Is normal science good science?

Author(s): Adrianna Kępińska / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2015

“Normal science” is a concept introduced by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). In Kuhn’s view, normal science means “puzzle solving”, solving problems within the paradigm—framework most successful in solving current major scienti c problems—rather than producing major novelties. This paper examines Kuhnian and Popperian accounts of normal science and their criticisms to assess if normal science is good. The advanta- ge of normal science according to Kuhn was “psychological”: subjective satis- faction from successful “puzzle solving”. Popper argues for an “intellectual” science, one that consistently refutes conjectures (hypotheses) and offers new ideas rather than focus on personal advantages. His account is criticized as too impersonal and idealistic. Feyerabend’s perspective seems more balanced; he argues for a community that would introduce new ideas, defend old ones, and enable scientists to develop in line with their subjective preferences. The paper concludes that normal science has no one clear-cut set of criteria encompassing its meaning and enabling clear assessment.

Monarchia - archaiczna czy naturalna forma rządów

Author(s): Karol Petryszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

The text presents an analysis of history and anthropology. The defended and argued thesis is: the monarchy is a natural human form of government. The data presented from zoology also seem to confirm the stated thesis. The real monarchy has been compiled with the current European monarchies.

SPOŁECZNO-KULTUROWE WYOBRAŻENIA O MACIERZYŃSTWIE W RETROSPEKCJI HISTORYCZNEJ I WSPÓŁCZEŚNIE A REKONESANS BADAWCZY

Author(s): Anna Józefowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2017

In this paper, I have presented selected views about motherhood over the centuries, and I have highlighted several widely discussed, current issues concerning the maternal role of a woman. I made a review- reconnaissance research of historical sources, but also contemporary ones, on the border of cultural studies, cultural anthropology, gender studies, pedagogy and sociology. I asked myself, somewhat rhetorical, what it means to be a good and loving mother, realizing, that this type of thinking had origins in the eighteenth century, as well as that, it is an immeasurable question.

MUSIK – HUMANITÄT – ERZIEHUNG KARL HEINRICH EHRENFORTH ALS PÄDAGOGE, WISSENSCHAFTLER, THEOLOGE UND VERBANDSPOLITIKER

Author(s): Wilfried Gruhn / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2017

The main scientific and educational characteristics of Karl Heinrich Ehrenforth will be demonstrated based on his writings and political activities. Therefore, the article focuses on his philosophical foundation in cultural anthropology and phenomenology of life-world (lebensweltliche Phänomenologie). As a scholar and pedagogue he was always dedicated to the human (pupil) as well as the music. His thinking centered around the self-conception of music education based upon a bearing consensus about the fundamentals of cultural values in society. This attitude will be demonstrated by means of a brief analysis of his most influential publications such as the introduction and philosophical justification of the hermeneutic philosophy of understanding (Verstehen und Auslegen, 1971) and his seminal history book on music education (Geschichte der musikalischen Bildung, 2005) among others, and will be confirmed by his political involvement as president of the German Association of School Music (VDS) and his rootedness in Christian ethics. By this means, Ehrenforth appears as a scholar and educator who was grounded in humanistic intellectual history and became deeply influential on the after-war generation.

Reisetagebuch Breslau/Waldenburg Juli 2015

Author(s): Karl Heinrich Ehrenforth / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2017

Arról, hogy milyen ketrecbe tessékeljük színész barátainkat

Author(s): Ildikó Ungvári Zrínyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

In her essay Ildikó Ungvári Zrínyi analyses through the creative praxis and writings of Ukrainian director Andry Zholdak how the terms of animal and „becoming animal” appear in theatre, placing these terms in the broader context of the 20th and 21st century pedagogy of acting. The mentioned topic is elaborated through the critical analysis of the institutional construction of repertory theatre and directorial theatre.

ЕТИКА И РИМСКО ПРАВО В РАЗМИШЛЕНИЯТА НА ANTONIO ROSMINI

Author(s): Michele Indellicato / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The dialogue of the Italian philosopher Antonio Rosmini with the ancient world and in particular with Roman legal experience, clarifies the validity of Roman law, defined as "the pedagogue of legal thought." He emphasizes the honesty and justice with which the roman jurists exercise the ars iuris and draws attention to the inextricable link between morality and law, based on the metaphysical advantage of the personality, which he defines as a "valid right".

