Albanians and Their Neighbors: Unfinished Business

Author(s): / Language(s): English

On April 7 and 8, 2000, senior Albanian politicians from Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Montenegro met with leaders of the democratic opposition in Serbia and leaders of the Kosovar Serb community; other political leaders from Macedonia and Montenegro; and representatives from Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, the United States, the Council of Europe, the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, the OSCE, the European Union, NATO, and the United Nations. This unprecedented meeting, which was held in Budapest, Hungary, marked the start of a major initiative by the Project on Ethnic Relations on “Albanians and Their Neighbors.” It is aimed at maintaining a region-wide, high-level dialogue on the most explosive ethnic-political issue in Europe today. This report captures and records the main theme of this opening discussion: the conflicting hopes and fears of diverse ethnic communities during a period of rapid and often violent change in the Balkans. Three issues dominated the meeting: the current and future status of Kosovo and its impact on the politics of the region; interethnic arrangements in Montenegro and Macedonia and the relations of Albanians with the majority populations in those republics; and whether Albanian leaders in the region aspire to the creation of a “Greater Albania.”

Odnos Vrhovnog kasacionog suda i Ustavnog suda - konflikt koji i dalje traje

Author(s): Katarina Manojlović-Andrić / Language(s): Serbian

There is a long-standing conflict between the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court over constitutional appeals, which affects legal certainty and the equal protection of the rights of parties in judicial proceedings. Overcoming this dispute is possible within the existing normative solutions - by rectifying the actions of both courts. In order not to become a supreme court that reviews judicial decisions in the same way as regular instance courts do, the Constitutional Court must recourse to self-restraining when deciding on constitutional appeals. The Constitutional Court should only annual judicial decisions when the harmful consequences of unconstitutionality cannot be eradicated by reopening judicial proceedings. On the other hand, the Supreme Court of Cassation must execute the Constitutional Court’s decisions enacted on the constitutional appeals by applying the legal stances taken in those decisions, based on the principle stare decisis.

Aneks 4 Opšteg okvirnog sporazuma za mir i praksa federalizma

Author(s): Davor Trlin / Language(s): Bosnian

The effects of federalism are unclear: some papers find that federalism has strong positive effects on a number of legal, socio-politically and economically relevant variables, others find negative effects. The results often crucially hinge upon the proxies for federalism used. In this paper, we critically survey the existing theoretical and practical consequences of BiH federalism. There are general negative consequences of federalism that are found in BiH constitutional system also: different laws on many things, complex economic, specially tax system, blockage of federal policy by distinct cultures. In BiH all these negative effects were manifested to the level of rigidity and the prevent the country to be efficient and to achieve higher level of democratic capacity.

Ustavna aksiologija republikanizma i aktivitet parlamentarnih stranaka u Bosni i Hercegovini: kontradikcije, apologije i preporuke

Author(s): Elvis Fejzić / Language(s): Bosnian

Political axiology of Republicans has been continuously depreciated in post-Dayton political process. This process has been created and regulated by ethnocratic political representatives in accordance with their absolutist and monocratic ideology. The flawed Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is an outcome of the extorted peace agreement, that allows ethnocratic elites to achieve a hegemonic position and obtain incontrovertible political power. Thus, it is almost impossible to speak about democratic or legitimate nature of the Constitution, since it has not been created, proposed and adopted in accordance with normative rules of democratic procedure. Considering that several institutional opportunities for constitutional changes – that evidently were not a priority for ethnocratic political actors - have been exhausted, noninstitutional political activities and referendum democracy seem a rational choice and solution for designing, proposing and implementing constitutional changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. THE 2010 SENKAKU CRISIS

