Societas Classica. Култури и религии на Балканите, в Средиземноморието и Изтока. Том 10

Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст

Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст
(The Legend of Phyllis: Ancient Text in Renaiisance Context)

Author(s):Vanya Lozanova-Stancheva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Literary Texts, Poetry, Studies of Literature, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, British Literature
Page Range:7-25
No. of Pages:19
Keywords:Phyllis; Demphon; Geoffrey Chaucer; the Legend of Good Women; John Gower; Confessio Amantis
Summary/Abstract:Around the mid-1380s, John Gower, finishing his long poem Confessio Amantis, shared that fact with his friend Geoffrey Chaucer. In response, he told him about his new poem The Legend of Good Women, or – as he called it – The Seintes Legende of Cupide, on which he had started work at the same time. The article systematizes and analyzes the mythological and literary tradition of the Thracian princess Phyllis and her misfortune and tragic love with Athenian prince Demophon in the context of Chaucer’s The Legend of Good Women and Gower’s Confessio Amantis. Both poets followed the general framework set by Ovid in his Heroides (Ep. II and Ep. XIV), but with the deformations inherent to their own era and their own moralising purposes. Their versions, however, differ substantially in some significant details. The comparative analysis of the two works reveals the alternative sources that the two poets used in their works, as well as the deviations from and innovations to the ancient and medieval mythological and literary tradition. Obviously, both Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower interpreted and adapted intentionally alternative sources that enriched their works with eclectic, intricate and artificial intertwining of details, aimed at building and perfecting their insights into the ethics of courtly love.

Демократични ли са народните събрания в Рим? Няколко аргумента срещу Полибий

Демократични ли са народните събрания в Рим? Няколко аргумента срещу Полибий
(Are Roman Popular Assemblies Democratic? Some Arguments against Polybius)

Author(s):Aleksandra Dimitrova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Political history, Ancient World
Page Range:26-36
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Polybius; Aristotle; democracy; comitia; Republican Rome
Summary/Abstract:Polybius is well-known for his Sixth book depicting the Roman state of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC as a unique mixed government combining the best elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. With the monarchical element represented by the two consuls, the aristocratic element projected by the Senate and popular assemblies as a democratic institution, it all seems an elaborated and logical explanation of the mid-Republican Rome. But is it true? The aim of this text is to check if the Roman popular assemblies up to the time of Polybius were really democratic in the sense of Aristotle. The narratives of Cicero, Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus do not support any notion of Aristotelian democracy in the organization and procedures of the Roman popular assemblies.

Специфика на клиничните термини, възникнали чрез метафоризация на митологична и литературна образност

Специфика на клиничните термини, възникнали чрез метафоризация на митологична и литературна образност
(Specificity of Clinical Terms, Formed through Metaphorization of Mythological and Literary Imagery)

Author(s):Nadezhda Amudzhieva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Lexis, Historical Linguistics
Page Range:37-49
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:clinical terminology; metaphorization; mythological and literary imagery
Summary/Abstract:Based on Old Greek and Latin, clinical terminology has been developing for thousands of years, which has led to imagery infiltrations in term names from different eras. Clinical terms, formed through metaphorization, are distinguished according to various criteria: method of formation, scope of the metaphor, detectability of the metaphor, type of the lexical units, used for secondary nomination. Different types of terms have a different mechanism of metaphoric transferal, as well as presence and strength of the metaphor. This study focuses on eponymous metaphors, constructed on the basis of mythological and literary imagery, combining two methods of nomination – eponymous and metaphoric. This study identifies the two main types of terms in this group – mythological eponymous metaphors and literary eponymous metaphors. We discuss the similarities and differences between metaphors and eponymous metaphors, on the one hand, and between ordinary eponyms and mythological or literary eponyms, on the other. The different ways of constructing the mythological and literary eponymous terms are examined and their specific mechanism of metaphorical transferal is explored. The methods of creating the outer form of the terms are established – either by an eponymous construction or by means of adding affixes. A distinction is also made on the basis of their inner form, which defines them as metaphors with obvious imagery and metaphors with hidden imagery. The study of the metaphorically formed terms in medical and, in particular, in clinical terminology has an informative, cognitive, and didactic meaning in the general discourse of the academic medical education.

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства
(Translation of Latin Christian Works into Bulgarian: Questions and Challenges)

Author(s):Rosen Milanov
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, History, Language and Literature Studies, Ancient World, Theology and Religion, Biblical studies, Eastern Orthodoxy, Translation Studies
Page Range:50-61
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:theory of translation; Latin Christian literature; word-for-word translation; free translation
Summary/Abstract:There are specific questions concerning the translation of the Latin Christian literature into Bulgarian. In the first place, the choice of valuable works for translation. Next, the correct rendering of the names of the authors and the titles of the works, the translation of the biblical texts inside of the patristic works and, most importantly, the degree of free translation. The choice of an actual work for translation and the method of presentation – totally or in an anthology, are also very significant. Which are the most remarkable works of Latin Christian literature, whose translations have potential to become masterpieces? And which are the rules for the creation of a great translation? Answers to these questions are given in the following article.

