We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The aim of this article is to highlight some developments in the writing of contemporary sagas in respect to their role in strengthening and perpetuating a discourse of power aimed at establishing the 13th-century incipient Icelandic aristocracy. The source we shall focus on, Þórður Kakali Sighvatsson’s saga (Þórðar saga kakala, translated as Saga of Þórðar the Stammerer/Cackler/Chatterer), was written during the second half of the 13th century by an unknown author and includes details on the life of the protagonist from the period 1242 to 1250. It is one of the fourteen sagas in the Sturlunga collection, probably assembled around the year 1300 by Þórðr Narfason.
More...
Obviously, the city of Arad is considered as Little Vienna and also the cradle of of the Great Union. Historical, literary, clergical and administrative personalities from various fields helped build and served a longing ideal, the Great Union. The press correctly highlighted the complex struggles of that time, and the literature mirrored the joy in form of lyrics or lines filled with a high emotional weight.Regardless of the quality of the concerns, the political leader, the journalist, the teachers – all played an important role that brought together form a Magna Charta of those historical times. Having the same importance, the following study presents several figures that come to join the important figures of those times.
More...
The present article presents in historical order the esthetical characteristics of the main architectural styles of the city of Prague: romanic, gothic, renaissance, baroque, classicism, empire, modernism and avantgardism. It is proven through concrete arguments, that Prague is an overlapping of historical and esthetical styles, which are quite general, but also specific, national, Czech.
More...
The X-ray fluorescence analyses of 19 harnesses pieces and 13 beads from Agighiol show that they were made from silver, gold and copper; some items include copper to strengthen the alloy and some phalerae were gilded and contain more gold in the protome. The X-ray fluorescence analyses of ten Histrian obols from the first stylistical and weight system (475-410 BC), plus three didrachmas and 26 obols of the second group (410-380 / 350 BC) show that they were made principally of silver. The earlier obols contain a higher percentage of copper and lead than the later obols; the copper and lead do not indicate an intentional alloying, but they belong to the process of extraction of silver from ores, because the silver was not purified. The phalerae and the beads differ from the coins in the proportions of gold and silver, differences that can be explained functionally and technologically: most of the phalerae were gilded, but the coins were made using pure silver. The coins and the phalerae differ with regard to trace elements, from example iron and bismuth, because of the different original ores from which the silver was extracted. The phalerae and coins could not have been cast using Histrian silver coins.
More...
The article aims to analyze the affirmation of the anabaptist religious identity and freedom in the conflict between the Ottomans and Christians in the 16th-17th centuries. The research will also tackles the factors that have led to a change in the axiology of radical Christians in the assessment of Islam and the Ottoman Empire. Thus, not only the political-religious context is decisive in changing the paradigm, but also fulfilling its own agenda, Anabaptist’s agenda. The analyze will also highlight the religious excesses that the Anabaptists have attracted to their public contempt.
More...
The arise, the increase and the spreading number of neoprotestant believers led to the need of State organization and recognition of them. This kneading can be observed in the inter-war period. This study collects for the first time, like a fan, the main stipulations who had targeted the neoprotestant denominations from the inter-war period and the antonescian period, wich we mention the two Constitutions (1923 and 1938), the denominations Law (1928) and many Ministerial decisions, to facilitate the future studies regarding the legislation from this period about the neoprotestant denominations and the sources where can be found this documents for a detailed investigation were made available to the researchers.
More...
The article presents the preliminary results of the archaeological and ethnographic explorations of the site with remains of salt exploitation from Gherla–Valea Sărată. The site is located at ca. 1800 m south-west of the city of Gherla, Romania, and covers the valley of a salt creek measuring ca. 3000 m (N–S) × 550 m (E–W). In the northern sector of the site, around a salt water basin that was recently developed, on a surface measuring ca. 70 m (N–S) × 60 m (E–W), there were identified and studied various archaeological remains: traces from structures of wooden poles and wattle, ceramic fragments and a stone axe. They date from the Neolithic or the Eneolithic, the early and middle Bronze Age, and the modern period. The discovered remains are, by most probabilities, related to the exploitation of the salt water. In the northern and central part of the site there are numerous cavities and earth mounds, as well as other soil irregularities of anthropic origin, for which it was not possible to advance a dating. The northern part of the site yielded several structures from the recent period: two roofed salt water wells with timber shafts, both recently re-developed using fresh and reclaimed timber. Across the entire site there are several salt springs with basic furnishings. In the northern and central part of the site there are several “scalde” — pools with basic furnishings used for treatments with salt water and mud, without any supervision from healthcare personnel. Near the largest of these “scalde”, there have been discovered fragments a wayside crucifix, specific to the area. It was most likely dedicated to the curative properties of the “salt place”. According to the interviewed denizens, the saline manifestations from Valea Sărată are exploited to a large extent in the traditional economy: for cooking and preserving human food and animal fodder, and in folk medicine. Also relevant is that Valea Sărată is one of the preferred grazing locations for sheep according to the local shepherds, who mentioned that animals particularly like the grass growing in saline soils. The brine from Valea Sărată is considered by the locals and inhabitants of the surrounding villages as “the best of the area”, so that people from multiple settlements around a 10 km radius come regularly to Valea Sărată for collecting brine and for bathing. The site has a high potential for more in-depth interdisciplinary research.
