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THE MAIN INFLUENCERS OF PUBLIC OPINION

Author(s): Marian Cepoi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter attempts to identify and characterize the main Moldovan opinion leaders, and link them to the political currents promoted by the main mass media channels. We classify the opinion leaders according to their political preferences, affiliations, and external orientation, supplemented by other personal history. A subjective look is taken at their lives and work experience, ideas they have promoted in the past, links with important people and organization, their interests, and other elements that can help to explain their actions in the public sphere. The chapter focuses separately on four groups: pro-government media and opinion leaders, non-Plahotniuc media and opinion leaders, promoters of Kremlin narratives, and emerging opinion leaders. According to our study, some of the most influential opinionmakers were Corneliu Ciurea, Serghei Ostaf, Veaceslav Ionita, Victor Gurau, and Alexandru Cauia, all of whom are linked to pro-Plahotniuc media and platforms.

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BRČKO DISTRIKT

Author(s): Lejla Lilić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Aneksom 2. Dejtonskog sporazuma Brčko Distrikt je definiran kao „jedinica lokalne samouprave koja je pod suverenitetom Bosne i Hercegovine“. Nedvojbeno je Brčko Distrikt još jedna u nizu posebnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, počev od njegovog nastanka pa do pitanja ustavnog statusa. Stoga će fokus ove teme biti položaj Brčko Distrikta u BiH, njegovo ustavno određenje i uopće analiza termina „teritorij sa posebnim statusom u sklopu BiH“. Poseban osvrt se može dati sada, osam godina od nastanka Distrikta, o ustrojstvu, funkcioniranju i budućnosti ovog nimalo običnog modela lokalne samouprave. Ipak je Brčko Distrikt „najbolja sredina u BiH jer nijedna nacionalna ili politička grupacija nema prevlast, već su upućene na zajednički rad i saradnju“ (Dr. Raffi Gregorian, supervizor za Brčko Distrikt).

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FEDERACIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Enis Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Rad daje strukturalni prikaz jednog entiteta u Bosni i Hercegovini – Federacije BiH. Dat je kratak historijski put nastanka ovog bosanskohercegovačkog entiteta uz teorijsko obrazlaganje i Washingtonskog i Daytonskog sporazuma. Kroz Ustav Federacije BiH prikazana je punoća i jedinstvo odnosa između zakonodavne, izvršne i sudske vlasti, te prikazani njeni glavni nositelji. Kroz ustavno rješenje koje predstavlja temeljni pravni akt kojim se uspostavlja pravni i društvenoekonomski poredak, deskriptivno je elaboriran i ustavni položaj, ustavno uređenje i organizacija vlasti. Nadležnost Federacije BiH i kantona kao federalnih jedinica je također iscrpno prikazana. Uz opisivanje postojećeg stanja, utvrđeni su i glavni problemi koji sprečavaju efikasno funkcioniranje Federacije BiH. Primjetno je da ovaj entitet ima vrlo složenu unutrašnju strukturu koja se, s obzirom na veličinu teritorije, rijetko susreće u komparativnome ustavnome pravu. Također je primjetno da je na Ustav Federacije BiH usvojeno preko stotinu amandmana od 1994. godine, što je posebno postalo aktualno nakon donošenja Odluke Ustavnoga suda Bosne i Hercegovine o konstitutivnosti naroda na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine iz 2000. godine. Na kraju su date osnovne informacije ustavnog i institucionalnog odnosa Federacije BiH i države Bosne i Hercegovine, te su prikazana rješenja koja bi doprinijela eventualnom poboljšavanju i unutrašnjeg i vanjskog funkcioniranja cijele Bosne i Hercegovine.

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The boom year

Author(s): Martin Vlachynský / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The year 2017 was supposed to be a dangerous one. There were elections planned in France, Germany and Catalonia. It was a key year for Brexit negotiations and the first year of President Donald Trump. Yet, it was a year of booming stock markets in United States, recovering economies across the EU, and a seemingly stabilized Chinese economy. At the peak, crypto-mania shook the world both of professional and hobby investors. The Visegrad Four has been not left out of this boom. In Slovakia, reports of new low-unemployment records became a standard part of monthly statistical reporting. The economy continues to grow, new investors keep coming, and the National Bank of Slovakia has been applying the brakes on the real estate market. However, it is not difficult to observe that there are several economic and political cans being kicked down the world’s street – especially in Europe.