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The Senkaku Islands are a group of five uninhabited islands and three islets located in the East China Sea. They are under the administrative control of Japan, but are also claimed by China and Taiwan. The Senkaku Islands have both economic and military value, as there are rich fishing grounds in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding the Senkaku Islands, as well as significant oil and gas deposits. The islands are also of great geostrategic value, facilitating control over the East China Sea. In September 2010, a Chinese fishing trawler refused Japanese Coast Guard (JCG) requests to leave Senkaku territorial waters. After a stand-off, the trawler rammed two JCG vessels and after a 40 minute chase, the JCG boarded the Chinese trawler and arrested the 15-man crew and captain. The captain was later tried under Japanese domestic law. China initiated a range of hostile measures in response to the incident. In particular, China drastically curbed its rare earth elements (REE) exports to Japan, whose high-tech oriented economy is very dependent on REEs. As of 2009, Chinese supplies comprised 80 per cent of Japan’s demand for REEs. Short-term, China wanted to force Japan to immediately release the detained trawler captain; long-term, China wanted to demonstrate its ability to use a potent economic instrument which could be used as deterrent and as coercive measure or for punishment.

Çatişma ve Afetlerden Bariş İnşasina Giden Yolda Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Zümrüdüanka Kuşlari

Author(s): Füsun Özerdem / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Discriminatory gender norms and social structures are the basis of gender inequality and explain why women are made more vulnerable than men in many areas of life. In times of crisis, when family and social structures and institutions are disrupted or destroyed, gender norms may be affected and gender inequality increases. The struggle for gender equality is more prevalent in both developed and developing countries, but reports published by various institutions indicate that women and girls are affected worse than men when countries struggle with crises. Climate change and the socioeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, added to the effects of conflicts and natural disasters, further deepen gender inequalities, especially against women and girls. Sexual violence is another disturbing trend noted in United Nations (UN) reports. The UN Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 2023 Report notes that sexual violence continues to lead to both internal and cross-border displacement, with displaced and refugee women and girls facing higher risks. At least one in five female refugees has experienced sexual violence and its effects, including trauma, stigma, poverty, poor health and unwanted pregnancy. Although it is stated that the actual figures are “probably much higher” due to the difficulty of monitoring data and under-reporting of incidents, the report also highlights that “sexual violence is used as a war tactic.”There are many predictions that ensuring greater gender equality and including more women in leadership positions will reduce the likelihood of violent conflicts and will also greatly increase the possibility of peaceful resolution of existing conflicts. Research shows that countries with greater gender equality are more likely to resolve conflicts without violence and less likely to use military force to resolve international disputes. Concerted efforts to increase the number of women in conflict prevention, mediation and resolution efforts include UN Security Council Resolution 1325, adopted in October 2000, ensuring that women can improve outcomes in conflict prevention and peacebuilding.While this study reveals the situation of women affected by conflicts and disasters based on internationally accepted reports despite data limitations, it will also try to explain the effectiveness of women and girls rising from the ashes to prevent or stop conflict and subsequently build long-lasting peace, despite all difficulties.

Sweden’s policy of neutrality

Author(s): Jacob Westberg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I have been invited to speak about Sweden’s experience of neutrality and the present relevance of this policy. During the Cold War the Swedish policy of neutrality was officially described as a policy of great consistency, resting on a long and successful historical track-record. Most Swedes believed that this tradition of military non-alignment and neutrality begun already in the early 19th century and that Sweden was to be considered as a permanent neutral state. The fact that Sweden had managed to stay outside the wars in Europe in the 19th and 20th century was also accredited to this policy.

Finland - From a Buffer Zone to an EU member state

Author(s): Charly Salonius-Pasternak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

My presentation will be divided into three sections. In the beginning I will say a few words about the context for the development of the Finish concept of neutrality. Secondly, I will share some thoughts about the Finish experiences during the Cold War as they are relevant to today’s situation and the goal of this conference. And finally, I will speak about the Finnish experience in the last 20 years.

Analysis of The Terrorism As A Global Crisis: The Case of Türkiye (Pkk And Isis)

Author(s): Burak Şakir Şeker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the modern era, security issues have become the primary concern for all states. The increase in terrorism can be identified as the main reason why security has become such a pressing problem. Terrorism has complicated theoretical concepts and a deep historical background. It can be far more complex to define terrorism than it initially appears. One of the hardest things to deal with while addressing terrorism is the cliche: a terrorist to one guy is a freedom warrior to another. Before delving into the problem of defining terrorism, it is essential to acknowledge that every writer who has tackled this topic acknowledges the immense challenge involved. Additionally, some experts strive to avoid problems by keeping their definitions as brief as possible. Most terrorist organizations have different motivations for their activities. Many terrorists do not consider themselves as such. Even some governments define groups declared as terrorists by other states differently, looking at them from an alternative perspective. This article examines terrorism, its historical background, the identification of terrorists, and how Türkiye is affected by terrorism. Additionally, it explores the effects of terrorism on other states through Türkiye.

