Čedomir Antić i Nenad Kecmanović: Istorija Republike Srpske
Review of: Čedomir Antić i Nenad Kecmanović: Istorija Republike Srpske, Beograd: NIP Nedeljnik, treće izdanje, 2016.
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Review of: Čedomir Antić i Nenad Kecmanović: Istorija Republike Srpske, Beograd: NIP Nedeljnik, treće izdanje, 2016.
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The author is a Czech lecturer at the department of the military academy in Brno, using this article he wanted to point out to the local people the circumstances that prevailed in a part of Croatia from the year 1991 to 1995. He believes that the local public there is still not sufficiently informed about all the war events that the members of the Czech national minority experienced living in the area of today’s Bjelovar and part of the Požeška County. Within such a frame, a large part of Czechs was temporarily part of the „SAO west Slavonia“, although most of these areas were not occupied. The author of this text knows the situation in this area well. Recently he published a book about the Czech and Slovak participation in the Second World War, where he covered the combat path of the 1st Czechoslovak brigade „Jan Žižka z Trocnova“. For him, writing about the Domovinski (Homeland) War was more demanding even though the issue is closer to him because he was a part of the Czech battalion UNPROFOR stationed in Croatia. The position of the Czech minority in Serbia (Vojvodina) significantly differed from that in other areas in which members of the Czech minority lived at the time. The author wanted to avoid all dilemmas, so he focused on describing the war in the Daruvar area. The Daruvar area has always been a great example of good coexistence between people of different nationalities. The coexistence was accepted by the Czechs hence why they were equally surprised when they were attacked by their former friends and acquaintances. They did not want a war, it was imposed on them, they could not leave their rural households because they had nowhere to go. The way out was for the younger to join the Croatian military while the older, mostly barehanded, protected what their ancestors had provided for generations. The author did not forget to mention that since September of 1991, the Czech Republic had accepted over a thousand children from kindergarten to high school age and mothers with young children from Croatia. During the first semester, classes were organized for them. Among the students were not only members of the Czech nationality but also Croatian, Serbian, and other nationalities. The war took about 50 lives of the Czech minority members, which is a large percentage of their total population. They weren’t heroes but ordinary people and victims of war!
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Kad je o Gradačcu riječ, onda je malo reći da je to kapija Bosne i prvi bedem njene odbrane. Glas o tome stizao je nadaleko, još od samog početka, od 9. maja 1992. godine, kada je počeo rat u ovoj opštini – napadom na selo Tramošnicu iz četničkih jazbina u Slatini i Gajevima. Pošto se, prethodnih mjeseci, redovno išlo na druga ratišta, ratnim reporterima takođe zanimljiva, red na dolazak u Gradačac je došao ipak relativno kasno – tek 23. jula 1992. godine.
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I tako, Srbija je ponovo jedinstvena po nečemu. Ona nema samo jedan već dva anti-fašistička pokreta, a u budućnosti će možda imati i još po koji. A to je sve samo dokaz velikog idejnog bogatstva, šarolikosti, pravičnosti i demokratičnosti elite našeg naroda. Ta elita Srbe kandiduje za nagradu za naj-postmodernističkiju naciju, onu koja rehabilitacijom đenerala potvrđuje visok stepen postignutog pluralizma mišljenja.
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Studija slučaja „Španovica/Novo Selo/Španovica“ bavi se istraživanjem memorije o ratnim stradanjima i životu u ratu i miru u selu dvojnog imena: Španovica/Novo Selo, smještenom u blizini gradića Pakraca, tradicionalnog administrativnog i kulturnog središta zapadne Slavonije. Razdoblje koje studija obuhvaća relativno je dugo i traje od nastanka sela, 1886. unutar Austro-Ugarske Monarhije do danas. U tom razdoblju selo je prošlo kroz nekoliko masivnih povijesnih promjena: raspad Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, nastanak i nestanak tzv. prve Jugoslavije (Kraljevine Jugoslavije), kroz Drugi svjetski rat, novu socijalističku Jugoslaviju (SFRJ) i na kraju, rat u kojem se raspala i ta država. Selo je od 1991. godine u državnom kontinuitetu Republike Hrvatske.
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Od 59 mesta u britanskom parlamentu, koliko ide na poslanike iz Škotske, Škotska nacionalna partija (SNP) osvojila je 48 uzevši na nedavnim izborima nešto manje od polovine glasova izašlih birača – 45 odsto. To su anomalije jednokružnog većinskog sistema, koji, iz meni nepoznatih razloga, neki akteri iz opozicije ponovo traže da se uvede i u Srbiji, kao da smo sasvim zaboravili iskustvo iz decembra 1990, kada je SPS uzeo dve trećine parlamenta sa manje od pola glasova izašlih birača, u dvokružnom većinskom glasanju.