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Настава географије на Београдском универзитету 1945–1960.

Author(s): Dragomir Bondžić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Teaching and research work in geography at the University of Belgrade had a long tradition and relied on the work of Jovan Cvijić at the end of the 19th and the early 20th century and his disciples and followers in the interwar period and during the first decades after the World War II. Apart from the need to overcome the war damage, new political and socio-economic circumstances resulting from the arrival of the Communist Party to power and the implementation of revolutionary changes had an important influence on the development of the geography teaching after the World War II. The new conditions, along with the steady progress of scientific knowledge, contributed to the frequent changes in curricula and teaching organization. The holders of the teaching and scientific research, international cooperation and the creation of new cadres of geography were still disciples of Jovan Cvijić (Borivoje Ž. Milojević 1885–1967, Petar Jovanović 1893–1957, Vojislav Radovanović 1894–1957, Sima Milojević 1894–1969) who by the end of the 50’s died or retired and were replaced by younger geographers. The life and work of teachers after the war was under the strict supervision of the party organization, which followed their positions and during the 50’s it even interfered in solving their personal conflicts.

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Nestala i ubijena lica u Autonomnoj Oblasti Krajina 1992. godine: osnovne demografske odlike, vreme i mesto incidenata

Author(s): Jakub Bijak,Ewa Tabeau / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

U ovom izveštaju nalaze se statistički podaci i analize u vezi s licima koja su 1992. godine u Autonomnoj oblasti Krajina (AOK) ubijena ili prijavljena kao nestala. Izveštaj je sačinilo Demografsko odeljenje pri Kancelariji tužioca za predmet Tužilac Međunarodnog suda protiv Radoslava Brđanina i Momira Talića, predmet br. IT-99-36-PT. Autori izveštaja koristili su tri izvora podataka o nestalim ili ubijenim licima: Spisak nestalih lica Međunarodnog komiteta Crvenog krsta (MKCK), Bazu podataka o ekshumacijama i Bazu podataka s potvrdama o smrti. Potonje dve baze podataka Kancelarija tužioca sačinila je za potrebe ovog predmeta, i to na osnovu dokumenata o ekshumacijama i potvrdama o smrti koje su izdali sudovi u Bosni. Identitet ljudi navedenih u tim dokumentima potvrđen je poređenjem imena i ličnih podataka, prema popisu stanovništva koji je vlada Jugoslavije sprovela 1991. godine. Osim toga, imena lica koja su navedena kao nestala ili mrtva upoređena su s biračkim spiskovima za izbore u Bosni 1997. i 1998. godine, kako bi se utvrdilo da niko ko je zapravo glasao na jednom od ovih izbora nije pogrešno zaveden kao nestao ili mrtav.

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Etnički sastav; interno raseljena lica i izbeglice iz osam opština u Herceg-Bosni; od 1991. do 1997-98.

Author(s): Ewa Tabeau,Marcin Żółtkowski,Jakub Bijak,Arve Hetland / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Ovaj izveštaj (u daljem tekstu: izveštaj o Herceg-Bosni) rezultat je rada Odeljenja za demografiju (DU) Tužilaštva (OTP) Međunarodnog krivičnog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ). Mi smo ga sastavili na zahtev tima Tužilaštva MKSJ koji radi na predmetu JADRANKO PRLIĆ i DR. (predmet br. IT-04-74-PT). Izveštaj sadrži demografske statističke podatke o etničkom sastavu stanovništva u osam odabranih opština u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i minimalne brojeve interno raseljenih lica i izbeglica iz tih opština na koje se odnosi predmet JADRANKO PRLIĆ i DR. (u daljem tekstu: opštine Herceg-Bosne), 1991. godine i 1997-98. godine. Pored te dve glavne vrste podataka, takođe dajemo približnu procenu ukupnih brojeva IRL-a /interno raseljenih lica/ i izbeglica za područje Herceg-Bosne, kao i sažeti statistički prikaz za celu Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Prilog A ovom izveštaju sadrži tabelarni pregled rezultata na opštinskom nivou (A1 do A5), dok Prilog B (B1 do B6) sadrži opis izvora podataka. U Prilogu C (C1 i C2) sažeto je opisana metodologija koja je korišćena u ovom istraživanju. Najzad, u Prilogu D (D1 do D4) navedene su profesionalne kvalifikacije autora.

