LE FAIT NATIONAL AU SAHARA OCCIDENTAL

Author(s): Joana Apóstolo / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

This article analyses the Western Sahraouian nation from the perspective of its nationalist efforts, which, in derivative interaction with its enemies, rely on revolutionary cultural production. The cultural struggle supports, influences and constitutes the emancipatory political discourse, which for decades has manifested from beyond the claimed territory. In a post-colonial context, particular nuances frame this ideological confrontation, such as the consolidation and parallel mutation of the national identity and associated cultural production, in exile.

DISCOURS ET CONFLITS : LA CONSTRUCTION DE L’ARGUMENTATION DES ANTAGONISMES SOCIAUX AU CAMEROUN

Author(s): Louis-Marie Kakdeu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

This article answers the question of how social antagonisms are constructed in political discourse in Cameroon. He studies the types of arguments that emerge from the Discourse/Conflict dichotomy, and adopts a populist perspective that manifests in the articulation of meaning and identity (the We and the Not-We). By relying on three methods of data collection (participant observation, documentation and qualitative interview), it arrives at the result that the positioning of political opponents is materialized by the propensity to propel the articulation of their social identity.

IMMUNIZATION IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED AREA: THE CASE OF SIERRA LEONE AND NIGERIA

Author(s): Christelle Bitar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Conflict affects the institutions of health that help vaccination programs. This article addresses the complexity of immunization in the matrix of two African contexts: Sierra Leone and Nigeria. After introducing the subject, I will expose the factors that would explain the success or the failure of implementing vaccination measures. Then I will briefly synthesize the context of these two African countries by putting an emphasis on the vulnerability induced by the conflicts. Finally, I will make a case study of health challenges and responses in relation to the factors exposed in the first section of the article.

LES INITIATIVES DE REFORME DU SECTEUR DE LA SECURITE DE L’AMISOM : QUEL IMPACT SUR LA SECURITE DE LA SOMALIE ?

Author(s): Ladislas Nze Bekale / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

In the context of the post conflict reconstruction of the State in Somalia the AMISOM has undertaken the reform of the security sector. The African Union mission activities are mainly focused on the strengthening of the capacity of the national security and defense forces to enable these actors to take over the entire security of the country as soon as possible. Despite the engagement of the AMISOM forces terrorist groups are still very active, maintaining the country in a certain insecurity and uncertainty.

CONFLITS MILITARO POLITIQUES ET RECHERCHE DE LA PAIX PAR VOIE DIPLOMATIQUE: L’EXEMPLE DE L’ACCORD DE BANGUI (REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE)

Author(s): Narcisse Landry Kevis Kossi / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

The Central African Republic and since 2013, the theater of many conflicts military political. Poverty, nepotism, clientelism, ethnocentrism, bad governance is indexed as determining factors of theses recurring military political conflicts in Central African Republic. In the face of these shortcomings, the predominantly Muslim- dominated séléka rebel groups and the predominantly Christian Anti balaka are in perpetual confrontation. Threats have been made to split the country. Conflicts ended in a coup d’état against former President Francois Bozizé&, who was ousted by the leader of the séléka rebellion, Niche Djotodja, the first Muslim Central African President. However, to this day, the consequences of these conflicts continue to cause serious harm to the civilian population. Women have been raped houses, mosques and churches looted and ransacked, and so on. The objective of this article is to highlight the diplomatic channels used by the CAR to manage conflicts, in this case the Karthoum agreement signed in Bangui on February 6, 2019. Based on a “ bottom-up” systemic approach, this study has shown that the perceptions of Central Africans related to the peace agreement signed in Bangui vary from one individual to another and according to socio-professional category as a “ tool for peace “ or not.

AFRIQUE, ÉVOLUTION POLITIQUE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT: RÉSULTAT D’UN SYSTÈME À GÉOGRAPHIE VARIABLE

Author(s): Tchoudiba Bourdjolbo / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

This article analyses the political evolution of Africa and its development through a two-tier schema, on the one hand the image of a clearly advancing Africa, symbol of the new Eldorado, and on the other hand the observation of a system in crisis, the result of a trapped and maintained legacy, characteristic of an entity with variable geography that cannot be apprehended as a single block. A continent with rich potential, it has attracted rivalries since the dawn of time, rivalries that had led to its division in a balance of power dictated by the West. Slavery and colonialism remain the great shocks of its history. Decolonization had been decisive in its political evolution but very early on, the young States came up against harsh realities, spontaneously acquired independence, the consequences of which would influence their political and socio-economic development. It is true that the starting point was the same, but the political choice made by some States had enabled them to make a difference in terms of democracy and economic development, as in the case of Senegal. The authoritarianism established in some countries, such as Chad, had led to civil wars and coups d'état that blocked development. It was not until 1990 that the wind of democracy could blow over black Africa with the hope of a better future

RABELAIS, CE FRENCH DOCTOR. LES MÉDECINS-DIPLOMATES : UNE SINGULARITÉ FRANÇAISE

Author(s): Benoit Bavouset / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

The French doctors have gradually invested in the field of French diplomacy for 30 years in key positions: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador, director of the Crisis and Support Center. How did these doctors, coming from the humanitarian sector, succeed in making their way in a world as codified as diplomacy, what are their contributions, what are the challenges of this evolution and what filiation connects Rabelais, precursor of the realistic and satirical roman, diplomat-doctor in Rome in the XVIth century, to Bernard Kouchner, a person in the national media spotlight, Minister for Foreign Affairs (2007-2010), under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy?