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U izdanju „Globusa” Zagreb izašla je 1986. godine knjiga Dušana Plenče „Kninska ratna vremena 1850 - 1946 (Knin - Drniš - Bukovica - Ravni kotari)”. О nioj su dosad svoju ocjenu dali recenzenti djela, a bilo je i polemike u dalmatinskoj štampi. U knjizi na nekoliko mjesta autor navodi i neke moje stavove о raznim pitanjima iz života naroda sjeverne Dalmacije, a kako isti nisu prezentirani kako treba to ukazujem na takva mjesta.
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Vojnoistorijski glasnik, izdanje Vojnoistorijskog instituta u Beogradu, u br. 1/84. objavio je referate s naučnog skupa na temu: „Strategijska prekretnica na jugoslovenskom ratištu - ratna 1943”, održanog decembra 1933. godine u Centru visokih vojnih škola ,,Maršal Tito” u Beogradu.
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Prvi partizani na Gorenjskem niso imeli organizirane zdravniške službe, med borci so se našli ljudje, ki so se nekoliko razumeli v dajanju prve pomoči in opravljali pretežno samo bolničarske posle, medtem ko so bili pri vseh večjih poškodbah navezani na zdravniško pomoč s terena. Zavedni zdravniki s terena so prihajali k ranjenim borcem in jim nudili strokovno pomoč, ki pa je imela to pomanjkljivost, da je bila večinoma samo enkratna in so bili nadaljnji negovalci predvsem civili, 'ki so ranjenca skrivali. Med borbo sem imel priložnost razgovarjati se z nekaj takimi ozdravelimi ranjenci, ki so opisovali nepopisno trpljenje za časa svojega zdravljenja. Predvsem mi je ostal v spominu ranjenec iz dražgoških borb, ki se je zatekel k nekemu kmetu v Selški dolini, ki mu je pripravil »bivališče« v gnoju pred hišo in kamor mu je dnevno skrivaj nosil hrano in zdravila. Mala odprtina ob glavi ranjenca je bil edini stik z zunanjim svetom. [...]
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Suđenje Vojislavu Šešelju je počelo dvodnevnom razmenom uvodnih reči tužiteljke Kristine Dal i optuženog. Ovi višesatni monolozi, čija je funkcija da najave tok procesa, naznače pozicije strana i osvetle njihove strategije, prikazani su naposletku na Drugom programu RTS-a. Prvog dana snimak je pratilo, kažu, pola miliona ljudi, drugog nešto manje od četiri stotine hiljada. Ukoliko su ove procene tačne, biće da je suđenje pred ekrane privuklo četiri puta više građana Srbije nego što je potpisalo zahtev za njegovo direktno prenošenje. Teško je reći koliko su gledaoci zaista bili zakovani za televizore, a gotovo je nemoguće proceniti šta su pri tom mislili, osećali i saznali. Izvesno je, međutim, da je Vojislav Šešelj, osokoljen ovom publikom, nastojao da odgovori njenim očekivanjima. "Ja se obraćam publici u Srbiji", eksplicirao je pred sam početak suđenja. "A Zapad me uopšte ne interesuje. Sa Zapada je kroz vekove samo zlo dolazilo Srbiji."
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Poslednjih godina u Evropi je učestala praksa donošenja zakona koji propisuju narative o prošlosti, kojima se uspostavljaju „zvanična sećanja“, navodno po uzoru na zakone o zabrani poricanja Holokausta. Međutim, ispostavilo se da se ova nova vrsta propisivanja ispravnog govora o prošlosti može iskoristiti za razne vrste „pranja istorije“ i nametanje jednog i jedinog odobrenog mišljenja. Tu spada i kontroverzna Rezolucija Evropskog parlamenta o evropskoj svesti i totalitarizmu, kojom su 2009. godine u isti paket stavljeni fašizam, nacizam i komunizam. Ovo je pokrenulo velike debate i čitav pokret istoričara pod nazivom Sloboda za istoriju. Najveća istoriografska imena okupila su se oko ideje da je svako propisivanje istorijskih narativa u suštini ograničavanje slobode naučnog istraživanja i nametanje trenutnih ideoloških opredeljenja, što je suprotno principima slobode misli i izražavanja.
