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“2016 marks the 120th anniversary of the Galician settlement of Trembowla in Canada, which is preserved at the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Historical Site and Museum (Provincial Heritage Site in Manitoba). This historical site and museum honours the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy celebrated in Canada in 1897, which was a beginning of religious life of Galician Ukrainians on the Canadian soil. This paper presents the historical background of this and other events, which were held in Trewla Historical Site, and have value not only for Manitoba but also for the all Galician Ukrainians in Canada. On the basis of the analysis of materials from the State Archive of Ternopil region and the Central state history archive of Ukraine in Lviv, peculiarities of the emigration from Trembowla (also known as Terebowla) county in Eastern Galicia at the end of the 19th century are discussed. The paper focuses on how Trembowla, one of the oldest colonies in Manitoba, was established. The first steps of religious and cultural life Galician Ukrainians in CanCanada: the first Ukrainian Catholic Liturgy for the pioneers; the first Ukrainian cross that was erected on Canadian soil, the Cross of Freedom; the first Ukrainian chapel that was built and blessed by Rev. N. Dmytriv are also discussed. Describing the exhibits of the Trembowla Cross of Freedom Museum, I argue that the Museum has a significant role to play in preserving Ukrainian historical and cultural heritage.
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In historical science, unlike the humanities, has no single methodology. Methodology of history is a complex on the content and forms of expression formation, characterized by various, sometimes conflicting approaches to the study of history. The first task of the methodology of history is the establishment of principles of "organization" of the material, its objective selection and understanding, and the basis of these principles is to determine the cognitive categories of subject and object of study. On the subject of research the very understanding of history depends, the choice of research methods and as a result, the establishment of historical truth. Any science is peculiar in its own subject of study, which is defined by its independence, uniqueness and peculiarities of a science; it differs from other systems of knowledge. But today in history this is a problem due to the fact that the historical discipline itself is not united, but rather broken up into many different directions. Considering the subject of a separate science, it should be borne in mind as science in general and its field of study that define themselves as its object (the object). Therefore, the theoretical position of the historian is largely determined by his own choice and independent creative development, depending on the current level of knowledge and the nature of the social environment. In other words, the very subject of science is a phenomenon caused by the historical stage of science that the quantitative side is characterized by accumulated empirical material, and of quality is the totality and the degree of elaboration of theoretical generalizations (theories, hypotheses, concepts, etc.) and the level of development methodology.
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Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich, a Russian scientist and thinker-materialist, creator of the physiological school, corresponding member, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the classic work, Reflexes of the Brain, he substantiated the reflex nature of conscious and unconscious activity, discovered the phenomena of central inhibition, summation in the nervous system, established the presence of rhythmic bioelectric processes in the central nervous system, and substantiated the importance of metabolic processes in the implementation of excitation. The works of Sechenov had a great influence on the development of natural science and the theory of knowledge.
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Morbidity, including seasonal and pandemic influenza, as well as acute respiratory viral infections not for the first time provokes a lot of risks both for social and for individual heath of people. That is why this epidemic( pandemic) process is both medical and acute social problem which develops new challenges for society. Nowadays, according to WHO (2009) epidemiology of pandemic virus infection (H1N1), shows that the highest incidence was observed among children and youth, and it shows a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from light untemperatured diseases of upper respiratory tract, including subfebrile flulike states, ending severe or even fatal complications, in most cases fast-progressive viral-bacterial pneumonia. Researchers from Mexico, led by Guillermo Dominguez-Cherit with the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas Nutricion Salvador Zubiran in the survey data analyzed 899 patients with a new influenza are treated from 24 March until June 1, 2009 intensive care patients was 58 (6.5%) , including 29 confirmed cases of infection with influenza A strain H1N1, 14 - and 15 probable – suspected. Researchers in Australia say that the course was characterized by the development of new flu severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and patients requiring hospitalization in intensive care and artificial ventilation (artificial pulmonary ventilation) with trans-membrane oxygenation. Next - research scientists in Brazil, the scientists have identified two of the most vulnerable age groups of patients: children under 5 years of age and 20-29 years. Lethal completed 11.2% of cases of acute PPC. During the epidemic of influenza in October and November 2009 in Ukraine, was clearly identified that physicians have dealt with the outbreak of seasonal influenza in combination with influenza A H1N1 This paper gives a review of references, dealing with international and domestic experience of fighting epidemic processes illustrated by H1N1 influenza, it consequences and complications.