AN IDEOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM

Author(s): Gabriel C. Gherasim / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The study of American nationalism is a tricky adventure, first because of its deep-seated inconsistency as a self-reliant ideology, and second, because of dispersed and random absorptions of its designations by various and often competing factions and policies. In the first case, it has been said that nationalism could stand as a clarifying description of other self-contained ideologies (e.g., national liberalism); on the other hand, due to its pervasively undetermined ideological contours, any investigation of nationalism results in irresolute paradoxes and baffling contradictions. Still, despite such hindrance, the ideological framing of nationalism might be achieved considering certain valuable traits which hint at its commonsensical profile. In keeping with historical, political and cultural development of nationalism in the United States, one could grasp its certain specific marks as an ideology in the concepts of identity and character, American Creed, Manifest Destiny, assimilationism, American System, messianism. The present study modestly attempts to cope with all the aforementioned traits of American nationalism in order to configure its plausible ideography.

Tłumacz umiera codziennie

Author(s): Katarzyna Rodacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 782-783/2020

IMPACTUL AMENINȚĂRILOR DE TIP TERORIST ASUPRA OPERAȚIILOR DE PACE ALE ORGANIZAȚIEI NAȚIUNILOR UNIT

Author(s): Marius Vasile MANGA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2020

Through its manifestations and multiplied effects, terrorism is not only a threat to the stability of the international system and global security, but also a challenge to international organizations. UN peace operations are taking place in conflict zones characterized by a range of multiple threats. This article aims to present the effect of the terrorist phenomenon ‒ a dynamic threat ‒ on UN peace missions and operations, but also to address the dilemma: more robust mandates for these missions and operations, in order to ensure the capabilities, strategic concepts and training needs to combat terrorists’ activities versus undermining the international legitimacy of the UN and its role as an impartial mediator in the conflict.

THE IMPACT OF TERRORIST THREATS ON UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATION

Author(s): Marius Vasile MANGA / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2020

Through its manifestations and multiplied effects, terrorism is not only a threat to the stability of the international system and global security, but also a challenge to international organizations. UN peace operations are taking place in conflict zones characterized by a range of multiple threats. This article aims to present the effect of the terrorist phenomenon - a dynamic threat - on UN peace missions and operations, but also to address the dilemma: more robust mandates for these missions and operations, in order to ensure the capabilities, strategic concepts and training needs to combat terrorists’ activities versus undermining the international legitimacy of the UN and its role as an impartial mediator in the conflict.

RÉTROACTES DU CONFLIT CONGOLAIS (RDC) ET REGARD SUR SES CAUSES

Author(s): Dominique Kenge Mukinayi,Sergiu Mișcoiu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo and their consequences remain a major source of concern, as they constitute a multidimensional challenge to economic and human development in the country and the region. There is a need to address the issue at the highest level, both regionally and globally, and to support the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo in its search for a solution to the conflicts and in its efforts to put the country back on the path of sustainable development. In this context, this article seeks to increase understanding of the root causes of conflict and their consequences for development so that informed decisions can be made at the national, regional and international levels.

HASHTAG DIPLOMACY AND ITS USE IN AFRICA

Author(s): Suzanne Graham / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Hashtag diplomacy or ‘Twitter’ diplomacy, sometimes referred to as twiplomacy, is an emerging tool used by international policy actors, such as heads of state and diplomats, to conduct public diplomacy and to reach out to worldwide audiences. In a 2018 study of government Twitter users around the world, 951 Twitter accounts were identified as belonging to state leaders and foreign ministries in 187 countries. Therefore, close to 100% of United Nations members states (193 members) consider Twitter to be a valid enough tool to employ on a frequent basis. These users have a combined audience of close to 490 million followers. But what of Twitter’s value for individual diplomats, foreign ministries and heads of state and government in Africa? Can this tool be of use in the management and implementation of public diplomacy in a continent where internet penetration is 40% of the combined population and if so, what are these foreign policymakers using it for? This chapter intends to address these questions by exploring the use of hashtag diplomacy in Africa, and other regions, in reference to select examples. It will begin by situating this type of diplomacy under the umbrella of public diplomacy and it will then move on to consider feasibility and reach of this social media platform in Africa.

‘WITH WHOM WE TALK?’ DRAWING REGIONS IN 21ST CENTURY AFRICA

Author(s): Mădălin-Cătălin Blidaru / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The African continent inherited borders drawn by foreign actors for centuries, with a limited influence exerted by its internal political structures. This impacted its development across decades, acting as a contributing factor to economic, social and political conflicts, some of them resulting in further divisions in time: new states emerged, while the federal structures developed within some states remain unstable. In this paper, the author investigates the current regional groupings of states established in different African frameworks in an attempt to answer the question “how external actors influence and legitimize the development of regions” in 21st century. From a functionalist perspective, it explores the motives for the formation of a wide range of regional integration and cooperation organizations. The case study of G5 Sahel, an institutionalized regional arrangement focused on security and development of its member states, is analyzed as an arrangement emerged with support from France and the European Union. The case study analysis trails the cooperation with these two foreign actors with the G5 Sahel member states in the five years, focused on evolution, financing and joint initiatives – including to what extent these contributed to consolidation of the regional borders.