More...
The paper presents the physical, chemical and biological investigations, as well as a detail the process of restoration of a byzantine icon from Church of Saint Georgios in Ajloun, Jordan. Before establishing any treatment or maintenance procedures, it was necessary to obtain complete information about the components of the icon and its condition. Keeping in mind the original aesthetic aspect of the icon. In this effort an integrated analytical approach was used. In order to evaluate the icon’s components and degree of degradation, surface and bulk techniques were used. X-ray fluorescence using a Philips Minipal PW4025 spectrometer was used to identify the elemental composition of the preparation layer and background. For the chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was investigation was performed. The FTIR technique was also used to identify the media used in the application of the icon layers, as well as the type of varnish used to insulate the icon. The cleaning process is a key point in the conservation process although it is one of the most important aspects for an artwork and is considering a series of deteriorations and degradations. XRF results of the preparation layer sample revealed it consisted of Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), since it contains calcium (Ca) and Sulphate, analysis of red pigments showed that it was comprised of red-lead (Pb3O4). The overall efficiency of all conservation process including cleaning seems to be effective.
More...
In multidisciplinary communication, putting standardised lexicons into practice is essential in order to avoid problems such as terminological misinterpretations and ambiguity. Most standardised lexicons take English as a basis; however, in many cases Romance languages are not taken into account. In this work, lexicons for manufactured objects are presented in the main Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan) together with the seminal English lexicon. This multilingual lexicon is organised in the style of a traditional dictionary. It concerns either past or present, original or (contemporary or not) copied items, and is intended to help people active in any field in which manufactured objects may be involved, from museum pieces to factory-made items.
More...Instrumentele Patimilor în xilogravura de carte românească veche (sec. XVIII-XIX)
The instruments of Christ’s Passion appear in several woodcuts in the early Romanian Books. The religious books in which they are reproduced were published in the following centers: Râmnic, Iaşi, Blaj, Bucharest, Buda, Braşov, between 1706-1811. Most of these woodcuts were signed by remarkable craftsmen who are well known in the history of early Romanian graphics: Ioanichie Bakov, Ieremia Marcovici, Vlaicu, Petru Papavici Râmniceanu, Ioaniţiu Endrédi, Popa Costandin Râmniceanu, Stanciul Tipograf, Ioniţ Ion Voina. There are doubtless interferences between the graphic representation of the Passion and the images shown on the antimensions. Certainly, their source of inspiration comes from the Occident.
More...Activitatea tipografiei episcopale în documente de arhivă și cărți ale Bibliotecii Batthyaneum. Addenda la istoria fundației episcopului Ignác Batthyány (1741-1798). Pars prima
The study aims to elucidate some aspects regarding the functioning of a printing house known as Typis episcopalibus. Acquired and managed strategically by Bishop Ignác Batthyány, the printing house operated in Cluj and Alba Iulia for almost 15 years, using for printing even watermarked paper produced by the paper mill purchased for this purpose.Information on purchasing, infrastructure, work of the printers from the two departments, from the first part of the study, will be complemented in the second part of this study by data regarding the authors, editors, bold printing projects completed or failed by the bishop, followed by the presentation of the main books issued from the typography. The conclusions will focus on some aspects regarding the role and place of the printing house in the local and European production of books, determined by the political strategy of the institutions, but also by the bishop's Ignác Batthyány competence, himself author and editor, codicology and text expert; similarly, the role was determined by his macro-economic vision, materialized in patronage projects, the most important being the Institutum Batthyanianum.
More...CRAFTSMANSHIP AND COMMUNITY IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIAN BASIN DURING THE LATE IRON AGE (4TH – 3RD CENTURIES BC)
Scopul acestui articol este de a identifica statutul social şi economic al diferitelor categorii de artizani în cadrul comunităţilor rurale din estul Bazinului Carpatic pe parcursul sec. IV-III a.Chr., precum şi relaţiile stabilite între meşteri şi categoriile de consumatori. Comunităţile rurale din zona în discuţie au cunoscut un anumit grad de ierarhizare socială şi o competiţie economică şi socială. Aceasta din urmă a implicat comunităţi întregi, în care fiecare familie sau clan a avut tendinţa de a-şi exprima propria putere economică, socială şi politică utilizând un limbaj simbolic recunoscut de către toate părţile implicate, care presupuneau etalarea unor desirable goods şi a altor elemente de prestigiu.Ca urmare, elitele au simţit nevoia de a controla producţia de astfel de bunuri de prestigiu şi de a avea acces la artizani specializaţi, capabili să le ofere. Unii dintre aceşti meşteri erau locali, în timp ce alţii erau străini, din afara comunităţilor. Mobilitatea elitelor a determinat de asemenea mobilitatea unor artizani de prestigiu. Descoperirile din aşezări ilustrează existenţa unei alte categorii de meşteri specializaţi care aprovizionau regulat comunităţile rurale cu obiecte de larg consum. În sfârşit, secolul al III-lea a.Chr. a fost martorul apariţiei unui fenomen nou: concentrarea activităţilor meşteşugăreşti în mari centre specializate, aşa cum o demonstrează aşezarea de la Sajópetri din nord-estul Ungariei. Aceste fenomene anunţă transformările de esenţă în organizarea economică şi socială, care se vor produce în secolul următor şi care vor lua forma comunităţilor oppidane.
