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TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terrorist attacks from 9/11 marked the return of the term barbarianconceived in civilizational terms and that of the sharp divide between barbarians and civilization in the forefront of political and international relations scholarly discourse with terrorists being portrayed as the new barbarians. This paper explores in its first section how journalists, academics and politicians linked terrorists with barbarians in the aftermath of the bringing down of the Twin Towers and to this purpose it indicates the connections then established between the Barbary War fought by the US at the beginning of the 19th century and the War on Terror launched by George Bush, pointing out how the linking of these two events was grounded on the evaluative use of the term civilization. In the second section it is described the present day standard of civilization by some landmarks of the beginning of the scholarly reflection of it and by identifying and specifying its constituents. The last section of the paper provides an explanation for the association made between terrorists and barbarians, arguing that some constituents of the contemporary standard of civilization operates as the assumption underpinning it.

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REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY

Author(s): Sebastian Popescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The evolution of computer systems and technologies, the data networks interconnections, has generated the need to deliver distributed and integrated services, which has irreversibly conducted to the emergence of cyberspace as a field of battle with further connotations as a war domain. The military actions in the cyberspace domain are not very strictly identified and treated in international laws and norms, well known as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) as the preoccupations of developing and internationally recognizing a set of regulations for the cybernetic domain are far from being decided, and the level of understanding and the knowledge within the military frame as considering the implications and application of LOAC for cyberspace is unclear. A complementary development is identified by the different levels of threat to computer security that generates a severity ofi mpact proportional to technical evolution and complexity. In this context, hacktivism, cyber crime,cyber espionage, cyber-terrorism and cyber-war are defined by the motivation, the actors and the targets for each of them, and are obviously related to the associated vulnerabilities.Cyber security is widely used term, whose definitions differ greatly and are often subjectively outlined. Thus, computer security involves the protection of computer networks and the information they include against penetration and against the impairment or interruption of data access. The same problem encounters the Navy in operating their informatics systems along the pursued sea operations.In the era of the information conflict, cyber-operations policies and the ship’s cybernetic systems’ availability are correlated with the Navy’s cybernetic capabilities and with the possibilities of using information associated with cybernetic scenarios applied by adverse forces.

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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU,Ecaterina Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study offers a perspective of the relation between activities specific to public diplomacy and the image of a state in international politics. In a more and more interdependent and complex world, the means of public diplomacy, perceived as a dialogue oriented towards engaging the public, can lead to a better understanding between peoples by bringing forth what unites them and by eliminating the discording factors. The means specific to soft power can be more effective in managing crises and international conflicts.

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DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Adrian Băncilă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Direct participation in hostilities is not limited to the personnel of the armed forces; as such, numerous dispositions of international military law refer to the possibility that civilians be attracted in the sphere of military operations. In this case the civilians lose their protection as civilians and eventually gain the protection reserved to war prisoners as combatants. Such civilians could include the persons that accompany the armed forces,without being a part of these forces (e.g. civilian military crew members, war correspondents,commercial navy or aviation crew members as well as the population which spontaneously takes up arms to repel an invading enemy). The ambiguity of the expression „direct participants to hostilities” as well as the apparition of new categories of combatants such as members of private military and security companies have led to the emergence of doctrinal and jurisprudential specifications in this field.

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KEY ELEMENTS REGARDING MILITARY MEDICAL PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION

Author(s): Ionuț Rădulescu,Mircea Udrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We consider that the Air Force’s best option to attract and retain flight medical personnel is by cultivating a reputation of excellence in all medical and medical related activities, aspect that should imply superior opportunities for professional instruction and development. This involves competitive pay and real opportunities for promotions, but also includes the provision of a rich and diverse clinical environment, meeting standards set by social-professional specific organizations, and establishing new higher standards derived from evidence based research. Because it requires a lot of competence and expertise, things that comes from experience and it is a valued Air Force asset, flight medical personnel is considered to be an elite army specialty.

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RISKS, THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES OF ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES

Author(s): Nicu Chirea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Black Sea, as the eastern border of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, represents, from a geopolitical point of view, a contact area of the interests of the Russian Federation with the Western world and Euro-Atlantic institutions. In the medium and long term, developments in the Black Sea security environment will continue to be dominated by complex change trends, with direct and indirect implications for Romania and implicitly for the Romanian Navy.

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STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN THE ARCTIC

Author(s): Florin Diaconu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Along the past few centuries, the Arctic has on several occasions been the scene for intense strategic competition and/or strategic conflict. First of all, in the Age of Great Geographic Discoveries, several competing European Powers poured a lot of resources into an effort aimed at finding the so-called Northwestern Passage. Later on, in both World Wars,the Arctic was an area used by some of the Western Powers to send arms and ammunition to Russia. In the context of the Cold War, both superpowers tried a lot to operate in and control the Arctic. Nowadays, in a dramatically changed environmental context, access to the Arctic is becoming easier than ever before, strongly boosting the strategic competition of the great powers in the region. Several important actors of the international arena are now trying to expand their presence in the region, aiming at least three major goals: strategic control of vitally important sea routes, strategic control of natural resources in the region, and blocking or containing the presence and actions of their strategic competitors.

