Z obrazu na słowo. Kilka uwag o technice audiodeskrypcji

Author(s): Marta Bolińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (10)/2014

Audiodescription involves recounting (without interpretation and commentary) what is happening, for example, in a film or a theater play, in dialogues between characters,but it also attempts to describe the space, e.g.: monuments or works of art. Translation of visual content into words, or otherwise, verbal description of visible layers of plays, audiovisual productions, art and entertainment events makes them available to the blind and visually impaired as well as to those with poor eyesight.

Политика культурного плюрализма и язык

Author(s): Basia Nikiforova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 126/2009

The aim of this study is to challenge the problem of the formation of national identity through a prism of language and language policy. Cultural basic models have been established for the language policy: common public language model, which views language policy as a primarily tool for nation building and views that common language to be shared by all citizens; and language maintenance model (public institutes recognize the right of separate groups to be able to use their own minority languages as a tool for the state dialogue). In the present paper, the policy dilemmas facing the European Union and the more important documents of the EU on problems of the rights of national minorities and its language policy are analyzed. The study includes a concise dictionary of multicultural policy.

Приложение на „Енвижън“ в обучението на учениците от начален етап

Author(s): Ivalina Kostadinova,Svetlana Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article examines the experience of the authors in using specialized educational software in class. Such approach turns students into active participants in the learning process and the learning itself - more enjoyable. The text mentions the advantages of such a method. The authors share their experience in adapting the training to the individual abilities of students, in displaying the curricula, motivating students, introducing a competitive element in the lesson, getting feedback on time, turning the classroom into an interactive environment.An improved quality of education of students expressed in durability of knowledge, interest in acquiring it and in individual studying is achieved as a result.

Европеизация и периферизация на българската публична сфера

Author(s): Ralitsa Kovacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Against the background of the new core-periphery divisions in the EU, while expecting them to go beyond the socioeconomic dimensions, the research interest is reasonably provoked by the question of whether and how the process of two-tier EU integration would affect the process of Europeanisation of national public spheres, in the perspective of the concept of the European public sphere. This article is focused on Bulgaria, where, as in a new member ofthe EU we could easily assume that the process of Europeanisation is in a very early phase.The article presents the findings of a comparative analysis of 2014 European elections` media coverage in the most popular newspaper websites in Bulgaria and the UK. Based on the results,it can be assumed that a process opposit to the Europeanisation is taking place – we call it the process of peripheralisation: when national public spheres do not actively participate in the European debate, due to the lack of wide and informed national public debates on European issues, so they have no discursive influence on EU debate.

Psycholinguistics and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Author(s): Lidija Krotenko / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

The author of the article reveals the possibilities of psycholinguistics in the identification and interpretation of languages and texts of Alien Civilizations. The author combines modern interdisciplinary research in psycholinguistics with the theory “Evolving Matter” proposed by Oleg Bazaluk and concludes that the identification of languages and texts of Alien Civilizations, as well as the communication of terrestrial civilization with Extraterrestrial Intelligence, is in principle possible. To that end, it is necessary to achieve the required level of the modeling of neurophilosophy and to include these achievements of modern psycholinguistics studies: а) language acquisition; b) language comprehension; c) language production; d) second language acquisition. On the one hand, the possibilities of neurophilosophy to accumulate and model advanced neuroscience research; on the other hand, highly specialized psycholinguistic studies in language evolution are able to provide the communication of terrestrial civilization with Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

How and Why Do Terrorist Organizations Use the Internet?

Author(s): Karolina Wojtasik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The article gives general characterisation of the ways in which these organizations use modern communication technologies. Currently, every major terrorist organisation maintain robust media wings, which focus on producing videos, publishing magazines and sharing them with the public via the Web. The empirical system of reference is based on the activity of al-Qaeda, her franchise AQAP (al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula) and ISIS (the so-called Islamic State). While analysing the media of terrorist organisations, the Lasswell model was applied. This formula is a standard research procedure used for investigating acts of communication by answering the questions: who, says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?. The author also present typology of videos produced by jihadist organisations, characterised the most important and active media actions of terrorist organisations and a typology of recipients of such messages. The article presents a number of reasons why the Internet has become such an important tool for terrorists.