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол
(The Penetration of Christianity in Diocleatianopolis)

Author(s):Violina Traycheva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Ancient World, Theology and Religion, History of Religion
Page Range:62-72
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Christianity; Christian basilica; Late Antiquity; Diocletianopolis
Summary/Abstract:The present paper research the question of the penetration of the Christianity in Diocletianopolis. The period concerns the time between the emergence of the late antique city of Diocletianopolis and the middle of V c. The study is realized by using the references of the Christian temple architecture of the city. The author discusses the information of the emergence of the Christian temples in the late antique city, some problems in the historiography and in addition provides new questions and views. The high concentration of the Christian basilicas in the territory of one city makes it possible to be concluded that there was a highly developed Christian community in Diocletianopolis. In summary, it could be written that one of the earliest basilicas in the late antique city is Basilica No. 4a, as the primary building is dated in the middle of/the second half of IV c. Another basilica, which is a part of this period, is the primary building of Basilica No. 3. Basilicas No. 2, 5 and 8 are dated in the first half of V c. It could be noted that the earliest Christian temple of the interior of the city is Basilica No. 2.

Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев

Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев
(The Greek-Language Poetic Work of Three Bulgarians: Ivan Seliminski, P. Protis, and Gr. Parlichef)

Author(s):Dimitrios Roumpos
Language:English, Bulgarian, Greek, Modern (1453-)
Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Literary Texts, Poetry, Studies of Literature, Modern Age, Greek Literature, 19th Century
Page Range:75-84
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:poetry in Greek; University of Athens; Bulgarian Hellenists; Bulgarian Renaissance scholars
Summary/Abstract:In the middle of the 19th century, a large number of Bulgarian Renaissance scholars, which included Ivan Seliminsky, Petar Protich and Gregor Parlichev, created poetry in Greek. The works which are presented by the three Hellenists in the present study are a valuable a source for some of the characteristic features of the Balkans, as well as the language characteristics and the particular style from each of them. P. Protich’s satire focuses on the dangers hidden in Hellenistic phenomena of the Balkan intelligentsia. The poems of Greg. Parlichev are distinguished for their rich poetic language and describe the struggle for liberation from the centuries long yoke of slavery, while Iv. Seliminsky presents events in Wallachia since the middle of the 19th century. In the life and spiritual attitude of these three Hellenists there is something very common – they attend Greek schools, they study at the University of Athens, live and work for the political and spiritual regeneration of the Bulgarian people.

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър
(Close-kin Marriages in Menander)

Author(s):Daniela Tosheva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Literary Texts, Cultural history, Ancient World, Drama
Page Range:85-96
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Greek New Comedy; Menander; Athens; close-kin marriage; epikleros
Summary/Abstract:The subject of this paper is the close-kin marriages in Menander’s comedies. The normative preference for close-kin marriage was different in fourth-centry BC Athens from modern societies. However, incestuous relations between full-blood brother and sister pr parent and child were considered wrong, and were never comic material in Menander’s comedy, which was concerned with realities of everyday life. I examine the comic purpose of introducing close-kin marriages in New Comedy, and I try to give explination on the cultural attitude towards endogamy. In order to explain these issues, I classify the close-kin marriages in three groups: (1) Brother-sister marriage, (2) First cousins marriage, (3) Marriage of the epikleros.

Непреходни глаголи с придобита транзитивност в новогръцкия език

Непреходни глаголи с придобита транзитивност в новогръцкия език
(Intransitive Verbs with Acquisition of Transitivity in the Greek Language)

Author(s):Rumen Rikevski
Language:English, Bulgarian, Greek, Modern (1453-)
Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Morphology, Syntax
Page Range:97-103
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:intransitive verbs; transitivity; intransitivity
Summary/Abstract:In Modern Greek language, the verbs function extremely flexibly in terms of transitivity / intransitivity. In conversational speech, Greeks often violate syntactic norms, and many intransitive verbs change their character and become transitive.

Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език

Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език
(Translation from Greek Language of Historical Cultural Speciifics)

Author(s):Dimitrios Roumpos
Language:English, Bulgarian, Greek, Modern (1453-)
Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Translation Studies, Phraseology
Page Range:104-110
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:historical culture specifics; Greek language; translator approach; background knowledge
Summary/Abstract:The article covers issues in translating historical culture specifics from the Greek language. Translatability of such a specific lexical unit is admissible in principle, as long as the national and historical cultural colour is preserved in accordance with the artistic experience of the target environment and with the particular social and cultural context, provided that there is no excessive transcribing or providing of numerous explanations of the culture specifics in the fiction translation. The article places emphasis on the fact that solution should be sought on a case-bycase basis, in accordance with the choices, made by the translator, their skills, attitude and the linguistic tradition.

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция
(The Culture of the National in the Political Discourse of Modern Greece)

Author(s):Kristina Simeonova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Anthropology, Culture and social structure , Politics and Identity
Page Range:111-127
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:culture; identification; nation; modern Greece; political discourse
Summary/Abstract:The paper focuses on the concepts of culture, identity and nation in an attempt to present the most popular perceptions of their range and specifics. Political discourse is also at focus as a specific social form of language. The aim of the paper is to study the penetration of national culture in political discourse. Fragments of political speeches in modern Greece have been examined in an attempt to represent the significant role of national identity in political speaking.

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език
(About the Word “Havra” in Bulgarian, Greek and Russian Language)

Author(s):Emilia Avginova-Nikolova
Language:English, Bulgarian, Greek, Modern (1453-)
Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Lexis, Comparative Linguistics, Eastern Slavic Languages, South Slavic Languages
Page Range:128-137
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:meaning; havra; language; Bulgarian; Greek; Russian
Summary/Abstract:In this paper is presented the word “havra” from semantic point of view – its meanings, matchability, use, as well as the origin of the word “havra“ in Bulgarian, Greek and Russian with fair relevance in the examined three languages.