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Ubistva i kretanje izbeglica na Kosovu od marta do juna 1999.

Author(s): Jana Dudukovich,Wendy Betts,Patrick Ball,Fritz Sheuren / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

U ovoj studiji pretstavljeni su rezultati analize statističkih obrazaca kretanja izbeglica i ubistava na Kosovu u periodu od marta do juna 1999. Podaci su dobijeni iz evidencije albanske pogranične policije u kojima su registrovana lica koja su ulazila u Albaniju preko sela Morina /Morinë/; razgovora koje su obavili Srednjoevropska i istočnoevropska pravna inicijativa Američke advokatske komore (ABA/CEELI) i njeni partneri; razgovora koje je obavio Human Rights Watch (HRW); razgovora koje je obavila Organizacija za evropsku bezbednost i saradnju (OEBS); te izveštaja o ekhumacijama koje su sproveli međunarodni timovi u ime Međunarodnog krivičnog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ). Ove analize se odnose na ukupni procenjeni broj ubistava i ukupni broj izbeglica koje su napustile svoje domove prema vremenu i mestu. Zaključak ovog izveštaja je da su se ubistva i kretanje izbeglica odvijali po pravilnom obrascu koji karakterišu tri faze. U svakoj fazi, nakon velikog broja ubistava i izbeglica usledio bi znatno manji broj ubistava i izbeglica. Ovi nalazi su potom korišćeni za procenu tri moguća objašnjenja za taj obrazac. - Aktivnosti Oslobodilačke vojske Kosova (OVK) motivisale su stanovnike Kosova da napuste svoje domove. - Vazdušni napadi od strane Organizacije severnoatlantskog pakta (Northern Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO) stvorili su lokalne uslove zbog kojih su stanovnici Kosova ubijani i zbog kojih su napuštali svoja ognjišta. - Sistematskom kampanjom jugoslovenskih snaga stanovnici Kosova proterani su iz svojih domova. - U ovoj studiji zaključeno je sledeće: - Obrasci, kako kretanja izbeglica tako i ubistava, imaju karakteristike koje ukazuju na postojanje spoljašnjeg uzroka. - Kretanje izbeglica i ubistva događali su se na istim mestima i u isto vreme, što implicira da su obe pojave imale zajednički uzrok. - Dve od hipoteza predloženih da bi se objasnili obrasci ubistava i migracije, aktivnosti OVK i NATO-a, ne odgovaraju uočenim obrascima kretanja izbeglica i ubistava. - Statistički dokazi potvrđuju hipotezu da su jugoslovenske snage sprovodile sistematsku kampanju ubijanja i proterivanja.

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Археологические признаки государственного межевания. Методическое значение южносибирской медиевистики

Author(s): Igor L. Kyzlasov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological and epigraphic sources allow to reveal external (state) and internal (administrative) borders between countries of the South Siberian region in the 6th—14th centuries. So, funerary sites with some Turkic sculptures, well distinguishable from similar objects of other Turkic people, seem to be an indicator of external borders of the First and Second East Turkic khaganates. Where they are absent, there was no Turkic domination. The northern border of the Uigur khaganate is noted by pise-walled fortresses and a 230 km long wall that connects them. Old Khakassia stone fortresses protecting passes in Western Sayan Mountains also show that borders of this country passed across ridges. But with expansion of the country from the second half of 9th century, the rivers became borders. It is evidenced by placement of military cemeteries of the ancient Khakass found on only the right coast of the Irtysh River. Two Mongol towns which had typical buildings for the Mongols, appear to be centers of two administrative districts. The old Khakassia family and personal heraldry is familiar to a series 9—10th centuries connected with marks in epitaphs and rocks, specified hereditary land use, outlining borders of possessions in Tuva and in Khakassia.

