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Transgresja artystyczna w przestrzeni publicznej

Author(s): Jadwiga Charzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

The phenomenon of transgression is an inherent feature of art as one of its most important factors, and it concerns both formal issues, as well as poetics. Presenting my reflections I would like to trace the process of social changes related to the rebuilding of the places in which we, as an institution, work. For, transgression does not have to be a shock therapy for the viewer. Does transgression mean provocation? In 2005 we have begun to realize the project called Outside Gallery of the City of Gdansk which addresses both artistic and social problems. Announcing the first edition of the international competition for the permanent art work in public space, we also initiated educational activities. In 2008, as the first project, there was made “LKW Gallery” (by Lex Ricker and Daniel Milohnica), becoming an important element of social change, and the last work, “Amber Drops”, (by a Swiss duo of Fred Hatt and Daniel Schlapfer) has also become an experimental plot for the use of LED technology. As an institution dealing with presenting contemporary art that changes our physical environment, enters the streets and backyards, and merges with the global changes induced by scientific development, in 2011 we have initiated a project called “Art & Science meeting”. To sum up: the issue of breaking the taboo in contemporary art is addressed often, yet the attempts to enter the “forbidden” zones are rarely of a full and in‐depth fashion. It should not be taken as criticism, it is just a statement of the fact that taking up issues which somehow concern ethical spheres treated dogmatically is very di cult, and it requires not only knowledge but most of all awareness and artistic maturity. For, artistic transgression does not have to mean that which is commonly understood as shocking or spectacular.

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Spory o przestrzeń. Kilka uwag o uczestnictwie w konflikcie

Author(s): Magda Szcześniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

The article deals with the social conflict, which developed around the infamous cross in front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw. On April 15th 2010, eleven days after the Polish Presidential plane crashed in Smoleńsk, members of the Polish Scout Association placed an approx. ten feet tall wooden cross in front of the Presidential Palace. Initially a place of mourning, soon enough the site became became a space of a political and cultural conflict revolving around the issues of religion and its visibility in public spaces. The dispute about whether the cross should remain outside the Presidential Palace or whether it should be removed, engaged many different types of “publics” and undermined the popular belief in the possibility of a consensus. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe’s and Ernesto Laclau’s theory of radical democracy, the author analyzes the multiple interventions in the “representative” public space in front of the Presidential Palace – of the scouts, who installed the cross; of the so called “defenders of the cross,” who occupied the area around it, once the Presidential Office decided to remove it; of the counter‐demonstrators, who supported the decision to move the cross to a nearby church. Seen as examples of democracy in practice, these interventions also help us to deconstruct such seemingly neutral concepts as the “public sphere,” “public space,” and “common good.”

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Obrazy ciał w przestrzeni publicznej

Author(s): Izabela Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

In this text I reflect on tabooisaiton of bodies in the public space. There is interesting point that we deal with over‐representation of bodies which are young, attractive, slim, ideal, and even naked, especially in advertisements. These bodies are anonymous and not‐individualised, they are objects of aesthetic pleasure first of all. The issue of representation is important for discussions of identity. Thus the important question is: what bodies are excluded from this sphere, and at the same time, what identities are excluded? Unappropriated bodies are stereotyped or condemned to invisibility. I discuss ways of the stereotypisation that took place in advertisements (included social ones). The examples of this process are representations of older women, handicapped persons, homosexuals and breast‐feeding mothers. These pictures are often received as disgusting, scandalous, and inappropriate to be shown in the public space. I try to trace the advertisements as well as examples of art in the public space. It reveals that not appropriate bodies and some aspects of physiology are treated as taboo. I connect the taboo with Julia Kristeva’s notion of an abject. According to Kristeva, the abject means pre‐verbal state of human being and it denies division between inside and outside. What is the most important in constituting the subject plays in connection with uncertain borders between subject and object. The abject is something in‐between, the ambiguous, it does not respect borders, positions and rules and it disturbs identity, system and order. Describing the abject, Kristeva makes us realize that our world is temporary, it is constantly threatened, at every moment it can be ruined and transformed into a world we do not want to think about and we are afraid to imagine. In reflection to this theory one might ask about construction of subjectivity. On the other hand this theory may be important to define order of society – is it opened for others or rather traditional and closed?