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An account of a crime aimed at human lives inevitably suppress¬es a testimony on robbery, even if it was an armed robbery. Prob¬ably, that is the only explanation for an overwhelming absence of serious work on collecting the evidence and critical retrospect of the disappearance of property acquired by Serbs in Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia during the turbulent twentieth century. While there are hundreds of volumes published on genocide, with the tendency of permanent growth, when it comes to prop¬erty, there is – silence. It seems that the understanding of inevitability of this process has been widely accepted. The magnitude of this process is best illustrated by the proportion of ethnic Serbs in the population of Croatia: before the First World War, one in four inhabitants of Croatia was a Serb, while nowadays it is one in twenty-four, roughly estimated.
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Among the documents that directly link the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to the aggression against the Republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia are the minutes of the Supreme Defense Council (SEC) of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The content of these documents is incriminating for the FRY, because it blatantly shows and proves the participation of this state in aggression and the commission of crimes against humanity and international law committed in the territories of the former Yugoslav republics, after the declaration of their independence. The significance of these documents is shown by the designations “state secret” / “military secret” and “top secret” assigned to them. Minutes were kept of the work of the SEC sessions, which together with the materials for the discussion and stenographic notes represented the archival material. These documents unequivocally prove that Yugoslav Army (YA) officers who served in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the armed conflict received salaries and other benefits from the YA personnel center in Belgrade (30th Personnel Center). SEC records also show that the YA provided large- scale logistical assistance to the Republika Srpska Army (RSA) consisting of large quantities of infantry and artillery ammunition, fuel, spare parts, and in conducting training and providing expert assistance to conduct armed operations in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this paper, the aim is to use the method of analysis of documents – minutes from the sessions of the SEC to show and prove how the FR Yugoslavia and what type of activity carried out the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an independent and sovereign state. The scope of documentary material limits us to the processing of documents by periods, and in this text, we deal with the analysis of the minutes from 1992 and 1993.
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Review of: Željko Karaula, Političke prilike i Domovinski rat u Daruvaru (1990.–1995.) - kratki pregled, Matica hrvatska Daruvar, Daruvar, 2020.
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The article analyzes the Anglo-American bombardment of the city of Sarajevo and its surroundings from 1943 to 1945. Based on the original sources of local authorities and the press at the time, the author describes aerial attacks and reconstructs the events on the ground after the bombardment and points out how the organs of local civil protection, local authorities, and population reacted. Emphasis was placed on the implementation of the preventive protective measures (construction of a network of public shelters, blackouts of residences), material destruction, human tragedy and the repair of the damage that occurred. The considered aspects of air attacks on the town reflect the difficult destinies and social deviations (theft, rise of prices) in which the town dwellers lived during the Second World War.
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Sugovornici iz medija često pitaju koliko je ratnih zločina procesuirano. Možemo ponuditi različite odgovore iz različitih izvora, od najrelevantnijeg podatka iz baze Državnog odvjetništva do informacija koje prikupljaju različite organizacije civilnog društva. Podaci neizbježno ovise o razumijevanju što su ratni zločini, a što teške povrede ljudskih prava i nisu konačni. Nastavkom istraga i terenskih istraživanja organizacija za ljudska prava neki će krimeni, koji danas podliježu zastari, možda biti okvalificirani kao ratni zločini. Čak ako se to i ne dogodi, vrijedi imati na umu da nepravde i povrede ljudskih prava ostavljaju dubok trag. Posljedice za žrtve, njihove zajednice i društvo nisu tako drastične kao kod ratnih zločina, ali povrede kao što su deportacije, deložacije, miniranja kuća i gubitak posla svojim dugoročnim posljedicama obvezuju na reakciju institucija i društva. U recima koji slijede dat ću kratak prikaz nekih nedjela počinjenih tijekom rata i poraća 90-ih, koja su ostala bez sudskog epiloga. Neka među njima još uvijek nisu kvalificirana kao ratni zločini. Kad pravosudno procesuiranje izostane ili je presporo, stradali i njihovi najbliži često sami kreću u borbu za priznanje patnje, a katkad i uspijevaju pokrenuti nadležne institucije. U dugoj i neizvjesnoj pravnoj bitci podrška su im odvjetnici, mediji i organizacije za ljudska prava. Teške povrede ljudskih prava nikada nisu bile nevidljive. U javnosti se za većinu zločina počinjenih od 1991. - 1995. saznalo ubrzo nakon počinjenja jer su o njima izvještavali neovisni mediji, civilne inicijative i organizacije za ljudska prava. No s prolaskom vremena, sjećanja na neugodne činjenice su blijedjela pa su se zločinima krajem devedesetih bavile prije svega obitelji žrtava i organizacije za ljudska prava, a ne nadležne institucije. Obitelji ubijenih, nestalih i ranjenih, oni koji su preživjeli silovanje i druge oblike seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu ili su tijekom ili nakon rata umrli od posljedica rata, žrtve teških kršenja ljudskih prava, izbjeglice i prognanici, kao i društvo u cjelini, još uvijek očekuju pravdu.