WATER CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE NILE RIVER AND THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM

Author(s): Cătălin Badea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The most crucial element of every life form on our planet, water has always been a source of potential animosity between clans, tribes and even states. With the advent of modern technology we have devoted less and less of our attention to this all-needed resource, but pollution, large-scale industrialization and agriculture, the population boom of the last centuries and crucially the climate calamity that it threatens to unleash, forces us to reconsider the key role played by water in the delicate and fragile ecosystem of our planet. This article takes a look at how water is, and will increasingly be, a source of contention and even conflicts between states, as climate changes and increasingly larger populations will be forced to fight over more and more depleted resources. With a focus on the case of the Nile river and the potential conflict over its water resources between Egypt and Ethiopia, this article examines how the mainstream state of water conflict thinking fails to explain the case of the Nile River Basis and the newly built Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and why the alternative ideas that are based on the notions of cooperation and justice might ultimately provide a better way of understanding the complex problem of the delicate management and use of water resources.

PETIT REQUIEM POUR LA DEMOCRATIE CONGOLAISE

Author(s): Andreea Bianca Urs / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The reader's interest in the substrates of Congolese democracy is deeply revived through the writing of Jean Bofane, the place where reality and fiction become one. The start of 2019 has been a historic moment for the DRC as it is the first time that a former president has peacefully handed over power. Outgoing President Joseph Kabila cedes power to Félix Tshisekedi while maintaining the mystery of his deep and future intentions. The new President, Felix Tshilombo Tshisekedi, operates literally like the character Tshilombo in the novel Mathematiques congolaises. Starting from this resemblance, we’ve created a political-literary analysis around the events that took place both in the book and reality.

CONSEQUENCES DE CHOIX METHODOLOGIQUES SUR L’ANALYSE DE L’EVOLUTION DE L’ORGANISATION CLANDESTINE ETA

Author(s): Caroline Guibet Lafaye,Pierre Brochard / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Born in December 1958, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) was dissolved on May, 11th 2018. During its almost sixty years of existence, ETA has undergone phases of military offensive and then a decline in its operational activity. In order to understand the limits of these episodes and their reasons, we have created an original database listing all the actions of the armed group. Its analysis contributes to highlight the strategic developments of the clandestine organisation and makes possible to discuss the conclusions previously drawn from the group’s databases of fatal victims. We will thus consider the consequences of methodological choices on the interpretation the history of a clandestine organisation and of its key moments.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF KHOMEINI’S AND FARAJ’S FUNDAMENTALIST ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES. STRATEGIES FOR THE INSTALLATION OF AN ISLAMIC STATE

Author(s): Alexandru Hincu / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2020

Religious fundamentalism, a concept of the twentieth century does not necessarily imply extremism. Following the interpretation of sacred writings, the meaning of internal or external jihad, as well as for the other concepts is adapted to current conditions and needs. The movements are fundamentalist Islamic, because they use in the first instance the sacred texts to decipher distinct solutions to current problems. Islam has undergone a long evolution, initially being moderate and later radicalizing within the Muslim Brotherhood. Faraj's and Khomeini's manifests combine both similarities and distinct features in relation to the way in which they should act and the strategies that should be implemented for the installation of an Islamic State, governed by Islamic law. The historical context facilitates knowledge as it defines the framework in which a certain movement evolved. This work is presenting the realities of Egypt and Iran, respectively, but also the way in which fundamentalist interpretations shaped the state construction of these states.

Insurgency in Nigeria: The Prognosis and its Effects on the Nigerian Politics

Author(s): Mevayerore Daniel Igbini / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Since Nigeria returned to civil rule in May 1999 after several years of military rule, the nation hasn’t enjoyed peaceful moment due to the activities of insurgent groups’ and criminal gangs such as Boko Haram, ISWAP, bandits, armed robbers, Kidnappers and Fulani herdsmen. In light of these ugly and perturbing scenarios this study examined the causative factors of insurgency, as well as crimes in Nigeria. The study, thus, relates this to corruption, nepotism, ethnic consciousness, mediocracy, marginalization, extreme social deprivation and religious extremism. The study considers the effects of these on the nation’s politics, as the prognoses if these challenges had persisted longer than expected. To achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature, implying that data used in the study were derived from Secondary sources, via books, journal publications, government official documents, internet sources, among others. The study adopted Frustration-Aggression and Relative Deprivation theories to examine the causative factors or reasons why people resort to insurgency, crimes and other forms of unrests as alternative means to register their grievances against the government. Useful recommendations in the form of articulated policy frameworks were presented to stem this ugly trend.

Wojna o dom

Author(s): Małgorzata Nocuń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 788/2021