerating, and fantasizing. Through his stories, we are prompted to think more imaginatively about our own travels and journeys to other cities. This 17th-century Muslim traveler can sometimes seem narrow-minded and yet this same man can stand in St Stephens Cathedral in Vienna and be moved by the music he hears. Sometimes these encounters lead to nothing but sometimes they lead to stories which are so deeply felt, and so universally melodic that they leave echoes which can still be heard and felt today. In 2011, the year which would have been his 400th birthday, Evliya is being paid homage as UNESCO’s Man of the Year.

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Posle Minska
0.00 €

Posle Minska

Author(s): Mark Solonin / Language(s): Serbian

Apsolutni svetski šampion je… ko? Da li je to neko ko je pretrčao sto metara apsolutno maksimalnom brzinom od 300.000 kilometara u sekundi? Ne. Možda čovek koji je ovu razdaljinu prevalio brže od svih ljudi u istoriji čovečanstva? Opet ne. Mi ne znamo kojom brzinom je trčao drevni afrički lovac loveći antilope. Šampion je onaj koji trči brže od svih današnjih učesnika u trci. I zato nemojmo upoređivati V. V. Putina sa Čerčilom ili Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Ali budući da je on taj koji danas suvereno niže jednu pobedu za drugom, Putin je među svojim savremenicima ubedljivo najistaknutiji političar današnjice.

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Societas Classica. Култури и религии на Балканите, в Средиземноморието и Изтока. Том 10
0.00 €

Societas Classica. Култури и религии на Балканите, в Средиземноморието и Изтока. Том 10

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-)

𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎 is a multilingual collection of papers presented at the international scientific conference that has been organized by the Department of Classical and Eastern Languages ​​and Cultures of St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgaria) since 2002. Until 2015, the conference was held annually. Since 2018, it is held once every two years. St Cyril and St Methodius University Press issues the collection within the Dr. Nicola Piccolo series. The wide range of topics and the opportunity for authors to submit their academic publications in the original language attracts researchers from all over the world.

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DIALOGUE

DIALOGUE

Author(s): Jiri Mucha / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Il y a plusieurs semaines, et même en réalité encore plus, que notre gouvernement s’essaye, avec les résultats qu’on connaît, à avoir un dialogue avec les tenants d'opinions, qui, soit dit par eu­phémisme, ne regardent pas notre évolution avec compréhension. Notre gouvernement s’efforce de leur démontrer, avec l'appui massif des moyens d’informations, que ce qui se passe chez nous n’est pas la contre-révolution, que l’organisateur de tout cela n’est pas Bonn, etc. Et à, son chagrin, et peut-être aussi, à son étonnement, il ne rencontre que des oreilles sourdes et n’entend que des réponses qui semblent provenir d'habitants de la planète Mars.

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LA GUERRE DES NERFS

LA GUERRE DES NERFS

Author(s): Antonin J. Liehm / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Chacun, s'il connaît quelque chose du monde et s’il l'a parcouru dans ces derniers mois avec des yeux pas tout à fait aveugles, confirmera que la Tchécoslovaquie est l'un des pays les plus tran­quilles d'Europe. Et il ne s’agit pas d’un calme apparent, en surface. La Tchécoslovaquie est un pays où, en comparaison avec l’époque d'avant janvier, la tension s'est nettement relâchée, à l’intérieur de la société, et où le processus de la normalisation, englobant aussi le mécanisme interne de différenciation des opinions politiques, se poursuit d'une façon que quelqu'un a récemment comparé à « une récréation ».

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LE PETIT ET LE GRAND

LE PETIT ET LE GRAND

Author(s): Milan Kundera / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Lorsqu'au cours de la première matinée du IVe Congrès des écrivains, Pavel Kohout se mit à lire la lettre de Soljenistyne dans laquelle ce grand héritier de Tolstoï décrit le sort tragique de la littérature soviétique dans les conditions du stalinisme et du néosta­linisme, Jiri Hendrych, assis au premier rang, à la tribune, se rem­brunit, enfila sa veste par dessus sa chemise blanche ornée de bretelles et s’en alla en chancelant. Au fond de la tribune, où nous avions pris place, Prochazka, Lustig et moi, il dit encore cette parole historique : « Vous avez tout perdu, vous avez tout perdu... » et il quitta la séance.

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TITO ! TITO ! TITO !

TITO ! TITO ! TITO !