Роль еліт у формуванні культурної ідентичності

Author(s): Olga Rafayilivna Kopiyevska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2015

In the article the interaction of state and culture in the context of political cooperation and creative elites. Actualized problem productive interaction of all stakeholders’ cultural life of the country. It is noted that Ukraine is a European orientation requires a gradual alignment of the democratic system in the country, the functioning of all spheres of public life on the basis of culture and law. Defined and analyzed in the article the problem of the national political elite, which is associated with the lack of what is called long planning horizon, the ability to create scenarios for the future, to choose the most appropriate, given the characteristics of internal and external circumstances, and develop strategic direction, build their models implementation. The article argues that from the contradictions that exist between the political and creative elite depend not only the fate of national culture and art, but also the fate of the political elite. In the context of the research attention paid to politics of identity in view of the importance of not only its practical implementation, but conceptualizing how important area of scientific knowledge, including cultural. Characterized terminology, historical reflection. We analyze the subject matter of identity politics, including cultural, that are functionally associated with the formation and reproduction of national, civic, regional, ethnic and religious identities. It is noted that the basis of identity politics is history and culture and formed on the basis of the concept of historical and cultural memory, which allows you to use all the resource potential of value-moral, historical and symbolic and emotional content. The study examined the article description also serves institutional mechanisms for the formation, preservation and transformation of identity through the cultural world view and value system of ideological and political views. Thus, it is noted that the mechanisms of identity politics should provide different social, ethnic and other groups that defend the right to their own identity in the community the opportunity to be different, but not alien or hostile and thus prevent xenophobia. Thus, the article examines subjects that affect identity politics. The latter is characterized as belonging to the different branches of government and civil society. Determine their role and importance in the implementation of national cultural identity. In particular, it is noted that identity politics has gained urgency in the European territory in connection with the creation of the European Union and its further expansion, which raised the question of the territorial identity population in different regions. The article also identifies the main challenges of cultural identity among which is focused on creating information and communication channels of distribution of state doctrine to identity formation and reproduction system of norms and values shared ideas on the prospects of social development. The role of cultural institutions, along with public television and radio and fulfill this role. The policy of cultural identity is seen from the perspective of ongoing state social ethnic, professional groups, practice formation (construction) identity that allows you to integrate cultural and educational practices significantly affects the formation of cultural environment determines the atmosphere in society and contribute to the spiritual development of the people; in response to one of the challenges of globalization – increased conflict between people who feel they belong to a global world, and people whose identity is inseparable from their authentic, local culture. Special attention is focused on the politics of cultural identity models, namely the conservative (or traditionalist) and innovation. It is reported that in the first model is the key "Conservative moralism" expressed in unambiguous interpretation of history, literature, historical and cultural heritage and is supported by an established set of symbols and rituals relevant. In turn, innovative model of cultural identity is an important resource of the country, the region and focused on meaningful intercultural dialogue in which basis tolerant, friendly attitude towards people of other ethnic groups, multicultural groups, and religious denominations. The opinion notes that effective and meaningful policy of cultural identity is the transition to a new phase of the relationship of the state and culture must be based principles of dialogue and civic participation in the formulation and implementation of cultural policies participatory, public-public-private partnership and civil solidarity. It is noted that it is common productive activity contributes to a positive consolidation that will resist the negative influence of popular culture, to prevent the erosion of national and cultural identity and formation, especially in young people a sense of responsibility for the fate of the country.

THE ROLE OF A DEBATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING

Author(s): Zuzana Bačíková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The purpose of this document is to explore an effect of debate used in university education process on development of critical thinking. This study used a quasi-experimental research and involved two classes of students grouped into experimental group and control group. A tailored version of standardized critical thinking test inspired by Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, a test of controversy and a self-evaluation were used as research instruments. Even thought, that our results showed that a use of debate has no effect on development of critical thinking level and critical thinking drill has no effect on level of estimate in self-evaluation, there are some implications for educators, psychologists, methodologists and philosophers.