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SEPARATIST STATE FORMATIONS WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RECOGNITION: INSTRUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE

Author(s): Aurelian Lavric / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Separatist states without international community recognition could be considered a threat to regional and international security, challenging the international order established after the Second World War and in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act. They are an expression of the tendencies of revising the international system as, first and foremost through separatism, they undermine territorial integrity, the national security of the states they want to separate from and that face certain vulnerabilities. Analysing the list of these states, it can be noticed that they are geopolitical entities; they cannot exist without the support of some strong actors, which use them in their geopolitical games (hybrid wars). A hybrid war is part of a geopolitical game, whereby a regional power realizes its interests in a region.Such formations can survive as political entities only receiving the political, financial,logistical (military) support of a regional or global power, in exchange being tools to exert the influence of the supportive power. They survive if this is in the interest of a regional or global power.

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YEMENI HOUTHI - INSURGENT OR TERRORIST MOVEMENT?

Author(s): Mirela Atanasiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Middle East, a series of armed non-state actors are playing increasingly changing role in the political and security dynamics of the states. Since 1990, Houthi rebels are acting as religious-based political-military movement supported by Iran, presently controlling part of northern Yemen and fighting against the governmental forces by using insurgency tactics. In the late years, there are some discussions at the international security community level related to the shifts in promoted ideology and used tactics of Houthi rebels as insurgent movement. The most recent comes from the US administration considering designating Houthis among the terrorist groups based on the shifts in Houthis ideology and actions. Thus, the paper is intended to be a theoretical case study limited at asking some questions: What background could have led to the discussions concerning the shift of Houthi group from an insurgent to a terrorist movement? What drove US administration to think of including Houthi movement in the terrorist groups’ category? How can be categorized the Houthi group from the International humanitarian law perspective, given the actual status quo of Yemen? Which could be the potential changes in the security situation of Yemen if Houthi movement will be categorized as terrorist?

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THE ROLE, OBJECTIVES AND MILITARY BASES OF THE STATE ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR (2011-2019)

Author(s): Cătălin Alin Costea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyse the military involvement of state actors in Syria’s Civil War between 2011-2019, focusing on the role and their objectives in the field. After the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Iran, Russia, United States, Turkey, China, France and United Kingdom sent troops on the ground in Syria to support different sides in the conflict.Besides this, the states mentioned above supported military and financially either the rebels or Assad. This kind of involvement is known in specialized language as proxy war. As a result,Syria was divided into three zones of influence and complicated even more the situation due to the different interests of the state actors involved. The article aims to identify the foreign military bases located in Syria and to analyse the role and objectives of the state actors involved in the conflict.

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ISIS AND WOMEN

Author(s): Raluca Codruţa Luţai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The status of the woman in the Islamic religion is very special. In the social sphere their status is minimal or almost non-existent. The terrorist organization known as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS, Dae’sh) has paid special attention to the woman’s status and roles in the society. This can be seen by analysing the group’s latest production, “Rumiyah” magazine.Women are considered an important part of the struggle the Islamic State is taking against“unbelievers”1. They are the ones who nurture and grow future soldiers and are responsible for taking care of the household. They can, at the will of their husbands, leave their homes and join military operations.

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CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Author(s): Ciprian Tudor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the imperatives of military doctrine is to conserve combat power or decisive action. Such conservation is aided through sound operations security (OPSEC) and protection against attack. Camouflage, concealment and Deception (CCD) is an essential part of operations, ranging from tactical to strategic levels. It must be integrated into METTTC analyses and the IPB process at all echelons. CCD is a primary consideration when planning OPSEC. The skillful use of CCD tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) is necessary if a combat formation is to conceal itself and survive. A general knowledge of CCDTTPs also allows friendly troops to recognize CCD when the enemy uses it. CCD degrades the effectiveness of enemy intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition(ISTAR) capabilities. Preventing detection impairs enemy efforts to assess friendly operational patterns, functions, and capabilities. Improved survivability from CCD is not restricted to combat operations. Benefits are also derived by denying an enemy the collection of information about friendly forces during peacetime, as well as in crisis and wartime.

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U.S. SPACE FORCE: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA

Author(s): Ulpia Elena BOTEZATU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Recently, outer space gained attention with President’s Trump creation of Space Force. However, the need for a centralized unit to protect American interests in the so-called“next war-fighting domain“ raises critical questions about the involvement and the positioning of other state actors on this matter, as well as on the ways in which NATO will react and incorporate space into their future strategies and operations. Consequently, this paper attempts to investigate the problematic of space warfighting capabilities in relation to Romania’s geopolitical posture. It argues that Romania should adopt a more assertive attitude, especially in the light of its fresh membership to the European Union Consortium of Space Surveillance and Tracking (EU_SST).

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION

Author(s): Meda UDROIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Cybersecurity for critical infrastructures was not a priority all the time. At the beginning the focus was on other aspects of critical infrastructures like physical reliability and redundancy. Nowadays, however with the fast-growing digital world and the multitude of threats continuously evolving, cybersecurity became a top priority. The first part of the paper will present the critical sectors of modern society, the cyber security problem and the interdependencies that are between critical infrastructures. The second part illustrates how critical infrastructures can be modeled and simulated in order to better understand them and discover unknown vulnerabilities. Finally, the third part will have as purpose to analyze the sources of vulnerabilities, and to bring in our attention two models for increasing cybersecurity in infrastructures, used in present.

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