Author(s): Antonin J. Liehm / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Le génie populaire est insondable et on ne peut pas prédire avec sûreté quel chemin il prendra. Par exemple, l’improvisation de la troisième cour du Château de Prague, le vendredi 9 août, ce slogan né instantanément et scandé: Dubcek ! Tito ! Svoboda ! a tel­lement de signification qu'on ne pourrait le faire tenir dans la plu­part des documents préparés longtemps à l'avance et hautement considérés. Le triomphe pragois de Tito n’a pas été seulement — et loin s'en faut, cette fois-ci, un remboursement pour le passé. Ce fut un triomphe qui aurait pu et qui aurait dû être, déjà une se­maine auparavant, celui de Dubcek.

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AUSTRO-UGARSKA RATNA DIPLOMACIJA I TALIJANSKO RATIŠTE
4.90 €

AUSTRO-UGARSKA RATNA DIPLOMACIJA I TALIJANSKO RATIŠTE

Author(s): Livia Kardum / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević was one of the commanders of the Isonzo front, which was crucial to the survival of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, albeit primarily for political rather than military reasons. At the beginning of the war, Austro-Hungarian territory inhabited by Slavs was subject to diplomatic disputes that assumed the character of a virtual bidding war, in which the members of the Triple Entente generously pledged the territory of their opponents to Italy which, after its initial neutrality, was thus enticed to join the war after the Treaty of London was signed. Given Italy’s military strength, this aroused moral condemnation rather than actual concern by the Austro-Hungarian political and military elite, and the Austro-Hungarian/Italian front on the Isonzo, or Soča, River served as an example of how the motivation of an army under arduous combat conditions, led by an exemplary commander and strategist, is a very vital factor in mounting a successful defence against a numerically superior enemy. It is paradoxical that it was precisely the success of the Austro-Hungarian Army on this front, which culminated in the Battle of Caporetto, one of the rare brilliant victories of the entire First World War, when Italian soldiers began to massively flee and desert to an extent unseen previously, also indirectly prevented the sole serious and promising Austro-Hungarian diplomatic attempt to withdraw from the war and save the majority of its own territory, which was initiated by the Emperor Charles himself. Secret negotiations between France and Great Britain broke down due to this largely Slavic region to which Italy aspired and which had been promised to it by the Treaty of London in 1915. The emperor could certainly not relinquish to Italy a territory that it was unable to conquer on its own despite the numerical superiority of its army, all the more so since the Italian military command secretly, without the knowledge of its own government or allies, initiated a peace offer to the Austro-Hungarian side. Svetozar Borojević also distinguished himself as a sound strategist at that trying moment when the Isonzo troops had to retreat not just because of the considerable military aid in men and arms that Italy received from its allies but also due to the complete internal disarray of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Even under these circumstances, when Borojević, loyal to the Monarchy to the end, had to withdraw his army, the Italians progressed very indecisively and slowly, even though they practically had no enemy army to confront. This is why the subsequent Italian annexation of these Slavic territories became a heavy political burden for the new Yugoslav state as well.

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Solidarnost u doba krize: rimski kardinal „zaštitnik” i Dubrovačka Republika tijekom velikih izazova 17. stoljeća
4.90 €

Solidarnost u doba krize: rimski kardinal „zaštitnik” i Dubrovačka Republika tijekom velikih izazova 17. stoljeća

Author(s): Nikša Varezić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The institution of the cardinal “protector” represented a link between the various subjects (nations, cities, ecclesiastical orders, etc.) and the Roman Curia, wherein that high-ranking cleric supported the interests of the citizens he represented as his “clients”. Since the Middle Ages, Dubrovnik had been developing intimate relationships with Rome, which were not only ecclesiastical. The geostrategic position of Dubrovnik was of great importance to the Roman Curia, especially due to the opportunities that Dubrovnik could provide to Rome within broader geopolitical interests. Such a geographic position required the constant caution of the Dubrovnik government, always focused on the Holy See, upon whose protection within western international politics the Dubrovnik Republic could always rely. The seventeenth century was a period of intensive struggle for the preservation of the political and economic integrity of Dubrovnik. Seicento represented a very difficult period of foreign pressures for Papal Rome, so it was even harder for the Dubrovnik Senate to attract the attention of the Curia. Along with the traditional diplomatic perseverance of the Republic, the extraordinary engagement of Dubrovnik’s patron, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, contributed to the maintenance of the centuries-old sensibility of the Holy See towards the needs of the Republic of St. Blaise. This fact seems to be even more significant since it refers to a particularly dramatic period of the Canadian War and the period after the Great Earthquake of 1667. Due to the all the temptations that confronted the Holy See within international politics in the same period, it would be difficult to expect that Rome could be focused on Dubrovnik’s requests. But, thanks to the engagement of Cardinal Barberini, among others, the final outcome proved to be contrary to such an expectation.