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.
(Hanako: A Kabuki Actress Across Bulgaria and Transylvania at the Beginning of the 20th Century)

Author(s):Andronika Martonova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Theatre, Dance, Performing Arts, Fine Arts / Performing Arts, Local History / Microhistory, Recent History (1900 till today), Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
Page Range:141-162
No. of Pages:22
Keywords:Japan; Bulgaria; Romania; Kabuki Theater; Hanako; archives
Summary/Abstract:For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.

The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China

The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China
(The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China)

Author(s):Pavel Petkov
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Literary Texts, Fiction, Studies of Literature, Recent History (1900 till today), Novel, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), British Literature
Page Range:163-175
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:China; travel writing; imagology; history; postcolonial
Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses Colin Thubron’s book Behind the Wall: A Journey Through China – one of the most popular twentiethcentury travelogues about this country. It explores the various ways in which the author constructs the image of the Chinese people, especially when these images are related to China’s recent history. More specifically, I focus on a discursive phenomenon – an imagined “return of history” – which the reader can witness throughout the book. The author constantly travels around the country, expecting to somehow see the history he has heard so much about at home. He expects something from China and is prepared to see this ‘something’ even in the face of the evidence. At the same time he feels he has every right to pass judgments on what he perceives as history, while denying the Chinese he meets the right to comment on British history.The paper discusses Colin Thubron’s book Behind the Wall: A Journey Through China – one of the most popular twentiethcentury travelogues about this country. It explores the various ways in which the author constructs the image of the Chinese people, especially when these images are related to China’s recent history. More specifically, I focus on a discursive phenomenon – an imagined “return of history” – which the reader can witness throughout the book. The author constantly travels around the country, expecting to somehow see the history he has heard so much about at home. He expects something from China and is prepared to see this ‘something’ even in the face of the evidence. At the same time he feels he has every right to pass judgments on what he perceives as history, while denying the Chinese he meets the right to comment on British history.

Характеристики и особености на Танската култура

Характеристики и особености на Танската култура
(Characteristic Features of Chinese Tang Culture)

Author(s):Iskra Mandova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Anthropology, Social Sciences, Middle Ages, Culture and social structure , 6th to 12th Centuries
Page Range:176-184
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Tang China; culture; Silk Road
Summary/Abstract:The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.

Образът на едно съсловие в съзнанието на един народ – предпоставки за формиране

Образът на едно съсловие в съзнанието на един народ – предпоставки за формиране
(The Image of a Stratum in a Nation’s Perception: Prepequisites for Its Formation)

Author(s):Polina Tsoncheva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Anthropology, Social Sciences, Special Historiographies:, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, Culture and social structure , Period(s) of Nation Building
Page Range:185-192
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Chinese culture; stereotypes; Eunuchs’ Stratum
Summary/Abstract:Stereotypes that are formed in a society in terms of phenomena, conditions and processes are persistent and difficult to destroy. The reasons for their presence are complex. A basic explanation in this direction is offered by Yul. Popova, who reminds the character of stereotypes as a categorizing mechanism of human perception and leads to economy of effort that is being achieved through them (Popova 2015). The millennial consecutive evolution of Chinese nation favors the accumulation of cultural layers from different historical periods and determines the existence of a number of secondary images that mediate the relationship (Vassileva 2018) of its representatives with reality. This paper aims to present and suggest possible explanations of the negative associations accumulated within Chinese society for centuries towards the Eunuchs’ stratum.Stereotypes that are formed in a society in terms of phenomena, conditions and processes are persistent and difficult to destroy. The reasons for their presence are complex. A basic explanation in this direction is offered by Yul. Popova, who reminds the character of stereotypes as a categorizing mechanism of human perception and leads to economy of effort that is being achieved through them (Popova 2015). The millennial consecutive evolution of Chinese nation favors the accumulation of cultural layers from different historical periods and determines the existence of a number of secondary images that mediate the relationship (Vassileva 2018) of its representatives with reality. This paper aims to present and suggest possible explanations of the negative associations accumulated within Chinese society for centuries towards the Eunuchs’ stratum.

Глобализацията и нейното влияние върху обучението по японски език като втори

Глобализацията и нейното влияние върху обучението по японски език като втори
(Globalization and Its Influence on Teaching Japanese as a Second Language)

Author(s):Magdalena Vasileva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Anthropology, Social Sciences, Language and Literature Studies, Foreign languages learning, Applied Linguistics, Sociology, Language acquisition, Culture and social structure , Globalization
Page Range:193-204
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:globalization; methods of teaching; Japanese language; Japanese culture; multicultural society
Summary/Abstract:The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.

Японската глаголна форма "Та" – свършен вид или минало време (значения)

Японската глаголна форма "Та" – свършен вид или минало време (значения)
(The Japanese Ta- Form: Past Tense or Perfective Aspect)

Author(s):Militsa Mineva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Morphology
Page Range:205-216
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:past tense; non-past; perfective; progressive; completion
Summary/Abstract:The paper deals with the meanings of the Japanese TA verb form, according to the research of some leading linguists. The TA-form is viewed in aspectual and temporal opposition with the non-past U/RUform, as well as in aspectual opposition with the progressive TE+IRUform and the past progressive TE+ITA- form.The paper deals with the meanings of the Japanese TA verb form, according to the research of some leading linguists. The TA-form is viewed in aspectual and temporal opposition with the non-past U/RUform, as well as in aspectual opposition with the progressive TE+IRUform and the past progressive TE+ITA- form.