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Seks i śmierć. Tabu i jego przekraczanie w kampaniach społecznych na temat HIV/AIDS

Author(s): Aleksandra Drzał-Sierocka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

The subject matters of the analysis are social campaigns on HIV/AIDS that took place in various countries after 2000. My key issue is the way of presenting death (as the kind of “obvious” subject in the context of terminal disease), especially metaphors, symbols and allegories that could be founded in these campaigns. On the other hand, the important issue – from my point of view – is the fact of interweaving the spheres of death and erotic. Both spheres have to coexist, since the main way of infection is sexual intercourse.

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Internet jako sposób na tabu choroby psychicznej. Analiza przypadku portalu Mam efkę

Author(s): Agnieszka Całek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

One of the strongest taboos that have survived in Polish society is mental illness. Despite numerous social actions, which were to at least reduce this problem, it is still strong, as researches indicate. This situation creates the need to deal with it by people who are directly affected, that is, the sick and their surroundings. The tool provided by technological progress to meet this need is the Internet. This article contains considerations on the taboo of mental illness, as well as how to deal with it using the network on the example of the "Mam efkę" side, dedicated to the sick and their relatives.

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Pomiędzy tabu a pornografią. Graficzne reprezentacje śmierci w prasie

Author(s): Łukasz Kałużny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

In much‐cited essay “The Pornography of Death”, Goeffrey Gorer argued that, since the twentieth century, death had exchanged positions with sex as the taboo subject. Nevertheless, its portrayals had not completely disappeared, but rather re‐appeared in the form of entertainment genre – viewed as pornographic because of its brutality, exploitation, and distance from emotions like grief. This seminal claims are updated with a discussion of the relation between taboo and pornography in the context of contemporary media images of actual death. Examining the photographic coverage of death in one of the leading national Polish newspaper (also, compared to one German and one Australian), the article follows such questions as: How confrontational is that coverage? How actually visible and present is death? Does the news media participate in or challenge modern death taboo? Is there still much to value in Gorer’s argument in this context?

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Między poznaniem rozumowym a doświadczeniem afektywnym. Eksponowanie szczątków ludzkich w przestrzeni muzealnej

Author(s): Elżbieta Nieroba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

The article focuses on defining the dead human body in a museum, in a situation, where the process of dying is transformed from a communal event to a private experience, while, on the other hand, the media constantly confront viewers with unnatural and brutal death. Since their very beginnings, museums have collected and exposed posthumous remains. By being put on display, a dead body or its fragments is/are ascribed the status of a museum object. Such exhibitory practices bring about ethical questions: whether, and if so, then where, when, and in what manner, the death of a human being may be displayed to a wide audience. Numerous museums are aware of the ongoing debate on the ethical issues concerning exhibiting human remains. When designing exhibitions, museums are faced with the dilemma how to present a dead body or its fragments. Should it be to a larger extent put within the context of a scientific description or an aesthetic view? At the same time, how to express respect and reflect their forgotten or/and overlooked humanity? The article presents examples of actions undertaken by museum institutions in order to organize the exhibitory space in such a way as to stimulate the visitors’ imagination and stir their emotions, while at the same time preventing the exhibition become a mere entertainment.

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Kultura nienawiści na portalach społecznościowych jako zaburzenie tabuizacji

Author(s): Rafał Ilnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

This article shows how in social portals is establishing culture of hate. This concepts is explicated by connecting it with processes of taboo destruction. Author states that is the main reason of existence such culture, because every attack on established values in culture produces affective responses from users that are o ended by it. This lead to creation of specific model of user that takes form of gamer‐parastie, which gains satisfaction from disturbing taboos. There is also strong emphasis on mechanism of such an culture production, which leads to establishing relatively strong connections between users and the systems of data transmission that forms dispositifs of hate. In the end there is shown how it is possible to by destructing taboos there are new taboos established.

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Bo źle złożyłem tapczan u teściów. Przemoc domowa wobec mężczyzn

Author(s): Diana Karwowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2012

In 1977, appeared a new term, „battered husband syndrome”. Still little is said about wives/partners-oppressors. An additional problem is that ladies often apply the „invisible” psychological violence. Quite significantly failed to sensitize public opinion on the phenomenon of violence against women and children, but also perpetuated the image of man as the only possible offender. Husband/partner is usually the victim of jokes and the object of pity. My analysis is focused on newspaper articles and cabaret work. I wonder also on differences in the situation of victims of both sexes.