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OCJENA SPORAZUMA CVETKOVIĆ-MAČEK I DRŽAVNOG UDARA 27. OŽUJKA 1941.
4.90 €

OCJENA SPORAZUMA CVETKOVIĆ-MAČEK I DRŽAVNOG UDARA 27. OŽUJKA 1941.

Author(s): Krešimir Regan / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Banovina Hrvatska was Croatian nation’s political and territorial unit in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that enjoyed a high level of autonomy from the central government. It was established on August 26, 1939 when Vladko Maček, the president of the Croatian Peasants’ Party and the representative of the Peasant-Democratic Coalition, signed an agreement with Dragiša Cvetković, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the representative of the Yugoslav Radical Union. By granting Croats this autonomy, the political circles in Belgrade with the regent Prince Pavle at the helm aimed to solve the question of Croatian national and territorial individuality in the Yugoslav state (the Croatian question), and thus give the Kingdom of Yugoslavia internal political stability in the circumstances of growingly tense political relations in Europe in the eve of World War II. The establishment of Banovina Hrvatska was the beginning of an internal political reform whose ultimate objective was to transform the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from a unitary country into a federation. In this project Dravska banovina was supposed to be converted into Banovina Slovenija with Slovenes as its dominant population, and the entire territory east of Banovina Hrvatska, in which the Serbs constituted the relative majority, was supposed to be joined into a political and territorial unit called The Serbian Territories. This plan had its opponents both on Serbian and on Croatian side. Croats felt that they had a historical right to Vrbaska banovina, as this territory had been a part of the Kingdom of Croatia throughout the Middle Ages, and they also felt that they had a right to entire Syrmia, as it had been a part of the former Austro-Hungarian Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia until 1922. Serbs, on the other hand, felt that they had a historical right to the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia, and Dalmatia. Opponents of the reform assembled around the Serbian Cultural Club were especially active among the latter, and so were some officers of the Yugoslav Army, who brought down the Cvetković-Maček government in a coup on March 27, 1941, thus putting an end to the reform that had just begun. There is no dilemma that these events were the subject of Tuđman’s professional interest, but some of his close friends and political associates (Stipe Mesić, Josip Manolić, Dušan Bilandžić, Petar Kriste) and some of the journalists (Branko Tuđen, Tihomir Ponoš, Darko Hudelist, Marinko Čulić, and others) advocate the thesis that Banovina Hrvatska was an obsession for Tuđman, that he was burdened by historicism, Banovina Hrvatska in particular, that he moved into «the field of conservative Croatian ideology and politics» by «identifying» himself with Maček and by studying the agreement on Banovina Hrvatska, and that he had accordingly striven to set up the independent Republic of Croatia within the historical boundaries of Banovina Hrvatska in the first half of the 1990s.

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“Slučaj Mihajlov’’ u bilješkama diplomatskih predstavnika Velike Britanije 1966.
4.90 €

“Slučaj Mihajlov’’ u bilješkama diplomatskih predstavnika Velike Britanije 1966.

Author(s): Katarina Spehnjak / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This article provides a brief overview of the activities of Mihajlo Mihajlov in 1966, while documents about his activities found among the diplomatic papers of Great Britain form the basis of an understanding of British attitudes toward dissidents in Yugoslavia. An academic assistant at the University of Zadar, Mihajlov, due to his literary work (the travel-essay Ljeto moskovsko 1964) and his political activities, was from 1965 to 1975 sentenced and jailed on a few occasions. Ideologically similar to dissident Milovan Djilas, Mihajlov in 1966 gathered around himself a group of intellectuals and artists from several Yugoslavian cities with the aim of launching an independent opposition newspaper. There was great interest in his literary work and political analysis in the west. In 1978 he moved to the United States. On the basis of documents from British diplomatic representatives in Yugoslavia in 1966 the second part of this article provides a study of the British attitude toward the “Mihajlov case.” Though partial, this analysis shows that the official politics of the western countries approached the theme of Yugoslav dissidents more carefully than in the case of dissidents from the eastern bloc. An evaluation of the activities of Mihajlov as well as the reaction of the Yugoslavian authorities is seen to indicate a certain amount of restraint.