Средства и методи за подаване на фонови знания и изграждане на умения за общуване в "китайска среда" на учениците, изучаващи китайски език в основното и средното училище

Средства и методи за подаване на фонови знания и изграждане на умения за общуване в "китайска среда" на учениците, изучаващи китайски език в основното и средното училище
(Tools and Methods for Introduction of Background Knowledge and Communication Skills in "Chinese Environment' of Students Studying Chinese at Primary and Secondary School)

Author(s):Reni Stoyanova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Language and Literature Studies, Education, Foreign languages learning, Applied Linguistics, Language acquisition, School education
Page Range:217-223
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:communication; Chinese language; culture; background knowledge; FFL
Summary/Abstract:Pursuit of communication is the major motivation in foreign language learning. Knowing one or more foreign languages today is no longer an additional qualification, but is part of the basic knowledge indispensable for the next stage of students’ education. Mastering a foreign language is not limited to acquiring knowledge about grammatical construction, lexical units and phonetic features of a certain language. In view of the fact that “culture is the necessary context for using a certain language” (web 3), the ability to fully use a foreign language in communication is preconditioned by the mastery of background knowledge related to the cultural specificity and civilization model of the nation.Pursuit of communication is the major motivation in foreign language learning. Knowing one or more foreign languages today is no longer an additional qualification, but is part of the basic knowledge indispensable for the next stage of students’ education. Mastering a foreign language is not limited to acquiring knowledge about grammatical construction, lexical units and phonetic features of a certain language. In view of the fact that “culture is the necessary context for using a certain language” (web 3), the ability to fully use a foreign language in communication is preconditioned by the mastery of background knowledge related to the cultural specificity and civilization model of the nation.Pursuit of communication is the major motivation in foreign language learning. Knowing one or more foreign languages today is no longer an additional qualification, but is part of the basic knowledge indispensable for the next stage of students’ education. Mastering a foreign language is not limited to acquiring knowledge about grammatical construction, lexical units and phonetic features of a certain language. In view of the fact that “culture is the necessary context for using a certain language” (web 3), the ability to fully use a foreign language in communication is preconditioned by the mastery of background knowledge related to the cultural specificity and civilization model of the nation.Pursuit of communication is the major motivation in foreign language learning. Knowing one or more foreign languages today is no longer an additional qualification, but is part of the basic knowledge indispensable for the next stage of students’ education. Mastering a foreign language is not limited to acquiring knowledge about grammatical construction, lexical units and phonetic features of a certain language. In view of the fact that “culture is the necessary context for using a certain language” (web 3), the ability to fully use a foreign language in communication is preconditioned by the mastery of background knowledge related to the cultural specificity and civilization model of the nation.

Япония през 80-те години на XX век

Япония през 80-те години на XX век
(Japan in the 1980s)

Author(s):Katya Marinova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Social Sciences, Cultural history, Sociology, Diplomatic history, Economic history, Local History / Microhistory, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Economic development, Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
Page Range:224-249
No. of Pages:26
Keywords:1980s; politics; economy; technology; culture
Summary/Abstract:Many authors consider the 1980s as the time of the “Second Japanese miracle”. The decade has its tops and drops and has a long-term impact on Japanese socio-economic, political and cultural life. Thanks to the intensive implementation of the advances in scientific and technological progress and energy saving, Japan has managed to move from industrial to post-industrial society. The desire of the young Japanese to feel different, more special, their new musical preferences lead to the shaping of many subcultures that influence fashion, design, and music trends not only in Japan but also abroad. The development of animations and comics makes popular not only their creators but also many composers, performers and Japanese culture as a whole.Many authors consider the 1980s as the time of the “Second Japanese miracle”. The decade has its tops and drops and has a long-term impact on Japanese socio-economic, political and cultural life. Thanks to the intensive implementation of the advances in scientific and technological progress and energy saving, Japan has managed to move from industrial to post-industrial society. The desire of the young Japanese to feel different, more special, their new musical preferences lead to the shaping of many subcultures that influence fashion, design, and music trends not only in Japan but also abroad. The development of animations and comics makes popular not only their creators but also many composers, performers and Japanese culture as a whole.

Западните интерпретации на „Джуандзъ“

Западните интерпретации на „Джуандзъ“
(The Western Interpretations of "Zhuangzi”)

Author(s):Desislava Damyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Philosophy, Language and Literature Studies, Non-European Philosophy, East Asian Philosophy, Translation Studies
Page Range:250-264
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:Zhuangzi; early Daoism; western interpreters
Summary/Abstract:Exploring a significant amount of secondary literature on “Zhuangzi” has led us to the conclusion not only that so many individual interpretations exist, but that the presence of an incredible variety of readings is perplexing. They are often contradictory and puzzling due to their remoteness from the original text (the inner chapters of the treatise, which we reconstructed thanks to the invaluable help of an excellent connoisseur of the old Chinese language we cooperated with)2. The reason for the detection of many voices in the composition with the alleged authorship of Zhuang Zhou only in its inner section requires further research. The ambiguous assessments of its contemporary interpreters are probably due to the free creative play of different genres in the writings of the early Daoists.Exploring a significant amount of secondary literature on “Zhuangzi” has led us to the conclusion not only that so many individual interpretations exist, but that the presence of an incredible variety of readings is perplexing. They are often contradictory and puzzling due to their remoteness from the original text (the inner chapters of the treatise, which we reconstructed thanks to the invaluable help of an excellent connoisseur of the old Chinese language we cooperated with)2. The reason for the detection of many voices in the composition with the alleged authorship of Zhuang Zhou only in its inner section requires further research. The ambiguous assessments of its contemporary interpreters are probably due to the free creative play of different genres in the writings of the early Daoists.