DANCE FILM AS A SUITABLE FORM OF PRACTICAL MEDIA EDUCATION

Author(s): Anton Szomolányi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In contemporary decrease in perception of film and television through classical means, searching for new forms of audiovisual expression becomes indispensable in education of the rising generation. Creation and perception of emotional structure by the means of contemporary film language is a challenging part of education of future film creators. Dance film may be referred to as a psychosenzoric perception without verbal communication, convenient for collective school work. In this work dance is referred to as a form of nonverbal expression in shot by shot continuity, where picture and sound plays active role. The text analyses system of practical teaching of movie language by the means of transformation of scenic art into the art of motion picture. It designates main differences between the recording of scenic art and active creation of dance film. If a student is delimited in the creation of school work, thus he does not use speech, but dance movements recorded by the elements of film language, it is possible for him to learn new forms of expression by the means of motion picture and sound. Furthermore this article offers the analysis of elementary elements of expression by the means of film language in dance movie in the form of dynamic composition, movement of camera, characters and in addition film cut and soundtrack. The text originated from my pedagogical experience during the dance film student project.

MIGRATION CRISIS IN EUROPEAN UNION IN MAJOR WEB NEWS SERVICES IN POLAND

Author(s): Wiktor Widera / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Mass media and their tools have become a permanent part of everyday life. The news services have the most visible impact also on the political market. Mass media views, depending on the context in which the issues related to migration are described, will shape the positive or negative image of the migrant, influence the image of the migrant ethnic group, and determine their position in the new society. The aim of the article is to give examples of media reports showing the phenomenon of migration in European Union countries, presented through the main information services using the Internet in Poland. The methodology of media content analysis was applied. The thorough analysis covered the period of six months. The research process revealed the variety of contexts presenting the phenomenon of migration at the main Polish news services: Onet.pl, Wp.pland Interia.pl. Analysis also showed that huge migratory flows caused by military conflict generate serious threats to the stability of the European Union.

REPUTATION OF SLOVAK TEACHING HOSPITALS –SELECTED PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): František Pollák,Nella Svetozarovová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper discusses the issue of reputation, more specifically the ways and methods of its measurements in selected entities operating in the health care sector. A thorough multifactor analysis of reputation in the virtual world of the Internet was conducted on a specific sample of entities/ subjects – Slovak Teaching Hospitals. Using a careful statistical testing relationships between factors were examined in order to identify and describe facts affecting online reputation of those entities in the hyper competitive market environment of the Internet. The findings identified by the analysis of online environment were compared to traditional ratings from “brick world”. The results of analysis thus providing a comprehensive view on the issue of the reputation in the widest possible range of perspectives.

PRESENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS FOR SLOVAK BUSINESSES IN THE MEDIA ENVIRONMENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BUSINESSES AND CUSTOMERS

Author(s): Anna Zaušková,Lukáš Grib / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Towards a stakeholder model of government communication: a case study of the Czech republic

Author(s): Štěpán Soukeník / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The study focuses on organisation and perception of government communication by government agents and stakeholder representatives in the Czech Republic. At the same time, it presents an original methodological approach to researching government communication. The research evidence suggests that government communication process in the Czech Republic conceals tensions on internal, interdepartmental and external levels of governance. Performing in-depth semi-structured interviews with former Czech government officials and top executives from the corporate and non-commercial sector, it was observed that phenomena such as democratic disenchantment and low confidence in executive bodies can be associated with the state-of-things and modus operandi of the government communication process. Finally, the aim of the study is to encourage government communication research in emerging or recently institutionalised democracies including post-communist countries in the region of Central and Eastern Europe, since it is necessary to understand the complexity of political and communication systems long associated with asymmetric power relations and democratic deficit.