More...ARRIAN AND COLCHIS. SOME DATAS ABOUT THE RELIGION AND CULTURE OF COLCHIS IN THE EARLY 2ND CENTURY AD ACCORDING TO THE PERIPLUS BY FLAVIUS ARRIANUS
Articolul analizează Periplul Pontului Euxin (Περίπλους τοῦ Εὐξείνου Πόντου) scris de istoricul L. Flavius Arrianus (cca. 95 – cca. 175 cca. p. Chr). De fapt, acest articol este un raport militar atribuit împăratului Hadrian, care descrie teritoriul de la sud-est de Pontul Euxin. Pe lângă importanța sa deosebită ca sursă narativă despre istoria militară romană, această lucrare poate fi considerată o referință importantă despre mitologia și viața religioasă din regiunea Euxinului din sec. II p.Chr. Arrian, aristocrat sofisticat și de asemenea expert în tradițiile religioase greco-romane și autor anticar, a descris statuia zeței Phasiana (interpretată ca Rhea sau Magna Mater) la estuarul râului Phasis (astăzi Rioni, Georgia) precum și două ”ancore” ale navei Argo de la gura aceluiaşi râu. Periplul lui Arrian este o dovadă importantă ce evidențiază îmbinarea cultelor vechi indigene din sec. al II-lea p.Chr., Asia Minor, cu diferite straturi ale religiei grecești, combinate, de asemenea, cu noi caracteristici ale religiei romane.
More...MITHRAS IN APULUM – AN ICONOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY
În acest articol sunt analizate monumentele de artă mithraică aflate în colecția Muzeului Național al Unirii din Alba Iulia, în încercarea de a stabili un profil iconografic al lui Mithras la nivelul orașului Apulum și în territorium. E vorba în primul rând de 5 reliefuri de marmură de foarte bună calitate și cu un grad de conservare corespunzător; trei dintre ele sunt organizate în trei registre, celelalte două constând doar din scena tauroctoniei. Alte 4 reliefuri fragmentare ale tauroctoniei sunt prezentate rapid, urmate de 3 statui de calcar ale lui Mithras Petrogenitus și, doar ca mențiuni, de 6 monumente mithraice minore.Comunitatea mithraică din Apulum era foarte activă epigrafic și artistic în secolele II-III p.Chr. Aici sunt atestați cei mai mulți adoratori ai zeului din toată provincia Dacia cu excepția capitalei Sarmizegetusa, iar din comunitatea de la Apulum făcea parte singurul adorator de rang senatorial al zeului cunoscut din Dacia. Cele 18 monumente mithraice aflate azi în Muzeul de la Alba Iulia, un eșantion semnificativ al celor 50 de monumente mitraice sigure provenind din Apulum, sugerează că, deși cultul lui Mithras era cel mai popular din armata romană, comunitatea – din care cunoaștem cel puțin 30 de indivizi în Apulum - avea și o puternică dimensiune civilă. Mai mult, aceste monumente dovedesc remarcabila flexibilitate a artei provinciale în cadrul unei iconografii a cultului totuși standardizate la scara Imperiului.
More...
After a millennium of great fights religion brought into civil society for primacy and supremacy, there is now an outstanding time of peace, of deliberation, of mutual listening for all religious partisans; and it really doesn’t matter what are the premises that has created such environment of dialogue [I have spoken about these preconditions in another conference1, emphasizing on the role civil society has in negotiating the conditions religion(s) have to obey in order to remain at the social table of disputing people’s attention]. As a matter of fact, Religion(s) has to deal now – as they never did before – with a civil rule of getting along with all other religious manifestations, while developing internal leverages of mutual acceptance, a concept totally new and unprecedented. The concept is so new and often unbearable that members of any religious community are totally surprised by such steps and often resist to their heads who try to insinuate liberal practices and rules of acceptance of other religious beliefs. We cannot draw a genuine line of religiousness leading to errors and mistakes outdoors from a particular religion or denomination and leaving all other aside as wrong and ‘unwanted by gods’; how would we be certain and categorically about what god wants and how are his wishes to worship him? In the end, we have to see if there are such rational, moral, and theological prerequisites that give legitimacy to the functioning and free expression of the other religious factions, concurrent with the one in question; this is the main point of my paper here. I must state that this article has nothing to do with theological research of religion, but on an anthropological one.
More...