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези
(On the Arrangement of Reliefs Revealing Tiglath-Pileser III's Arab Campaign. Problems and Hypotheses)

Author(s):Kabalan Moukarzel
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Fine Arts / Performing Arts, Architecture, Ancient World
Page Range:265-287
No. of Pages:23
Keywords:Tiglath-Pileser III; scheme; argument; palace; monument; campaign; Layard
Summary/Abstract:The aim of the present paper is to review some problems of the arrangement of nine monuments – seven reliefs and two drawings, proposed in two previous studies on the issue. Most of the monuments were found by Layard in 1845 within remains of the Central Palace in Kalah (Nimrud), but not on their original position because the artifacts were dismantled in the Antiquity. The circumstances of the finding are described with contradictions in the primary documentation and later works of Layard, giving opportunity to different reconstructions of the whole composition with the Arab campaign. As result two hypotheses were proposed for resolving of the problem, the first one by Barnett and Falkner in 1962, and the second by Reade in 1968 and 1979. Both hypotheses are examined critically in relation to their main schemes and arguments used in favor of the positions expressed. The physical form and the scenes of the monuments allow a sure reconstruction for only a part of composition and the exact place of five artifacts (three reliefs and the both drawings) remains uncertain. Some general and particular observations on the problems and hypotheses on relief’s order are added in the conclusion. The discrepancies in the archaeological documentation, our insuffi-cient knowledge on the principles of arrangement of Assyrian historical relief, and the missing monuments put every hypothesis on the order of the artifacts under doubt. For the present, the best way supposed for ordering the reliefs remains the direct relation between their scenes and the written narrative of the royal inscriptions.

Сцени на поклонение и ритуални жертвоприношения пред божествата върху цилиндрични печати (III–I хил. пр. Хр.)

Сцени на поклонение и ритуални жертвоприношения пред божествата върху цилиндрични печати (III–I хил. пр. Хр.)
(Scenes of Worship and Ritual Sacrifices Before the Deities on the Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals (III–I mil B.C.))

Author(s):Zozan Tarhan
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Ancient World
Page Range:288-307
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:cylinder seals; glyptic; cultic scenes; sacrifices; rituals; Mesopotamia
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of the present paper is to research the scenes of worship and ritual sacrifices before the deities, which are a part of the Mesopotamian cylinder seals. The research concerns the time from Early Dynastic Period until Neo-Assyrian Period. This type of scenes are represented at the earliest during the EDP III (c. 2600–2334 B. C.), but their quantity is not very high. From Akkadian period the number of the cultic scenes and the scenes of ritual sacrifices increased. During the Period of Third Dynasty of Ur/ Ur III the most popular scene on the cylinder seals is the cultic presentation of the worshiper by the priest or the mediator deity. In II mil. B. C. the scenes of worship and ritual sacrifices are frequently represented on the seals. In Neo-Assyrian period the cultic scene is very well registered, but the scenes of ritual sacrifices are not common. In addition the author discusses the question of the ritual activities and the role of divine statues as mediators to provide the communication between the worshipers and the gods. According to figs. 8–9 and some mythical texts I guess that the Mesopotamians distinguished the divine statue from the god. I guess that they recognized the statue as a symbol of the god and a way to show their worship to the god. In regard to the sacrifices, some authors consider that the ritual burning of the meat of the sacrificed animal did not exist in the Mesopotamian ritual. In this case the author of the current paper presents passages of ritual texts, which correspond with the scenes and prove that there was a ritual burning in the Mesopotamian sacrifices. It is also very important to be noted that in the Akkadian texts, especially in the ritual texts, concerning the ritual sacrifices for the gods, is registered and frequently presented the term maqalûtu/maqlûtu, which means ‘’burnt offering’’. This fact indicates even more categorically that the ritual burning of the meat is a part of the sacrifices in Mesopotamia. Moreover, some authors suggest that the meat is served only to the gods, i. e. for their statues and not to the worshipers. But these statements are suspicious, because the ritual and administrative texts provide the information that the worshipers also took part in the consumption of the meat of the sacrificed animal.The purpose of the present paper is to research the scenes of worship and ritual sacrifices before the deities, which are a part of the Mesopotamian cylinder seals. The research concerns the time from Early Dynastic Period until Neo-Assyrian Period. This type of scenes are represented at the earliest during the EDP III (c. 2600–2334 B. C.), but their quantity is not very high. From Akkadian period the number of the cultic scenes and the scenes of ritual sacrifices increased. During the Period of Third Dynasty of Ur/ Ur III the most popular scene on the cylinder seals is the cultic presentation of the worshiper by the priest or the mediator deity. In II mil. B. C. the scenes of worship and ritual sacrifices are frequently represented on the seals. In Neo-Assyrian period the cultic scene is very well registered, but the scenes of ritual sacrifices are not common. In addition the author discusses the question of the ritual activities and the role of divine statues as mediators to provide the communication between the worshipers and the gods. According to figs. 8–9 and some mythical texts I guess that the Mesopotamians distinguished the divine statue from the god. I guess that they recognized the statue as a symbol of the god and a way to show their worship to the god. In regard to the sacrifices, some authors consider that the ritual burning of the meat of the sacrificed animal did not exist in the Mesopotamian ritual. In this case the author of the current paper presents passages of ritual texts, which correspond with the scenes and prove that there was a ritual burning in the Mesopotamian sacrifices. It is also very important to be noted that in the Akkadian texts, especially in the ritual texts, concerning the ritual sacrifices for the gods, is registered and frequently presented the term maqalûtu/maqlûtu, which means ‘’burnt offering’’. This fact indicates even more categorically that the ritual burning of the meat is a part of the sacrifices in Mesopotamia. Moreover, some authors suggest that the meat is served only to the gods, i. e. for their statues and not to the worshipers. But these statements are suspicious, because the ritual and administrative texts provide the information that the worshipers also took part in the consumption of the meat of the sacrificed animal.