Populism 2.0, digital democracy and the new ‘enemies of the people’

Author(s): Antonio Momoc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Like in many other Central and Eastern European countries, in 2016, Romanian populist parties were voted by the ‘silent’ citizens, by those feeling deprived and not represented properly. Shortly before that, in 2015, the tragic Colectiv nightclub fire had given birth to a new party: Save Romania Union (USR) that promotes a populist discourse on the ‘corrupt elite’ versus the ‘pure people’. At the beginning, however, the new party did not disseminate messages specific to the nationalist or radical right-wing populists. Another party, endorsed by a news television channel Romania TV, almost succeeded at overpassing the electoral threshold in the 2016 parliamentary election: United Romania Party (PRU) used xenophobic and anti-EU messages during the 2016 general election campaign. My hypothesis is that the extremist electoral messages, the expressions of hatred towards foreigners and Western businessmen or the EU institutions were spread through social networks. Using a content analysis, I shall verify the extent to which the official Facebook pages of the Social Democratic Party (PSD, the direct successor of the Romanian Communist Party), the United Romania Party (PRU) and the Save Romania Union (USR) reflected the antagonism of the ‘pure’ people versus the ‘corrupt’ elite and I shall reveal who these parties identified as the so-called ‘people’s enemies’.

‘HACKING’ INTO THE WEST: RUSSIA’S ‘ANTI-HEGEMONIC’ DRIVE AND THE STRATEGIC NARRATIVE OFFENSIVE

Author(s): James Rogers,Andriy Tyushka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Contrary to the narrative in much of politics and academia, Russia’s alienation from the West did not start in 2014—it is a lasting and inherent phenomenon. Since the mid-1990s, Moscow’s attempts to ‘capture’ the narrative of Europe or even portray itself later on as a ‘better Europe’, transcended in 2014 into a more overt and antithetical approach of strategically juxtaposing Russia versus Europe, or placing ‘Russia being not (declinist and decadent) Europe’, a part of the likewise allegedly declining ‘West’. Russia’s appeal for European ‘self-denial’ does not only find its supporters in Europe, predominantly populist and radical parties, but also contributes to a more general frustration among Europeans regarding their own self-perception, as well provokes Western ambiguity and uncertainty about its responsibility for regional security affairs, particularly in the European neighbourhood. This article argues that, by destabilising the immediate vicinity and regional security order, the Russian leadership does not pursue a policy of balancing the Western hegemonic formation, thus strategising a positive competing (counter-hegemonic) framework. Rather, it engages in an anti-hegemonic strategy through a deeply negative spoiler offensive. The article conceptualises Russia’s anti-hegemonic drive as a three-pronged strategic narrative offensive that operationally seeks to 1) ‘desynchronise’ political developments in the European Neighbourhood to ‘distort’ European perceptions of reality; 2) ‘de-articulate’ the West, i.e., splitting the Atlantic democracies from the European mainland; and 3) ‘saturate’ the vacuum with false and fictitious narratives, to sow confusion and maintain manageable disorder.

THE RAINBOW IN THE DARK: ASSESSING A CENTURY OF BRITISH MILITARY INFORMATION OPERATIONS

Author(s): Lee Richards / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The West is again facing multiple threats spearheaded by hostile information activity. ISIL’s exploitation of social media has lured new recruits reaching straight into the bedrooms of our teenagers. Seemingly inexplicably, young intelligent minds have been radicalised through a perversion of their faith. A resurgent Russia has reinvented its ‘hybrid war’ doctrine of the Soviet Cold War-era, believing that it can only be secure when we are weak. Putin’s incursions into Ukraine and now Syria have required a vanguard of blatant untruths filtered through its expansive international news agencies RT and Sputnik. All the while our own performance in Iraq and Afghanistan has been questionable with our strategic communications (stratcom) never becoming as pre-eminent as they were in the World Wars. As will be shown in the following review of British military information operations, a recurrent pattern of under-resourcing, ad-hoc responses, and Whitehall battles of control have been a constant hindrance to effective stratcom, particularly through the Cold War period and despite the best efforts of those involved.