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Wstęp: E-folklor

Author(s): Wojciech Józef Burszta,Adam Pomieciński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

Texts in this issue show different emanations of the new/old environment, which is the internet for folkloristic content. This is the everyday life that we observe and in which we participate. After all, the Internet itself is becoming a creation of a "folk" imagination, saturated with multimedia narratives, which - like in traditional folklore - have a collective author. So far, there was no such anonymous medium that allowed the rapid spread of folk narratives about the world. By entering the discussion forums, blogs, fan sites and other forms of online activity, we realize that the internet reproduces the need for community, but in a technological form. And such need is always built on stories.

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Folklorystyczny nerw internetu. Wspólnotowa przestrzeń emocji i wyobraźni

Author(s): Janina Hajduk-Nijakowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

Alongside the rapid development of new media, in particular the Internet, the processes of shaping new paradigm of a folk-type culture and emergence of the phenomena referred to as e-folklore have been increasing. The e-folklore, as a part of the network culture, is radically different from traditional folklore. The content, which was present outside of the network, is naturally transferred to the Internet, mainly by its users. New technologies successfully inspire the users' creativity, thanks to which old content is gradually modified and changed, gaining new forms (e.g. the so called chain letters, false virus warnings, urban legends, conspiracy theories, miraculous events, etc.). The new forms of humour expressions are of particular interest (a new type of the Internet joke, photoshopping, memes), which lead to the emergence of a global humour culture and the phenomenon of visual folklore. The users' activity in the net can be characterised as folkloristic and is an example of the upward convergence (according to Jenkins), which supports the need to participate in a defined, virtual community, in the realm of common emotions and imagination.

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Od folkloru do protez egzystencjalnych. Kulturowe znaczenie portalu Facebook

Author(s): Rafał Ilnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

Article is divided into two parts. First one examines the condition under folklore is created on Facebook portal. I’m examining communication and participation rituals and customs. Second focuses on more general mechanisms of functioning of this social medium. The main emphasis is put on the relation between technological infrastructure and users action. I’m introducing the concept of collective disintentionalization, which occurs because Facebook’s regulation that encourage rather short term participation contained within the portal.This mechanism forces users to create folklores as an strategy of resistance to hyperinstrumentalization. In the summary I’m showing how we could speak of evolution in Facebook from creating folklore to the role of existential prostheses. Also cultural importance of this social medium is strongly emphasized.

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Miejsce folkloru w konstruowaniu współczesnego świata

Author(s): Jan Kajfosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

The paper answers the question, how folkloristic narrations participate in the social construction of reality. The notion of folklore relates here - in accordance with propositions of P.G. Bogatyrev and R. Jakobson – to poetic texts aimed at la langue. Such texts are conventional in the sense that their semantic structures are broadly reproduced inside one communicative society. Habitualisation based on more or less accurate repeatability of stereotypical representations,motives, action scenarios, rationalisations and motivations, is the source of relatively stabile world image. Folkloristic texts participate this way in constitution of experiences, beliefs and cognitive (noetic and behavioral) habitsof its agents. In the folkloristic creativity the collective images of the past which legitimize changing social institutions are very often unnoticed adjusted to such changes. Hence, narratives reproduced within a society which are considered by its members as memorates are very often fabulated. The author focuses especially on connotation which seems to be crucial for “tacit“ legitimizations of various phenomena. He follows diverse reciprocal legitimizations between representations in folkloristic narratives and representations spread by media.

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Trzeci język

Author(s): Anna Miłoszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

This article examines the language that we used to use in Internet communication. Traditional bilateral division into written and spoken language is inadequate nowadays. Internet speech, that I named ”third language” has its own specific character, based on both: written and spoken varieties of language. These influence on it’s ortography, expressions, syntax and even phonetics. For example it is necessary, like in written language, to use some tools: computer or smartphone, but the ‘digital’ language is also spontaneous and free of deep reflection, just like the spoken one. In my article I examine similarities and differences to both of these. But Internet communiation is not only a contamination of two traditional varieties. I also explored typical features of third language, like specific shortcuts or emoticons as a substitute of facial expression. Due to it’s expansion, connected with technological development, we need to get used to treat it as a language variety of standard value,”third language”.

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E-humanitaryzm. Pomaganie przez klikanie

Author(s): Adam Pomieciński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

The article deals with the problems of the efolklore in the context of the e-humanitarianism. E-humanitarianism is interactive phenomenon, it enriches forms and mechanisms of contemporary folklore. Its success is often determined by the speed of the spread of information and content of spontaneous circulation on the world of tragedy and crisis. Article argues that e-humanity is a sign of unwavering vitality of folklore in contemporary culture.