Основни мотиви в сцените по цилиндричните печати от периода Урук в Месопотамия

Основни мотиви в сцените по цилиндричните печати от периода Урук в Месопотамия
(The Main Motives on Scenes of Mesopotamian Uruk Cylinder Seals)

Author(s):Yoanna Dyulgerska
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Ancient World
Page Range:308-321
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Sumer; Uruk; cylinder seal; priest-king; Egypt
Summary/Abstract:The present paper includes summary and interpretation of the main motives on the scenes of Mesopotamian Uruk cylinder seals, adding also some new observations. The Late Uruk époque is dated in 34th – 30th centuries BC and is known as a period of the urban revolution. The center of this revolution is the city of Uruk in Lower Mesopotamia. The so-called “Uruk Culture” (according to the archaeological terminology) is part of the civilization of Ancient Sumer and represents the spirit of this civilization and its bearers. Then, side by side with the creation of the reliefs in miniature was created one of the first writings – the cuneiform. Both inventions contributed to the development of the civilization in the Ancient Near East and were used together for more than thirty centuries after. A review of the main motives engraved on the monuments is the basic aim of this study. The so called “Priest-king” is important figure in several motives and is accepted as a sign for a presence of hierarchy. The scenes with boats may be connected with some rituals. The scenes with rows of animals may have been used by certain department of administration. By studying the scenes on cylinder seals we can make some conclusion about the beliefs of the ancient inhabitants and their daily life. In some cases we can make a link between the connections of Sumer and Egypt where same motives on scenes of some local artifacts can be found in contemporary monuments.The present paper includes summary and interpretation of the main motives on the scenes of Mesopotamian Uruk cylinder seals, adding also some new observations. The Late Uruk époque is dated in 34rd – 30th centuries BC and is known as a period of the urban revolution. The center of this revolution is the city of Uruk in Lower Mesopotamia. The so-called “Uruk Culture” (according to the archaeological terminology) is part of the civilization of Ancient Sumer and represents the spirit of this civilization and its bearers. Then, side by side with the creation of the reliefs in miniature was created one of the first writings – the cuneiform. Both inventions contributed to the development of the civilization in the Ancient Near East and were used together for more than thirty centuries after. A review of the main motives engraved on the monuments is the basic aim of this study. The so called “Priest-king” is important figure in several motives and is accepted as a sign for a presence of hierarchy. The scenes with boats may be connected with some rituals. The scenes with rows of animals may have been used by certain department of administration. By studying the scenes on cylinder seals we can make some conclusion about the beliefs of the ancient inhabitants and their daily life. In some cases we can make a link between the connections of Sumer and Egypt where same motives on scenes of some local artifacts can be found in contemporary monuments.

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.
(Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century)

Author(s):Vesela Todorova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Language and Literature Studies, Literary Texts, Poetry, Studies of Literature, Other Language Literature, Culture and social structure , Sociology of Literature
Page Range:322-327
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Gibran Khalil Gibran; American Counterculture; “The Prophet”
Summary/Abstract:This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.This paper discusses the reasons why Gibran Khalil Gibran’s book “The Prophet” has become a world literary phenomenon with more than 9,000,000 copies sold in America, as well as the influence of Al Mustafa’s messages on counterculture formation and New-Age movements in America in the 1960s. Although the work has not been well received by the academic community in America and was not highly rated by literary critics, because of its simple style, the short form of poetic essays and the symbolism used make the Prophet’s messages easily reach the heart of the American youth seeking the way to the spiritual without being obliged to obey the dogmas of organized religions.

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров
(The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula)

Author(s):Ivona Karashtranova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Middle Ages, 15th Century
Page Range:328-336
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Arabs; Christians; influence; Al-Andalus; Arab Caliphate
Summary/Abstract:The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай
(The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China)

Author(s):Diana Maglova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Anthropology, Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Sociology, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, Culture and social structure , Family and social welfare, Social Norms / Social Control
Page Range:337-356
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:Chinese; family; traditional; relationships; organization; concubines
Summary/Abstract:The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.The present work is devoted to Chinese traditional family institution and organization of traditional family relationships in China. The present paper analyzes the noble and rural family in imperial China. The relationships between spouses are described, and the social roles of men, women and children in the family group are clarified. Paper also reveals some interesting cultural practices related to important life events, family cults in China in the past and the institution of concubines.