Wirtualna harfa Bacha

Author(s): Adriana Kretkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01 (36)/2018

In his projects, Alexander Chen (b. 1981) unites experiences as a programmer, designer, violist and indie rock musician. His Baroque.me is a virtual, audiovisual interpretation of canonical Prelude from Cello Suite No. 1 BWV 1007 by Johann Sebastian Bach. Like most of Chen’s projects, it is based on the code which he wrote in 2011. The fruit of the code is – in his own words – “a virtual string instrument”, “an interactive plucked instru-ment” or “an impossible harp” that is out of classification in terms of traditional typology of musical instru-ments. Grounded in mathematical fundamentals of musical string, it presents them in an attractive manner and unveils hidden geometrical beauty of well-known items.Baroque.me could seem to be too traditional, nostalgic and naive, lacking in deeply critical approach towards postmodern society and deeply attached to premodern understanding of beauty. Its user-friendly interface, ap-pearance typical for contemporary websites and elements of gaming suggest that Chen’s work is made just for entertainment. However, it is exquisitely interesting as an example of contemporary phenomenon, which Paul Elie called “reinventing Bach”. Baroque.me merges various layers of Bach reception: romantic, modern, and finally postmodern, which connects intimacy, entertainment and – characteristic for Bach himself – fascination of science and new technology. Two possible modes of contact with the Chen’s work, that is passive contempla-tion of the old masterpiece and/or (inter)active disruption of its harmony, can be associated with the ethos of the net artist who uses new technology to entertain people and provide intellectual reflection at the same time.

Falsification of Interpretive Hypotheses in the Humanities

Author(s): Joanna Klara Teske / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper reconsiders the possibility of applying the procedure of falsification, which consists in testing a theory by confronting hypotheses derived from the theory with empirical data, in the studies of culture, in particular when evaluating interpretive hypotheses. Falsification, to which, according to Popper and his followers, the natural sciences owe their success, is viewed with strong suspicion when the object of investigation is meanings and values rather than material phenomena. If by interpretation one understands reconstruction of the artefact’s meaning, obvious challenges when falsifying interpretive hypotheses include: the multiplicity, instability and ambiguity (indefiniteness or self-contradictory character) of meanings inherent in artefacts. All of this does not seem to exclude the possibility of identifying as misreadings interpretive hypotheses which clearly contradict relevant (non-contradictory) artefactual evidence. Falsification thus understood seems indispensable in educational contexts. At the same time, it must be admitted that in practice (as contrasted with the logical formula which underlies the procedure) falsification is inconclusive, and the application of the procedure is further complicated when meanings and values are the object of research. This is one of the reasons why falsification in the humanities (as elsewhere) needs to be complemented by other epistemic procedures while the status of literary studies or history of philosophy might best be perceived as partly cognitive (and in so far as the research conducted in these disciplines is empirically testable, also scientific) and partly creative (artistic).

Niezdaniowe akty mowy: między elipsą a niewzbogaconą usytuowaną illokucją

Author(s): Joanna Odrowąż-Sypniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

In this paper, I analyse the standpoint according to which alleged subsentential speech acts are in fact ellipses. I argue that extralinguistic context usually does not determine unique linguistic expression which could be regarded as the elided fragment. Next, I critically examine the view which regards subsentential utterances as unenriched situated illocutions and claim that it is not adequate, since it does not satisfactorily explain why such acts are successful. Finally, I propose a pragmatics-oriented view based on Recanati’s moderate relativism. Contrary to Recanati, I postulate unarticulated constituents in the content of subsentential utterances. I argue that this view can disarm the objection from case-matching which is one of the most powerful objections against all pragmatics-oriented views.

The Course Structure, Learning Materials and Tools for Reading Classical Texts and Authors in Contemporary World

Author(s): Miftari Vehbi / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

Reading classical texts and authors, whose language is not fully understandable by the children, has become a big teacher’s challenge. The decline of literary reading and the lack of focus in the subject and idea of the text, interrelated to the early culture / identity, influences the lack of reading of the classical books and authors. Therefore, they do not fulfil the principal aims and competencies required by the Pre-University Curriculum Framework. Our article analyses the Curriculum Framework and language and literature course structure. The article concludes that students tend to read classical works more easily if they are offered in abridged versions or with a support of technology. Collections of works and complementary book contents with digital content is the tendency that schools have to accept in the digital era we are living.

Food education: factors involved in food selection

Author(s): Mădălina Iuga / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

There are many factors influencing a food product selection, even if the most known is health benefits. This study describes the effect size of nine factors such as health, mood, convenience, sensory quality, ingredients, price, energetic value, familiarity and ethical aspects. The most important aspect of each factor was also determinated. A questionnaire was applied on a sample of 95 persons aged between 16 and more than 60 years. The summary statistics and the correlation (r>0,2) were applied using Data Analysis pacgake. The results showed that health benefits and the ingredients have the greatest influence, while the convenience and the energetic value were considered as beeing less important in food choice. The well-being, the taste, the natural ingredients, the good price ratio, the low fat content, the eco-friendly package, the fact that the food product can be bought from shops near their house and people ate it before have a strong contribution in food selection. So, it is important to take all these factors into account when we talk about food aducation and food practices.