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The article is a logical continuation of the research that reviewed the childhood and adolescence of the outstanding Ukrainian humorist Ostap Vyshnia in the previous magazine volume. The study is about the hard lot of the artist, who was condemned by the Soviet authorities for participating in mythical pro-Ukrainian organization (union). We collected and analyzed the facts of the author's mature life, his vision of the events at the time, and memories of friends and family. This period has defined the way everything happened in writer's life until his death. The totalitarian machine launched the terrible extermination mechanism of the Ukrainian intelligence and the elite. The artist was part of that target. Ukrainianization "revealed" all Ukrainian oriented intellectuals, "the upper crust". The authorities undertook to destroy Ukrainian nation. This period marked Vyshnia's establishment as an artist and formation of a set of specific only to him writer's qualities. To better understand the resonance of the times mentioned in the reresearch, one should know that Ostap Vyshnia's name was the second by importance after Taras Shevchenko for Ukrainian peasantry of that time. Certainly, this could only cause dissatisfaction of the government, that arrested the writer in the mourning year for Ukraine, 1933. December 25, 1933 the humorist was charged with counterrevolutionary activity and terrorism, including attempt to attack comrade Postyshev during the October demonstration, and was illegally repressed. December 26 1933 Ostap Vyshnia was arrested; February 23, 1934 the court has determined the sentence - the execution, and on March 3rd the decision has been changed to a decade of imprisonment. Only in 1955 (a year before his death) Ostap Vyshnia was officially rehabilitated by the judicial authorities. Camps significantly undermined the writer's health, but he did not leave literary work until the last days of his life.
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In the beginning of the XX century Russia goes through three revolutions rather belated, large-scaled and very bloody. Nevertheless, they do not manage to put the country on the road to democratic development. The democratic forces fail and then prevail those who lead the country to a regime - more dreadful and destructive than the autocracy.
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This article examines the educational policy of the Liberal Party which was in power in the studied period. The approach it follows is to teach the community and to increase vocational education at the expense of Humanitarian education. Special attention is paid to its attempts to create a new Public Education Act and the amendments to the university.
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During the elections to the First and the Second State Dumas of Russia in 1905-1907, volost and village assemblies, representing the peasant class self-government, had adopted sentences-orders, which were addressed to the Duma. The main requirement was the socialization of the land. The author considers that the movement of sentence showed that the peasant community members, using historical forms of protest against the landowners and local authority, appealed to the supreme power, waiting for favors from it, and used a legal channel to inform about their needs. The dispersal of the First and the Second Dumas by the government and the following attempts of dissolution of the community agriculture by P. Stolypin, gave an impulse to the revolutionization of the peasant self-government, which continued during the First World War and had tragic consequences for the Empire of the Romanovs when the February Revolution of 1917 started.
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The present paper deals with the contribution made by studies of Thracian veterans to the problem of tribal affiliation as reflected in their nomenclature. The topics discussed include: 1) the problem of tribal affiliations, and that not all veterans are given one, 2) the use of old Roman tribes such as Quirina, for instance, at a time when they did not exist any more, and 3) the problem of the ‘pseudo-tribe’. The latter is examined using examples that provide various exceptions to the rule that are discussed by G. Forni, and this reveals also some of the ways of how these pseudo-tribes were chosen by the veterans themselves.