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин
(Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing)

Author(s):Teodora Yonkova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Anthropology, Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Sociology, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, Migration Studies, Ethnic Minorities Studies, Identity of Collectives
Page Range:357-360
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:cultural differences; Bulgarian traditional holidays; Beijing; food; family; circle of friends
Summary/Abstract:This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт
(From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death)

Author(s):Dobriela Kotova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Anthropology, Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Local History / Microhistory, Ancient World
Page Range:363-380
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:ancient texts; Thracians; ritual death
Summary/Abstract:The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor
(Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor)

Author(s):Lilia Kyurkchiyska
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Fine Arts / Performing Arts, Architecture, Ancient World
Page Range:381-396
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:Temple of Mars Ultor; Forum; Augustus; ideological; Roman
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.The purpose of the paper is to study the ideological messages sent by Augustus through architectural monuments, focusing its attention to the temple of Mars Ultor, seeing it as one monument with the forum of Augustus. The focus of this paper is set on the following questions – the long period of time between the oath of construction and the consecration of the temple. A lot of reasons of financial, political and ideological nature are considered. Special attention is drawn to Marcus Antonius’s relation to the monument as possible co-initiator and political adversary of Augustus. The second problem concerns concepts of the Roman mind, placed in the scheme of the temple and the forum. These concepts are given new ideological meaning by the one who order the construction. The study concludes that Augustus intentionally leaves the original idea so that he can draw the attention of the Roman society away from the civil wars to the secured presence which he guards.

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход
(Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin)

Author(s):Ivan T. Ivanov, Mariana Minkova
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Lexis, South Slavic Languages
Page Range:397-413
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:cognate words; Old Bulgarian; Pashto; Proto-Bulgarians; Hephthalites
Summary/Abstract:The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.The article presents eight words from Pashto language, considered as cognates to words left by Proto-Bulgarians. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Proto-Bulgarians generally have East-Iranian origin, as do the Hephthalites, the ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Six modern Bulgarian words and eleven Old Bulgarian words and semantic roots of unspecified origin are shown as cognate to Pashto words, hence their Proto-Bulgarian origin is suggested. The ancient hydronym Gerdab “iron gate“ for a gorge on Danube river is shown to correspond to the Pashto phrase gird вb “stirred water“ and hence, it could also have Eastern origin. In conclusion, a significant number of examples are adduced evidencing for Eastern heritage in the languages of ancient and modern Bulgarians.

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън
(On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran)

Author(s):Mariana Minkova, Ivan T. Ivanov
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Theoretical Linguistics, Local History / Microhistory, Special Historiographies:, Semantics, The Ottoman Empire
Page Range:414-430
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:Akça Kizinlik; etymology; rotacism; Kazanlik; location of Kran
Summary/Abstract:The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода
(Diary of Economos Todor Penkov (1878–1959): A Forgotten Story about the History of the Diocese Brotherhood Home and the St. Panteleimon Church in the Village of Yagoda, Diocese of Stara Zagora)

Author(s):Rumyana Lecheva
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, History, Local History / Microhistory, Theology and Religion, Eastern Orthodoxy
Page Range:431-442
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Diary; Eparchial advisor; Union of the Priests; Orthodoxy
Summary/Abstract:The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)
(Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries))

Author(s):Evgenia I. Ivanova, Velcho Krastev
Language:English, Bulgarian
Subject(s):History, Anthropology, Social Sciences, Sociology, Ethnohistory, Local History / Microhistory, Modern Age, Recent History (1900 till today), Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Migration Studies, Ethnic Minorities Studies
Page Range:443-456
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Romani community; Bulgarian; migration processes
Summary/Abstract:With the restoration of Bulgarian statehood the various ethnic and religious communities, incl. and Gypsies, become full-fledged Bulgarian subjects. In the announcement, we are addressing only the specific moments outlining the place of the Gypsies in a Bulgarian state in the period from the end of the 19th century to the mid-twentieth century. We fix on the actions of the executive to them as regards of migration processes, nomadism and the territorial settlement of their neighborhoods. We look at the institution of cheribashiata – the proxy who presents the gypsies in front of the municipal administrative authorities as well as the place of the Gypsies in the institutions responsible for external and internal security and public order in Bulgaria.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.

Societas Classica. Култури и религии на Балканите, в Средиземноморието и Изтока. Том 10 Societas Classica. Cultures and Religions of the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the East. Volume 10

Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст

Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст (The Legend of Phyllis: Ancient Text in Renaiisance Context)

Демократични ли са народните събрания в Рим? Няколко аргумента срещу Полибий

Демократични ли са народните събрания в Рим? Няколко аргумента срещу Полибий (Are Roman Popular Assemblies Democratic? Some Arguments against Polybius)

Специфика на клиничните термини, възникнали чрез метафоризация на митологична и литературна образност

Специфика на клиничните термини, възникнали чрез метафоризация на митологична и литературна образност (Specificity of Clinical Terms, Formed through Metaphorization of Mythological and Literary Imagery)

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства (Translation of Latin Christian Works into Bulgarian: Questions and Challenges)

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол (The Penetration of Christianity in Diocleatianopolis)

Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев

Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев (The Greek-Language Poetic Work of Three Bulgarians: Ivan Seliminski, P. Protis, and Gr. Parlichef)

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър (Close-kin Marriages in Menander)

Непреходни глаголи с придобита транзитивност в новогръцкия език

Непреходни глаголи с придобита транзитивност в новогръцкия език (Intransitive Verbs with Acquisition of Transitivity in the Greek Language)

Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език

Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език (Translation from Greek Language of Historical Cultural Speciifics)

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция (The Culture of the National in the Political Discourse of Modern Greece)

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език (About the Word “Havra” in Bulgarian, Greek and Russian Language)

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в. (Hanako: A Kabuki Actress Across Bulgaria and Transylvania at the Beginning of the 20th Century)

The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China

The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China (The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China)

Характеристики и особености на Танската култура

Характеристики и особености на Танската култура (Characteristic Features of Chinese Tang Culture)