Ka pozitivnim praksama 4: Izvještavanje medija u 2016. godini o LGBTI temama u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Lejla Huremović,Masha Durkalić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2017

Analiza predstavlja pregled praćenja izvještavanja o LGBTI temama u medijima u Bosni i Hercegovini, koju šestu godinu zaredom objavljuje Sarajevski otvoreni centar. Analizom se prati nivo doprinosa medija u borbi protiv diskriminacije i povećanja vidljivosti LGBTI osoba u bosanskohercegovačkom medijskom prostoru. U 2016. godini praćeno je izvještavanje 93 medija: elektronskih (radio – 10 i televizija – 24), štampanih (dnevne novine, sedmični i dvosedmični magazini – 35) te online medija (news portali i portali štampanih medija – 24). Ukupno, u svim medijima objavljeno je 1299 tekstova/priloga, i to u štampi – 546 tekstova, na televiziji – 87 priloga i u online medijima – 666. Dnevne novine koje su najviše izvještavale o LGBTI temama bile su Oslobođenje – 86, od televizijskih stanica Federalna televizija – 27, a od online portala Klix.ba – 118. Kada govorimo o izvještavanju iz regije, najveći broj objava je bio za vrijeme održavanja parada ponosa u Hrvatskoj (Zagreb, Split), Crnoj Gori (Podgorica) i Srbiji (Beograd), zatim su se prenosile vijesti vezane za praćenje korištenja Zakona o životnom partnerstvu u Hrvatskoj, o lezbejskom paru koji je tužio Hrvatsku za diskriminaciju, te o trenutnoj političkoj klimi koja sve više ide udesno te utiče i na prava LGBTI osoba u Hrvatskoj. Izvještavalo se o Međunarodnom danu borbe protiv homofobije i transfobije, o performansu održanom povodom Međunarodnog coming out dana, o širenju govora mržnje prema manjinskim grupama, o usvojenim izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije, napadu koji se desio u Art kinu Kriterion u martu, Izvještaju o stanju prava LGBTI osoba u BiH koji je izdala Institucija ombudsmena u BiH, o predsjedniku Studentskog parlamenta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Harisu Zahiragiću i njegovim različitim homofobnim izjavama, o napadu u LGBT klubu u SAD-u, u Orlandu, te različitim filmovima, predstavama i pjevačima_cama i pjesmama koje tematiziraju LGBTI osobe. Nastavljen je trend da vijesti nerijetko ne odgovaraju opremi članka (fotografije, naslovi/nadnaslovi), i tendencija nekih medija koji imaju urednički negativan stav da korektne agencijske vijesti opremaju negativnim (senzacionalističkim) naslovima. U online medijima još uvijek je primjetan najveći broj agencijskih vijesti, po principu copy-paste, te zbog toga i dalje postoji nesrazmjer između pozitivnih i negativnih objava. Važno je naglasiti da je ipak mali broj negativnih tekstova, u usporedbi sa ukupnim brojem objava u online medijima. Nakon drastičnog pada koji se desio 2014. godine u izvještavanju u informativnim emisijama televizijskih stanica, analiza je pokazala da se počeo povećavati broj objava, ali da je taj broj još uvijek mali. Informativne emisije na televiziji bi trebale više samoinicijativno da se bave temama vezanim za prava LGBTI osoba te da podižu svijest o problemima sa kojim se one susreću. Imajući u vidu da najčešće izvještavaju za vrijeme parada ponosa ili pak kada se desi fizičko nasilje nad LGBTI osobama, smatramo da još uvijek ne shvataju važnost kontinuiranog izvještavanja i svoj doprinos u suzbijanju nasilja i podizanju svijesti o problemima LGBTI osoba u svakodnevnom životu. Iako iz godine u godinu raste broj objava u medijima, još uvijek postoji jako mali broj novinara i novinarki koji imaju istraživački pristup koji bi rezultirao kvalitetnijim prilozima/člancima. Budući da smo u 2016. godini počele pratiti i medijske objave vezane za interspolne osobe, važno nam je naglasiti da su mediji polako počeli izvještavati i o interspolnim osobama, nevidljivosti i problemima na koje one nailaze. Za sada su uglavnom u pitanju prenošenja saopštenja za javnost ili izvještavanja sa događaja koje je organizovao Sarajevski otvoreni centar, ali se nadamo da će se novinari_ke u 2017. godini baviti više i pitanjem prava interspolnih osoba. Pozdravljamo činjenicu da mediji prate i izvještavaju o aktivnostima organizacija civilnog društva koje se bave pravima LGBTI osoba. I ovom analizom je potvrđena hipoteza da je veća vidljivost aktivističkih organizacija, aktivista_kinja i LGBTI osoba preduslov veće vidljivosti LGBTI tema u medijima, čime se dodatno potcrtava važnost novinarske odgovornosti, etike i profesionalnosti, jer bi izvještavanje trebalo da afirmiše građansku hrabrost ovih javnih istupanja.