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Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв. Историко-географическая ситуация

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author reviews the current state of studies into Western Kazakhstan sites dated by 13th—14th centuries. The area under research is predominantly represented by sites belonging to the nomadic population of the Golden Horde. The paper describes features of historical and geographical location of funerary sites in Western Kazakhstan. Overall, the archaeological sites identified in Western Kazakhstan are a reflection of some general processes in Eurasian steppes generated by appearance of the consolidated Mongol state, and later by the Golden Horde, and manifested in the uniformity of features of material culture.

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Историческая география крымских территорий Генуэзской Газарии (1275—1475 гг.)

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article primarily focuses on the historical geography of the Crimean territories of the Genoese Gazaria. The Genoese Gazaria is the totality of the Genoese possessions on the lands of the Golden Horde, especially in the coastal areas of the Northern Black Sea, where the medieval toponym “Gazaria” was used to embrace the whole state of the Golden Horde. In general, there were no clear state borders in the Genoese Gazaria: those were coastal zones under the rule of the khans of the Golden Horde, where the Genoese would be given separate quarters in the cities and would enjoy autonomous rights, or would establish their settlements on the coast. The Crimean peninsula was an exception in this system, there the Genoese settled a whole system of cities and rural districts, with clear political and administrative borders. The domain of the Genoese on the Crimean peninsula developed into independent political and administrative system during a long and gradual process, which took a hundred years: from the origin of the main regional center in Caffa (around 1275) to 1387. The author addresses historical geography of the various administrative parts of the Genoese Gazaria on the Crimean peninsula: the rural district of Caffa, Consulates of Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo, and possessions on the Southern Coast of the Crimea, the Kerch Peninsula and the Tarkhankut Peninsula. He also analyzes findings of a study into the historical topography of the four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo.

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Природный ландшафт поселения Картал в эпоху энеолита

Author(s): Igor V. Bruyako / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author uses palynological data to offer a reconstruction of landscape and climate in the vicinity of the Eneolithic settlement of Kartal. The pollen section should be considered extremely valid, since it is made in buried soil. The period of the Bolgrad-Aldeni accounted for the climatic optimum of the Holocene. This fact has been repeatedly pointed out by experts. This warm and humid cycle of oceanic climate largely contributed to the development of agrarian cultures of the early Eneolithic. Termination of life in Kartal in the period of the Bolgrad-Aldeni and subsequent population gap, which falls on the second half of the VI Millennium (5500—5000 BP), based on available data, was not accompanied by any abrupt climatic fluctuations. However, by the time Cernavoda I population appeared in Kartal, the climatic situation had become much less comfortable than in the Gumelnita period. In the most general terms, we can talk about a much more continental climate, general aridity and, consequently, low humidity.

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Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development dynamics of archaeological monuments (hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises) of the Golden Horde period in the Volga Bulgaria territory is analyzed. The history of historical geography studies of the Golden-Horde Bolgar Ulus is examined. The archaeological research of the area revealed not less than 330 settlements, both fortified and unfortified. These data made it possible to determine the territory of the Bolgar Ulus, the topography of individual sites, and the historical context of their emergence and development. Particular attention is given to the necropolises of the nomads who had inhabited the Bolgar Ulus. The necropolises and the permanent settlements founded by this population helped to define the territory of their residence. A hypothesis of administrative division of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the period from the Mongol conquest and prior to the early 15th century is considered. It is argued that there had been a few administrative areas centered on major cities — Bolgar, Juketau, and Kazan. Besides, there had been a special territory inhabited by the nomadic population.

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Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.

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Przegląd sytuacji międzynarodowej – aspekty globalne i regionalne

Author(s): Roman Kuźniar / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the last dozen months we have seen a spectacular comeback of power politicsin international relations. It is partially caused by a crisis of democracy and of theinternational liberal order as well as by an increase of unilateralism in the policy ofbig states. At the same time, we note a peculiar pandemic of a petty tyrant type ofpoliticians who are power hungry and ready to change the political system of theircountry in order to extend their rule indefinitely. The trend has been accompanied bya dramatic decrease of moral standards in international politics. The trend of powerpolitics has been dictated by the US administration and enthusiastically followedby Russia and China, which feel in their natural element in it. The same has beennoted in the policy of a number of mid-size powers. The Middle East seems tobe a regional laboratory of this tendency, with the dangerous example of Saudi--Iranian confrontation. The new global political context means the risk of furthermarginalization of the European Union. Additionally, internal problems made theUnion even weaker. Macron’s and Merkel’s position has been put into question andturbulent Brexit damaged the energy and image of both the UK and the Community.Poland’s policy, marked by the rise of centrifugal nationalistic political forces, looksmore like part of the problem than the solution of the troubling European situation.