Образът на едно съсловие в съзнанието на един народ – предпоставки за формиране

Образът на едно съсловие в съзнанието на един народ – предпоставки за формиране (The Image of a Stratum in a Nation’s Perception: Prepequisites for Its Formation)

Глобализацията и нейното влияние върху обучението по японски език като втори

Глобализацията и нейното влияние върху обучението по японски език като втори (Globalization and Its Influence on Teaching Japanese as a Second Language)

Японската глаголна форма "Та" – свършен вид или минало време (значения)

Японската глаголна форма "Та" – свършен вид или минало време (значения) (The Japanese Ta- Form: Past Tense or Perfective Aspect)

Япония през 80-те години на XX век

Япония през 80-те години на XX век (Japan in the 1980s)

Западните интерпретации на „Джуандзъ“

Западните интерпретации на „Джуандзъ“ (The Western Interpretations of "Zhuangzi”)

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези (On the Arrangement of Reliefs Revealing Tiglath-Pileser III's Arab Campaign. Problems and Hypotheses)

Сцени на поклонение и ритуални жертвоприношения пред божествата върху цилиндрични печати (III–I хил. пр. Хр.)

Основни мотиви в сцените по цилиндричните печати от периода Урук в Месопотамия

Основни мотиви в сцените по цилиндричните печати от периода Урук в Месопотамия (The Main Motives on Scenes of Mesopotamian Uruk Cylinder Seals)

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в. (Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century)

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров (The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula)

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай (The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China)

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин (Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing)

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт (From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death)

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor (Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor)

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход (Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin)

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън (On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran)

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век) (Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries))

Societas Classica. Култури и религии на Балканите, в Средиземноморието и Изтока. Том 10
Societas Classica. Cultures and Religions of the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the East. Volume 10

Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст
(The Legend of Phyllis: Ancient Text in Renaiisance Context)

Демократични ли са народните събрания в Рим? Няколко аргумента срещу Полибий
(Are Roman Popular Assemblies Democratic? Some Arguments against Polybius)

Специфика на клиничните термини, възникнали чрез метафоризация на митологична и литературна образност
(Specificity of Clinical Terms, Formed through Metaphorization of Mythological and Literary Imagery)

Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства
(Translation of Latin Christian Works into Bulgarian: Questions and Challenges)

Навлизане на християнството в Диоклецианопол
(The Penetration of Christianity in Diocleatianopolis)

Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев
(The Greek-Language Poetic Work of Three Bulgarians: Ivan Seliminski, P. Protis, and Gr. Parlichef)

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър
(Close-kin Marriages in Menander)

Непреходни глаголи с придобита транзитивност в новогръцкия език
(Intransitive Verbs with Acquisition of Transitivity in the Greek Language)

Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език
(Translation from Greek Language of Historical Cultural Speciifics)

Културата на националното в политическия дискурс на съвременна Гърция
(The Culture of the National in the Political Discourse of Modern Greece)

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език
(About the Word “Havra” in Bulgarian, Greek and Russian Language)

Ханако: една кабуки актриса из България и Трансилвания в началото на XX в.
(Hanako: A Kabuki Actress Across Bulgaria and Transylvania at the Beginning of the 20th Century)

The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China
(The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China)

Характеристики и особености на Танската култура
(Characteristic Features of Chinese Tang Culture)

Образът на едно съсловие в съзнанието на един народ – предпоставки за формиране
(The Image of a Stratum in a Nation’s Perception: Prepequisites for Its Formation)

Глобализацията и нейното влияние върху обучението по японски език като втори
(Globalization and Its Influence on Teaching Japanese as a Second Language)

Японската глаголна форма "Та" – свършен вид или минало време (значения)
(The Japanese Ta- Form: Past Tense or Perfective Aspect)

Япония през 80-те години на XX век
(Japan in the 1980s)

Западните интерпретации на „Джуандзъ“
(The Western Interpretations of "Zhuangzi”)

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези
(On the Arrangement of Reliefs Revealing Tiglath-Pileser III's Arab Campaign. Problems and Hypotheses)

Основни мотиви в сцените по цилиндричните печати от периода Урук в Месопотамия
(The Main Motives on Scenes of Mesopotamian Uruk Cylinder Seals)

Пророкът на Джубран Халил Джубран и американската контракултура на 20 в.
(Gibran Khalil Gibran's “The Prophet” and the American Counterculture of the 20th Century)

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров
(The Cross Triumphant over the Crescent Moon, or the End of the Arab Reign over the Iberian Peninsula)

Традиционната китайска семейна институция. Организация на традиционните семейни отношения в Китай
(The Traditional Chinese Family Institution. Organization of Traditional Family Relationships in China)

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин
(Celebration of Traditional Bulgarian Holidays By Bulgarian Migrants Living in Beijing)

От Херодот до християнските автори: за вдовиците на траките и ритуалната им смърт
(From Herodotus to Christian Authors: On the Widows of Thracians and Their Ritual Death)

Августовата идеология, въплътена в образността на храма на Mars Ultor
(Ideology of Augustus Embodied by the Images in the Temple of Mars Ultor)

Българо-пущунски когнати. Анализ на тяхното значение и произход
(Bulgarian-Pashto Cognates. Analysis of Their Meaning and Origin)

За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън
(On the Origin of the Name Kazanlak and the Location of the Town of Kran)

Циганите на Балканите и мястото им във възстановената българска държава (края на XIX – средата на XX век)
(Gypsies on the Balkans and their Place in the Restored Bulgarian State (Late 19th – Mid-20th Centuries))