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Unfortunately, there were couple of frightful examples which represent the synonym for this market in the city centre. Namely, citizens of Sarajevo will always remember the Markale market as the symbol of killing of great number of people in just one moment, as the symbol of extinguishing, human lives, those who had plenty to give to this city, those who could have participated in building of our future. We have partly depicted the way of interpretation of mass killing of citizens of Sarajevo in the period ot siege. We have tried to give the answer to the question: How massacres are being observed from today’s perspective? We may state, as a slashing fact, that identity is being built on the basis of speculations, ignorance, misinterpretation of events and wrongly upbringing of future generations by some people from the area of the former Yugoslavia.
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In order to take control of the entire Prijedor Municipality, Serbian military and police forces conducted attacks on areas in which Bosniaks or Croats were the majority population. Thus, Kozarac and its surroundings were attacked on 24 May 1992, soon followed by the Ljubija area. From 24 to 26 May 1992, the Serbian authorities formed the camps Omarska, Keraterm, and Trnopolje as well as several other places of internment. Captive Bosniaks and Croats from the city and municipality of Prijedor were brought and imprisoned there. The municipality was completely conquered in the second half of July 1992, when the Bosniak and Croat villages on the left bank of the Sana were attacked. According to data gathered thus far, 3,173 Bosniaks and Croats were killed on the territory of Prijedor Municipality.Victims of all the mentioned crimes included children and minors, killed exclusively due to their national or religious affiliation. In addition, many were subjected to imprisonment, expulsion, or other forms of crime. This paper is focused on the murders of 102 children and minors, based on records of missing and exhumed persons. The dates of their disappearances were recorded based on when their families reported them, which does not necessarily mean they were killed on those dates. The discovery of their remains during the exhumations and the fact that these bodies, and those that have yet to be exhumed, have been recorded in the database of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) are proof of the murders of said children and minors.
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The paper gives priority to the importance of cultural and historical heritage as a source of knowledge for any scientific research - under which dominant historiographical research is most often too simplistic. This type of sources on which historical truth is based has not been given adequate attention during and after the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such non-civilizational behaviors (authorities of all kinds and levels, institutions of culture and science, political centers of power, etc.) are contrary not only to the provisions of international, but also to the fragmented, legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the scientific interpretation of the causes and motives of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995), official documents of civilian and military authorities directly or indirectly involved in war events, committing numerous war crimes and genocide crimes, are fundamental sources for the historical elaboration of centuries-old hegemonic and aggressive Great Serbian policies towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially towards Bosniaks as the largest indigenous people. All other sources of information are also of great importance: testimonies of event participants, mass graves of victims, photos and videos of individuals, confessions of perpetrators of war crimes, videos and written records of the enormous suffering of cultural and historical heritage - especially those of Probosnian and Bosniak provenance , as well as all other types of evidence that are only partially preserved and partly stored in institutions of culture and science. This paper points to the need to protect, collect, preserve and use all sources of knowledge about war events, especially war crimes committed, as a first-class obligation of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina and all its administrative levels of government, academic and cultural and scientific institutions, respectively, each of her loyal citizens, because it is, among other things, their civilizing duty and obligation.
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The Homeland War is the most important event in the recent Croatian history. The Republic of Croatia succeeded in gaining its independence and sovereignty, following, however, having suffered vast human and material losses. As nineteen years have passed since the end of the War, it is of major importance for us to learn from historical facts, so that we may avoid making mistakes in future. Young generations, who have, luckily enough, not been affected by the Homeland War, ought to become familiarised with the course, results and consequences thereof. Therefore, a poll-based research was carried out in order to evaluate the eighth-grade-student knowledge of the Homeland War before this topic was to be studied in history classes. The poll was conducted in two primary schools in the Bjelovar area. Poor knowledge was shown locally, which however does not exclude the possibility that the general state is the same in Croatia on the whole. The paper discusses natural factors that should result in gaining a better knowledge of the Homeland War: the meaning of the War and its consequences; wartime events in the Bjelovar area; active participation of the inhabitants of this area in battles, as well as in military and police operations during the War; and the wide-range availability of information via modern means of communication. The paper further discusses probable causes for the established poor knowledge – it is possible that family and close surroundings; school; social institutions and organisations; and popular culture have failed in this respect. It is evident that teaching school children of the Homeland War is at all levels inadequate – both quantitatively and qualitatively – and that positive activities that have positive results in this regard should be continually conducted throughout Croatia.
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