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The Making of Immigration Policies in Turkey: An analysis of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection Drafting Process

Author(s): Deniz Eroğlu Utku / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although Turkey has been an important immigration and asylum country (see Kale, 2005; Kaya, 2009, 2012; Kirisci, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2007) as well as a transit county (Sahin-Mencutek, 2012) in the region, the legal infrastructure to deal with the migration subject has been somewhat poor . This field has been governed by piecemeal legislations, and this lack of primary legislation, which covers both rights and responsibilities has been indicated as one of the reasons for decreasing the level of protection given to refugees and asylum seekers (Amnesty International, 2009). When we come to 2011, it is possible to see a remarkable development in the field of asylum seekers, although negotiations with the EU remained in deadlock. In 2011, The Law on Foreigners and International Protection in Turkey (No. 6458) was drafted and it was approved by Parliament on 4 April 2013.1 This was an innovative movement in the history of Turkish migration policies because it was the first comprehensive law to cover both foreigners and those who need international protection.

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The principle of non-refoulement a comparative analysis between Turkish national law and international refugee law

Author(s): Doğa Elçin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Non-refoulement is one of the fundamental principles of international refugee law (Pirjola, 2007:643; Farmer, 2008:5). Nonrefoulement is not expressed in abstract and general terms, but with specific and clear content (Pirjola, 2007: 639). In the most general sense, non- refoulement is a concept which prohibits States from returning a refugee or asylum seeker to territories where there is a risk that his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion (Lauterpacht & Bethlehem, 2003:89).

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Can Turks be Germans? - Symbolic Boundary Perception of Turkish Residents in Germany

Author(s): Nils Witte / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with immigrants’ perceived exclusion as an aspect of their naturalization intention. It demonstrates how immigrants perceive exclusion in different ways. The analysis draws on 13 in-depth interviews with Turkish permanent residents in the German city-state of Hamburg. The interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods study that investigates the role of symbolic boundaries in naturalization intentions of Turkish residents in Germany. The case of Turkish residents is relevant because they constitute the largest group of resident aliens in Germany (22% of foreign pop.) (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013a) and their naturalization rate is low compared to other third-country nationals. Their annual naturalization rate was barely 5% in the last 20 years, although the majority is eligible for German citizenship (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013b). Finally, the requirement to renounce their former passport makes an examination of symbolic aspects of citizenship particularly interesting.

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The role of Turkish community organisations in Berlin: Their role in Turkey-Germany and Turkey-European Union relations

Author(s): Selcen Öner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For a long time, German citizenship policies made it almost impossible for Turkish immigrants to naturalize and become part of the political community. This lack of formal opportunities led immigrants to develop a more civil society-orientated means of participation (Odmalm, 2009: 154). During the early to mid-1960s, they avoided organized political activity. But as temporary guest worker programmes led to settlement, Turkish immigrants started to express diverse political identities and engage in group activities. The internal divisions over goals and strategies weakened Turkish community’s potential (Ögelman, 2003: 166-167). By the 1980s, the Turkish network of organizations had become the broadest of all immigrant groups in Germany, although it was more polarized along political lines than any other ethnic group (Schoeneberg, 1985: 424).

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Negotiating identity and coping with urban space among young Kurdish migrants in Istanbul

Author(s): Karol Kaczorowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Many existing studies on Kurdish migration concentrate on displacement and expulsion experienced by Kurds in various parts of Kurdistan and especially between 1970 and 1999 in Turkey. However it can be observed that since the beginning of the twenty-first century migration have also played a substantial role in the mobility of Kurds, owing to stabilization in Southern Kurdistan (i.e. Autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq) and improvement of minority rights in Turkey due to the accession process with the EU, the economic and educational needs became more influential in the decisions of Kurdish migrants in twenty first century. To my best knowledge, it appears that there is a shortage of studies examining economic migration and new spatial movements of the Kurds in the twenty-first century Turkey.

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