Distance Education for all Ages in Romania

Author(s): Elena-Maria Emandi / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

Both society as a whole and each of its members have to be prepared for the changes caused by continuous evolvement of knowledge. Alongside with the traditional forms of education, distance education represents the chance people of all ages have to learn in order to have a better chance to adapt to the ever-changing society.

Educational Communication Skills

Author(s): Cornelia Cojocariu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

In this paper I presented some issues related to communication problems between teacher and student. Nowadays, all areas of life, the whole cultural universe, revolve around communication, making it a vast and exciting field of reflection, studies and achievements. The education permanently expands its area of coverage but its center will be always communication. Educational communication can cause a complex dialogue, a psychological and social process which can influence behaviors, beliefs and motivations. Communication and harmonious relationship with others are focused on the development and training objectives education, relationships with others are on the one hand a problem of communication, on the other hand a matter of the action. The quality of the educational process depends mainly on the quality of communicative processes established between educator and educated, educational outcomes are superior when the two interlocutors of the relationship have the opportunity to change roles.

Czy społeczeństwa doby płynnej nowoczesności są otwarte? Dwie wizje: Karl Popper i Zygmunt Bauman

Author(s): Krzysztof Sielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Explaining Peronism of the years 1946-1955 through images of the time

Author(s): Puto Mimoza / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2018

Juan Domingo Perón remains one of the most important figures of Argentine´s history of the XX century. A former army colonel, Peron was elected 3 times as president of the republic through popular vote in 1946, 1951 and 1973. He did not come to power through a coup d´état, as usually happened with army generals in the Latin-American countries at that time. He was the founder of the Labour Party and of the peronist movement and together with his wife Eva Duarte introduced a series of revolutionary reforms aiming at improving the living standards of the workers, thus becoming soon a national myth. Nowadays, the peronist Partido Justicialista is in a deep crisis, but it still remains one of the main Argentinian political forces.

Keynes’s Psycho-Economic Law, Wages and Consumption

Author(s): Alexandru Trifu / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2018

We consider that a milestone of the economic thought is represented in the modern era by John Maynard Keynes. His "revolution" in the theory and practice of Economics has influenced decisively the capitalist economy for four decades of stability and prosperity, until the oil shocks from the 8th decade of the 20th century. Our intention is to link Keynes’ Theory of Income with the Happiness Economics in the world of today. to see and understand if the Keynesian theory and practice is still valid, both at macroeconomic level and, mainly, at the individual and household level. A general remark following the day-by-day life, the statistic data regarding the consumption, the economic good sense, is that people spend the money they get, but not all of it. If the particular intention is to get the right position (status), to reach happiness, or stability at the national economy level, it is needed the existence of Savings to ensure future investments and necessary purchases. The answer to the question is positive, both micro and macro level (the latter being an aggregate of the first one), taken into account the specific requirements and conditionalities of the analyzed law.

Science as a bridge. Science in action

Author(s): Aleksander Kobylarek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article deals with the concept of science in action. This is a method of conducting science in the interests of the local community and in collaboration with local institutions. Academic research is coupled with practice, with the common aim of solving specific social problems. Knowledge gained in this way enriches global achievements, and at the same time meets the needs of the community. The defining conditions of this process are respect and mutual acknowledgement among co-workers, partnership communication, co-operation focussed on effectiveness and the coupling of theory with practical research, as well as a full-scale diagnosis of the real problems in the institute.

Percepcja lęku przed śmiercią w kontekście Tanatopedagogicznej Relacyjnej Terapii Zastępczej – badania realizowane na terenie Włoch

Author(s): Józef Jan Binnebesel,Zbigniew Szczepan Formella / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49 (2)/2017

The paper includes an initial analysis of qualitative research, conducted in Italy in the years 2009–2014. It is a part of the author’s research programme, whose final outcomes will be published shortly. The subject of the study is the perception of fear of death in the context of Thanatopedagogical Relational Replacement Therapy. The present results of the research on the Italian population will be confronted with findings of the research in the Czech Republic, Ukraine and Poland. Preliminary analysis of the results shows that in some research areas, the Italian population differs significantly from the others.

Recensë e Enis Sulstarova, Arratisje Nga Lindja: Orientalizmi shqiptar nga Naimi te Kadareja

Author(s): Besnik Pula / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 2/2006

Review of: Enis Sulstarova "Arratisje Nga Lindja: Orientalizmi shqiptar nga Naimi te Kadareja"; by: Besnik Pula