Two Cinematic Portrayals of Teachers: John Keating in Dead Poets Society and Terence Fletcher in Whiplash

Author(s): Kaja Zabłocka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper is devoted to two selected teacher figures appearing in American film. John Keating (Dead Poets Society) and Terence Fletcher (Whiplash) are going to be analyzed with regard to their beliefs, their methods, and their impact on students. The introduction refers to the prevailing cinematic image of teachers as heroes who inspire and support their students. Another feature common for many onscreen teachers, including Keating and Fletcher, is their being based on real-life figures. The first section describes Keating’s and Fletcher’s beliefs influencing their work. Keating believes his role is to build students’ confidence, make them feel they can change the world, and convince them they should seize the opportunities life provides them with. Fletcher is in favor of the view that students should not be praised, but pushed to their limits for the sake of results. The next part deals with the differences in Keating’s and Fletcher’s methodologies. Keating aims at replacing a traditional approach to education with demonstration and involving students in practical activities. For Fletcher, maintaining a sense of threat in his students is the key to motivating them. Finally, the analysis turns to Keating’s and Fletcher’s impact on their students. Keating’s teaching makes his students pursue new interests or manage their personal matters effectively. Fletcher’s influence is best reflected by his students’ anxiety, exhaustion, and – in some cases – the increased drive to practice.

From “Paddies” to “Spics”: The Comparison between the Contemporary Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric in American Media and the Anti-Irish one in the 19th Century

Author(s): Małgorzata Furgacz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The animated debate surrounding an apparent migrant problem of the Western world, manifesting itself in either the immigration crisis in Europe or the progressing tendencies to isolationism both in Europe and in the United States of America, provides a good case to investigate the media representation of immigrants in the American context. The sometimes biased portrayal of immigrant communities in the contemporary American media, especially those with right-wing inclination, has been given a higher profile in the U.S. public discourse and bears a striking resemblance to the anti-Irish sentiment and press coverage that dominated in the U.S. in the 19th century. It is in the purview of the following paper to examine the media rhetoric and representation strategies that were used at that time and that are harnessed currently. The idea warrants discussion since the United States also prides itself for its multicultural and multiethnic heritage, which proves to highlight the polarized public opinion. In the author’s estimation, the anti-immigrant attitudes are a recurring theme in the American culture and have always divided the public.

Sad and Rabid Puppies: Politicization of the Hugo Award Nomination Procedure

Author(s): Anna Oleszczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Originally a conservative genre, in the second half of the twentieth century, science fiction (sf) became a discourse whose progressive presentation of virtually all controversial political issues and critical questioning of the political status quo have remained unmatched in the so-called popular culture, among others. There is no other literary convention that so boldly challenges such issues as racism, sexism, social justice, and ecological devastation. However, the progressive stance of many science fiction writers, editors, and readers has been, in recent years, challenged by loose coalitions of groups calling themselves Sad Puppies and Rabid Puppies, who have acted against what they perceive as the repression of more traditional voices in science fiction communities. The paper will seek to explore recent political shifts within the science fiction fandom, with regard to oppression involving gender, class, race, and ethnicity. I will provide an account of the fandom’s political tensions, disentangle some of the convoluted discussions that have taken place across blogs, Twitter accounts, and Facebook pages of those involved in these debates, and specifically address the controversies related to the 2014 and 2015 Hugo Awards. I will also attempt to illuminate the violent conservative backlash that the aforementioned groups launched against the perceived political correctness and repression of certain viewpoints within sf communities.