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l testamento del gran dragomanno veneto Gian Rinaldo Carli senior (c. 1646-† 1722)
5.00 €

l testamento del gran dragomanno veneto Gian Rinaldo Carli senior (c. 1646-† 1722)

Author(s): Cristian Luca / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

Gian Rinaldo Carli Senior (c. 1646, Capodistria-† 27 giugno 1722, Costantinopoli), figlio di Girolamo Carli e Bradamante Tarsia700, molto probabilmente fu accolto tra le fila degli apprendisti dragomanni del bailaggio veneto presso la Porta per intercessione dei parenti materni, i Tarsia giustinopolitani trapiantati a Costantinopoli. In questa città i Tarsia, dal secondo decennio del XVII secolo, avevano ottenuto l’accesso ereditario alla carica di interprete della rappresentanza diplomatica e consolare della Serenissima.

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Konkordat apo protektorat i kultit? Monarkia Austriake dhe aktivitetet diplomatike te Selise se Shenjte ne Evropen Juglindore 1878-1914
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Konkordat apo protektorat i kultit? Monarkia Austriake dhe aktivitetet diplomatike te Selise se Shenjte ne Evropen Juglindore 1878-1914

Author(s): Andreas Gottsmann / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Rënia graduale e Perandorisë Osmane në gjysmën e dytë të shek. 19 në Evropën Juglindore la një boshllëk të pushtetit i cili do ta vë në pikëpyetje rendin e paqes evropiane të arritur në Kongresin e Vjenës. Përpjekjet e popujve të Ballkanit për pavarësi hasin në simpati gjithkund në Evropë e sidomos tek qarqet romantike liberale.

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Perspectives on U. S.-Albanian Relations
5.00 €

Perspectives on U. S.-Albanian Relations

Author(s): Nikola PANO / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In his book Diplomacia amerikane dhe Shqiperia Leonard Demi observes, “The ties between Albanians and America do not begin on the date of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Albania and the United States of America, but long before that time, around the end of the 19th century.” (p. 9) Although Demi is referring specifically in his observation to the arrival in 1892 of the first group of Albanian immigrants who settled permanently in the United States, it is also true that a small, but growing number of Americans had during the 19th century become aware of the existence of the Albanian people and their national hero, Skenderbeg.

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The Political Context and the Making of the Czech Foreign Policy in 2007–2009

The Political Context and the Making of the Czech Foreign Policy in 2007–2009

Author(s): Michal Kořan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter is an introduction to the political, conceptual and institutional context of the Czech foreign policy (CFP) in 2007–2009. The first part of the chapter will focus on the conceptual and political background of the CFP and it will be followed by an analysis of the involvement and the roles of the main actors.

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Závěrem: Český nezájem se prosazuje

Závěrem: Český nezájem se prosazuje

Author(s): Petr Drulák / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Lze očekávat, že budoucí analýzy české politiky budou chápat rok 2009 jako významný mezník českého politického vývoje. Zůstává však otázkou, zda bude považován za bod, v němž česká politika dosahuje svého dna, aby se odrazila k očistě a obnově v rámci stávajícího systému, či za moment, v němž začíná volný pád končící krachem českého pokusu o liberální demokracii. V české zahraniční politice se tento rok, bohatý na události, projevil hlubokými otřesy jejích dvou základních ideo-vých orientací – evropské a atlantické. Právě analýzou těchto otřesů začíná naše závěrečné shrnutí. Následovat budou úvahy o některých dalších důležitých událostech předchozího roku.

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The Concept of Neutrality: Origins and Challenges - From the Peace of Westphalia to the European Union

The Concept of Neutrality: Origins and Challenges - From the Peace of Westphalia to the European Union

Author(s): Ove Bring / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Neutrality could be defined as a nation’s status of impartiality, and thus non-participation in hostilities, when other countries are at war. The position of neutrality is probably as old as war itself, but only in the sense that certain actors wanted to stay outside an armed conflict. The self-proclaimed neutrals had no rights in this context, no guarantees, no legal assurances. But during the Middle Ages and later, for example during the Thirty Years War in Europe, bilateral agreements were concluded that promised certain states respect for their position of neutrality during an ongoing armed conflict. The position of permanent neutrality, valid also in future wars, was more ambitious and was not, at this time, covered in international agreements. But to the extent that a concept of neutrality slowly was emerging, it was linked to the existence of an armed conflict. It was not a matter of neutrality or impartiality in a general political sense. Thus, the emerging legal position of neutrality did not exist in peace time, but only after the outbreak of war. That important point also corresponds to the position of modern international law.

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