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The historical development of humankind offers many examples of heroes and anti-heroes. Turning a person into a hero and the historical definition of a person as an anti-hero (traitor) are related to the attitude of societies towards a specific historical fact or event. It is also dictated by the need to point out examples to imitate and their antipodes. This article presents historical examples of transformations of a hero into a traitor within social ideas (Marshal Petain), of how a historical person ini¬tially identified as a traitor actually turns out to be a hero (Staufenberg), of the creation of false heroes that the author identifies as “the case of Achilles”. This article also provides examples of unquestionable heroism (Stefan Tcherkezov, Plamen Petkov) and unquestionable antiheroism (Nenko Terziiski). Simultaneously, in history there have been conflicting personalities whose place has been defined in relation to the ideas dominant in a society (G. Dimitrov), or in relation to the level of development of historical research (father Krastyo). Heroism is a product of mythologization, but is required as an example and a historical base. For heroes can only exist if there are antiheroes.
More...Observatorul Institutului Batthyánian invita Minerva. În jurul unei recenzii de epocă la Initia atronomica
The Roman Catholic Bishop of Transylvania, in late XVIIIth century, Ignatius Bátthyany, had great plans for the local cultural life, in Alba Iulia (Carlsburg, Alba Carolina). He transformed a former Trinitarian church into a multifunctional institution: library, astronomical observatory and typography, everything under a single roof. On 31 July 1798, he drawn up and made his testament, which would also play the role of a foundational act. According to it, the Bishop designated as first Director of the Institute, Anton Mártonfi, his disciple, and the first astronomer of the Institutum Astronomiae Theoreticae et practicae. The Bishop’s preoccupations with the astronomical sciences are reflected in his personal correspondence with some of the most important contemporary scholars: Baron Franz von Zach, Jerome Laland etc. Under pressure from the Bishop, Mártonfi published his first opus, one of 6 planned to be published in the later years (a plan never fulfilled), Initia Astronomica Speculae Batthyanianae. Being already known his intentions in the privileged circle of the European scholars, Bátthyany created great expectations in the scientific community. Mártonfi’s work should have been the first fruit of these efforts. Despite this, the work of Mártonfi did not receive great reviews at all, on the contrary. The most important critic of this work was Baron Franz von Zach, Director of the Astronomical Observatory in Gotha. The study analyses the review von Zach made and the fascinating intellectual background of his critical position on Initia.
More...Cercetarea unui Proscomisarion al bisericii din Bărbătești (arealul mănăstirii Bistrița)
The research focuses on a manuscript book, a Proscomisarion (list of founders) that has Pomelnice (Diptychs) collected together from the Bărbăteşti church (Vâlcea County); written along the 19th century, they are in the custody of the Valcea County Service of the National Archives (Diptych no. 17). These were made with the purpose of having in a solemn form the names of its founders and benefactors, and to be used in the divine offices. They are written in the "Cyrillic" alphabet with black ink and cinnabar and tempera colours for designing various frontispieces on every page.The manuscript consists four distinct parts: "Pisanie", "Preadoslovie", "Miromele mortilor" and "Pomelnicele", starting with the country's Rulers, the Chief Priests, the founders, priests, deacons, monks. It is decorated with miniatures in Byzantine-style, full-page illustrations with ochre border delimited by 2 lines drawn with black ink and iconographic frontispieces, phytomomorphic or represented by an Angel image that protects under his wings the title of the Diptych, followed by the donation associated to the Sanctuary (territories, money, religious books, vestments, religious precious objects) made with red ink. Under the title, the four columns, drawn in black ink, contain each member of the family, the initial name being done in cinnabar. They may be important historical sources for the Romanian political and social history of the Middle ages, as well as that of the 19th century. Summarizing the existing records, we can identify topographically the corresponding territorial area of the church, the mountain area, land of forests, the stretch of vineyard, lands with orchard, as well as copyists who written the manuscript, contemporaries with the Caligraphy and Miniaturistic School from Bistrița Olteană Monastery.