Reconstructing Counterintelligence Theory Through The Concepts of Risk And Threat: The Activities of Greek Secret Service Member Savas Kalenteridis in Türkiye

Author(s): Hasan Mesut Önder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Counterintelligence includes protecting state secrets, counter-espionage and countering covert / clandestine / subversive activities. In this respect, it can be said that a conceptualization that covers all functions of counterintelligence will pave the way for the development of descriptive theories. In its assessment of counterintelligence, the CIA emphasizes three conceptual foundations: information, action and organization. In order to develop a theory of counterintelligence, it is necessary to develop concept sets based on knowledge and action and to conceptualize in this context. Loch Johnson divides counterintelligence into security and counterespionage, classifying security as defensive and counterespionage as offensive. This classification focuses on the action dimension of counterintelligence and ignores the information that emerges as a result of counterintelligence activities.

Wars and Military Conflicts from a Biblical Point of View: A Pentecostal Perspective

Author(s): Alin Boloca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of wars and military conflicts is one of the most significant social challenges confronting humanity today. The establishment of the United Nations aimed to protect future generations from the consequences of warfare by maintaining international peace and security. Regrettably, whether we realize it or not, we are part of a violent world where war and armed conflict still permeate our world today, and the number of armed conflicts and wars is alarmingly high. War is a problem that has both old and new connotations. The studies conducted so far to establish the number of armed conflicts and wars differ from one researcher to another, but their numbers are very high. These conflicts are characterized by brief interludes of peace, significant direct and collateral casualties, substantial economic losses, and far-reaching consequences, leaving deep scars on those directly affected and their descendants (Jongman 2005, 2-3). This study endeavors to analyze the Christian perspective on war, addressing questions related to the attitude of Christian and Pentecostal believers toward contemporary and topical issues concerning war and armed conflicts.

Çatışma Bölgelerinde İnsani Boyut: Yardım ve Güvenlik

Author(s): Altun Altun / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Humanitarian aid in conflict zones has become one of the most significant elements of international politics in the establishment of security through the prevention of violence. Civilians living in these zones are exposed to humanitarian law violations, migration, poverty, and a set of threats experienced in access to basic services. In this context, humanitarian aid and humanitarian security may be considered two concepts that complement and support each other. While humanitarian aid facilitates humanitarian security by meeting the urgent needs of people, the ultimate goals of humanitarian security are the protection and prosperity of people. Security is among the main factors that determine relations on an international scale. The globalization process has led to the emergence of new threats and the transformation or aggravation of existing threats. The increase in the number of forms of threat, their transformation, and the need in the new world order established after the Cold War for a new security paradigm triggered the development of a new perspective in the field of security. Today, humanitarian security/individual safety is at the epicenter of security policies. While efforts to establish the framework continue in the academic and international spheres, at the same time, plans are designed regarding how humanitarian security can be achieved. Humanitarian crises in conflict zones are accepted as a global problem, and to solve this problem, international collaboration and coordination should be strengthened. This study examines the concepts of humanitarian aid and humanitarian security in detail and emphasizes the relationship between these concepts and their importance to the resolution of problems in conflict zones today.