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Sieć objawień. O pewnym wymiarze e-folkloru religijnego

Author(s): Piotr Siuda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

The article aims to characterise the phenomenon which is a manifestation of the Internet-based religious folklore – Internet accounts of revelations which have a clear spiritual base. Due to the connections of such e-visions with religion, in order to illustrate them it is key to describe the types of religious content occurring in cyberspace. Within it, four dimensions of spirituality may be distinguished, and the folklore depending on the occurrence of various e-revelations is to be assigned to two of them: the one concerning the account character of the Internet which, as a communication tool, allows the visionaries to reach a wide audience, and the one connected with the emergence of new religious phenomena on the Internet which are only quite lightly related to the big official religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and other. Folklore is ‘people’s power’, therefore, in the case of its variety that consists in informing about one’s mystical experiences via the Internet, the superior role of any church authority figures is out of the question. The e-revelations are experienced by ‘amateurs’ and not by the representatives of the clergy or theologians, which locates the phenomenon in the sphere of the currently dominant selective (private) religiousness and the one which blurs all church hierarchies. The text presents numerous examples of e-places connected with visions, both the religious and the quasi-religious ones – they are shown, among other things, from the angle of the currently changing Marian revelations. For the author, an important exemplification of the discussed e-folklore are also all services on the apocalyptic prophecies – although they sometimes go beyond the strictly religious discourse (and they enter the pop-cultural one, for example), still the mystical experiences pertaining to the end of the world are always located within the sphere of spirituality. The end of the article offers several paths to be followed in further research on this part of e-folklore which are the religious visions.

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„[ ` ] [ ` ] [ ` ] :((( :*...” Praktyki żałobne w cyberprzestrzeni

Author(s): Magdalena Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

The article discusses the assembly of death lore including funeral rites, `rituals of sorrow`, their textual representations and other media artifacts (for example, digital gravestones, memorials, books of condolence, emotical grave candles and other) appearing as a new folklore currently created in cyberenvironments. The practices, artifacts and texts are appearing in a following site-genres: different kinds of virtual human, pet and emotion cemeteries, cybergenealogical sites in their communal and individual embodiment, social portals and environments created by „angel`s moms”, or bereaved mothers. Their `rituals of sorrow` can be account as a proposal of innovative cultural practice of grief.

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I want a third pill. Tożsamość w sieci – czyli jak cyborg stał się wirusem

Author(s): Mariusz Kania / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

“To be, or not to be, this is the question”, this famous sentence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet is very actual nowadays in the context of Internet, but maybe much important question is: how we are exist in Internet? First of all I would like to surpass the ideas about duality of physical and digital reality in the context of human identity. By the psychoanalytical tools I would like to show my fieldwork experience on the ground of human sexuality in Second Life. It will allow me to see human practice in Internet from different angle. From my perspective man be came cyborg, which exist as a computer virus. I will show his agency using wide perspective of theoretical tools from Computer Science to Marxist theory. It will help me to explain our hyperactivity in Internet, and why it became so important in our lives.

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Recenzja książki: Magdalena Kamińska, Niecne memy. Dwanaście wykładów o kulturze Internetu

Author(s): Barbara Giza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2012

Book Review: Magdalena Kamińska, Niecne memy. Dwanaście wykładów o kulturze Internetu, Poznań: Galeria Miejska „Arsenał” 2011, s. 320 - by Barbara Giza

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Addressing the notions of convention and context in social media research

Author(s): Marina Grubišić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this paper is to discuss two fundamental pragmatic notions, convention and context within the framework of communication on social media. By presenting an overview of theoretical perspectives on the two notions and analyzing concrete examples from Twitter we put forward the importance of the dynamic and constant synergy between convention and context in communication on social media, but also in communication in general. Examples of tweets (Twitter posts) will show that the core principles of traditional communication – conventionalization and contextualization – remain strong and are visible in concrete realizations through new ‘communicative items’ such as hashtags (i.e. #onokad) and handles (i.e. @username). The technology behind the media opens up new avenues of creativity for the participants (users, speakers), yet the creativity remains situated within ‘contexts’ (micro- and macro-level) and perpetuated (or dismissed) through mechanisms of ‘conventionalization’. Pragmatics is shown to be a highly relevant and appropriate scholarly field for comprehensive research into language and communication on social media.

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