More...Contribuție la Bibliografia Românească Veche. Rânduiala panihidei familiei împărătești, Chișinău, 1818
The recent research on the old Romanian book with circulation in Bessarabia gave us the opportunity to confirm the presence of several book titles, printed in different centers in Romanian space and abroad. In the library of the Noul Neamt monastery I identified a book that is not known to the Romanian scientific environment. It is the [Чин о поминовении царской семьи] (Rite of commemoration of the imperial family), printed in Russian in the exarchal printing house from Chisinau, in 1818. The book does not have a title page and the year and place of its printing are at the end. The copy has a damaged cardboard cover. It presents 19 leafs, in quarto (20x16 cm). With black ink, on a column, with 18-20 rows per page. The text is framed by lines. From the old registrations we have established that the copy came to the library of the Noul Neamt Monastery after the resettlement of the monk owner from Condrita to Noul Neamt, or this monk from the Condrita hermitage had settled at the Suruceni monastery (these two monastic settlements being close geographically), and after the closing of the Suruceni monastery during the Soviet regime, some monks, along with a part of the inventory and the library, retired to Noul Neamt.
More...Autori de manuale din părțile sătmărene din secolul al XIX-lea
The article brings together intellectuals from Satu Mare, Romanian and Hungarians, either born in this area or with pedagogical or research concerns in this corner of the country, who have worked as teachers or translators from works of the classical Greek and Latin authors. We will also refer to many priests born in Satu Mare County, who have become professors especially appreciated at the famous "Schools of Beiuş".Among these social figures who have had among the multitude of preoccupations also the writing of textbooks, we recall:Grigore Maior (1715-1785), Greek-Catholic bishop. He was a teacher at the Blaj schools, where he worked on compiling a dictionary and organized the library.Sárváry Pál (1765-1846), Ph. D. in philosophy, professor at Debrecen, correspondent member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1832.Budai Ézsaiás (1766-1841), priest, writer, professor, philologist, bishop of the Reformed Church from across the Tisa. In 1794, he was a teacher of Latin, Greek and history at the Reformed College in Debrecen.Andrei Cosma (1843-1918), lawyer, contributed to the promotion of Romanian education and the writing of several didactic manuals.Bartók Gábor (1813-1877), Hungarian and Classical Language teacher, director of Satu Mare Reformed High School for ten years.Gyurits Antal (1819-1892) professor, notary of the Royal Table, stenographer, educator.Szénássy Sándor (1828-1872), teacher, professor, classical philologist.Iustin Popfiu (1841-1882), Greek Catholic priest, in 1874 became a liturgical professor at the Latin Seminary of Oradea and vice-rector of the Romanian Seminary.Augustin Lauran (1844-1912), Greek-Catholic lecturer, was the rector of the diocesan seminary and director of Oradea's Preparation.Csengeri János Ferencz (1856-1945), professor at the Department of Classical Philology of Cluj University since 1895. Since 1921, he had taught at the Ferencz József University of Science in Segedin. He published numerous volumes of translations, accompanied by notes, comments and explanations.Fodor Gyula (1864-?), Ph.D. in philosophy, Latin and Greek teacher, and stenography. Numerous papers published in the field of classical languages.Traian Fărcaş (1854-1926) and Ioan Fersigan (1861-1908), Greek-Catholic priests, both professors at Beius.Victor Borlan (1862-1931) professor at Beiuş, Greek Catholic priest.
More...Câteva manuale pentru educație și sănătate din prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea. Elemente de conținut
As a rule, textbook has a didactic character, being destined to the education of a certain degree. However, there are textbooks which do not especially address a certain form of education, which are constituted as true works of synthesis for certain domains and address especially to the adults. After the end of the Phanariot reigns, in the 19th century a higher Romanian education developed gradually in the quest for modernization, education supported by teachers, cultural figures of the time, members of the Romanian Academy who elaborated diverse books for children and adults, depending on the necessity and expertise. The Western textbooks were used a lot, preeminently the French ones, which were translated into Romanian beginning with the fourth decade of the 19th century. This study tackles some handbooks for education and health, especially destined to the adults, printed at Bucharest and Iassy, books which are kept in the collections of „Gavrilă Simion” Eco-Museum Research Institute of Tulcea. The proposed books are the following ones, three of them translated from French writers and two original signed by the teachers of the first obstetrics schools in the Romanian Countries, Iosef Sporer and Anastasie Fătu: Jeanne-Louise Campan, Pentru educația copiilor (For the education of children), Bucharest, 1839; A. Delavigne, Manual de filosofie lucrat după programa Universității de la Paris din 1840 (Philosophy handbook), Bucharest, 1846; François-Vincent Raspail, Manualul sănetății sau Medicina și Farmacia domestice (The health handbook or The domestic Medicine and Pharmaceutics), Bucharest, 1852; Iosef Sporer, Meșteșugul moșării pentru învățătura moașelor la Institutul Maternității din București (The art of obstetrics for teaching of the midwives at the Maternity Institute of Bucharest), Bucharest, 1839; Anastasie Fătu, Manual pentru învățetura moașelor (Handbook for the midwifes’ education), Iassy, 1852. Well-systematized content, scientific rigour, complexity and speciality of the compound or translated works are underlined by the content, form and valuable elements of the presented handbooks. The handbooks arrived at the museum of Tulcea by transfer from the Romanian Academy Library, purchase from second-hand bookshops or donation.