7 Ekim Gazze-İsrail Savaşında İnsani Yardımların Sosyal Hizmet Disiplini Penceresinden İncelenmesi

Author(s): Sümeyra Turgut,Şirin Kiliçdoğan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Social work is a discipline based on human well-being, it deals with each individual who is a victim of war, determines the necessary humanitarian aid and needs at the best level and makes the necessary interventions. This study defines the humanitarian aid needed by civilians living in a war environment in terms of social work discipline. In particular, the inhumane war experienced by Gaza, which has been under heavy bombardment and massacre by Israel before the eyes of the world since October 7, 2023, and its historical background is explained. Before this war, the ‘Gaza Strip’, or the Gaza embargo, was imposed on Gaza by Israel. This embargo disrupts the vital needs of Gaza and causes them to experience many economic, social and psychological difficulties. In addition, the October 7 war, which was a massacre, created women, children, the elderly, the disabled and many disadvantaged groups in Gaza. Israel has been killing Gazan civilians, namely women, children and the elderly, indiscriminately since October 7 and turning their living spaces into; They are causing moral and material damage by bombing homes, schools, places of worship, hospitals and workplaces. Inevitably, Gaza has urgent humanitarian needs in the fields of nutrition, shelter and health. The humanitarian needs due to the humanitarian crises they experience as a result of this inhumane war are expressed in the light of social service discipline. The method of the research will be used as a document analysis technique from qualitative research methods. Document analysis includes the collection of research data from many different documents, reviewing them, questioning them within the framework of the research question, and finding, reading, taking notes, and evaluating sources. In addition, providing additional data, providing an additional perspective, and compensating for possible bias that a single data collection method may bring, all of which pave the way for increasing the reliability of the study. The importance of the research is that, while conducting a literature review, it was determined that there was no similar study and that there were deficiencies in the literature on this subject. This study will contribute to the literature by providing information in the field of war and social services and expressing humanitarian aid practices.

6 Şubat 2023 Depremlerinde Yemek ve Kültür: Türk Kızılay’ının Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Yeşim Arslanoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

It is a known fact that cultural sensitivity and respect for local values are indispensable requirements in disaster management and humanitarian aid processes. Following the earthquakes that deeply shook Turkey on February 6, 2023, the Turkish Red Crescent not only met the physiological needs of disaster victims with the nutrition services it provided in disaster areas, but also concretely demonstrated its deep respect for local food culture and the importance it attaches to people. Planning the food aid provided by the Turkish Red Crescent in disaster areas in line with the cultural habits of the local people has increased the effectiveness and acceptance of this aid, and has enabled the aid to create a stronger social bond and sense of belonging. For example, offering lavash bread instead of loaf bread in Hatay, which suits the taste of the local people, or including local chickpea dishes in the menu in Gaziantep are concrete examples that show that cultural sensitivity and the value given to people are at the forefront in the Turkish Red Crescent’s disaster aid strategies. Food provided during disasters goes beyond being a mere physical need, and also functions as a tool that strengthens social ties and reinforces cultural identity. By encouraging the preservation of local and traditional dishes in disaster areas, the Turkish Red Crescent has ensured the continuity of cultural heritage, strengthened social solidarity and post-disaster social harmony. In this context, humanitarian aid efforts carried out with cultural sensitivity have ensured a high level of satisfaction among local people regarding the necessity and effectiveness of aid, and have had positive effects on post-disaster social and psychological recovery processes. The Turkish Red Crescent’s humanitarian aid strategies based on cultural sensitivity in disaster management have not been limited to meeting only physiological needs, but have also been shaped by respect for human dignity and commitment to cultural heritage. This approach provides a model that can serve as an example for other humanitarian aid organizations, and demonstrates that the cultural context is of utmost importance in disaster aid. In this context, the Turkish Red Crescent’s humanitarian aid strategies serve as a guide for other organizations as a model that does not ignore cultural sensitivity during disasters.

Analiza seminara - Orodnjavanje ljudske bezbednosti – ka feminističko- antimilitarističkom pojmu bezbednosti

Author(s): Staša Zajović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Žene u mirovnim pregovorima

Author(s): Jelena Cakić,Gordana Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Podrška lokalnim inicijativama žena za izgradnju mira

Author(s): Jelena Cakić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Učešće žena u kreiranju strateških dokumenata iz oblasti odbrane i bezbednosti

Author(s): Jelena Cakić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Progrаmi reintegrаcije i rehаbilitаcije muškаrаcа i ženа koji su učestvovаli u oružаnim sukobimа

Author(s): Gordana Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Ljudska bezbednost u Strategiji nacionalne bezbednosti

Author(s): Gordana Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0