More...Contribuție la Bibliografia românească modernă: Abecedariu romanescu (Blaj, 1870)
The Reference Library „Bethlen Gábor” from Aiud occupies a special place among reference libraries from current Transylvania. Subordinated to the Reformed Eparchy of Transylvania, the library from Aiud houses numerous bibliophile assets on its shelves: manuscripts, incunabula, old printings. A special place is occupied by the Romanian books, both old and modern, a collection encompassing 28 titles (14 old printings and equally modern).Extremely interesting is the copy of Abecedar (Primer) printed in Blaj, in 1870, copy unidentified by specialised bibliographies and tackled in this study. The paper is a contribution to knowledge of the activity of the printing house in the service of the Greek-Catholic Church and schools from Blaj, in the second half of the XIXth century, but also to the cultural history of Transylvania from the remembered period.
More...Un episod trecut cu vederea din activitatea lui Ioan Bianu (1904)
The paper analyses the reception speech held by Ion Bianu, to the Romanian Academy, on 21st March (3rd April). The key of the speech on role of introduction of Romanian language in the Romanian Church, the informative and symbolic content of the speech allowed the author to establish the way by which through Ioan Bianu, his generation perceived the roles of culture in setting up the nation.The articulated and applied speech showed how the national, Romanian literature decisively contributed to establishing national culture. From the perspective of year 1904, Romanian literature both fed the national spirit and developed through books „the authentic culture”, the core of national character of states. History of old Romanian book offered, according to the generation that experienced the Great War, the essential elements drew on to establish the national Romanian state.
More...Articole și studii de biblioteconomie publicate în revista Glasul Bisericii între anii 1945-1989
During the Communist regime, the Orthodox theological press was suppressed by 90%, and the journals which survived were subjected to double censorship. The State Institutions dealing with religious censorship were: the Ministry/Department of Cults and the General Directorate for Press and Prints/The Press and Prints Committee. There was also an "internal" censorship, or self-censorship. The censorship of the Orthodox journals considered the following aspects: 1) the text itself; 2) printout; 3) share of paper; 4) printing and broadcast approvals. The Patriarch Justinian Marina (1948-1977) supported the appearance of new magazines (Ortodoxia, Mitropolia Olteniei, Mitropolia Banatului, Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei, Mitropolia Ardealului, Romanian Orthodox Church News) and reprinting of some old church magazines (Studii Teologice). He also supported authors who were forbidden by regime, clergy, theologians and/or lay people to publish articles in church magazines. Among the author bibliologists whose texts were published in the magazine Glasul Bisericii during the years 1955-1989 are: Alexandru Alexianu; Archimandrite Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania; Constantin Emil Bucescu; C. Cioroiu; Priest Gabriel Cocora; Ioana Cristache-Panait; Virgil Molin; Augustin Z. N. Pop; George Potra; Lucian Predescu; Aurelian Sacerdoţeanu; Dan Simonescu. Barbu Theodorescu. They published a number of 110 articles and bibliology studies in the theological journal Glasul Bisericii between 1955-1989.
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