TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terrorist attacks from 9/11 marked the return of the term barbarianconceived in civilizational terms and that of the sharp divide between barbarians and civilization in the forefront of political and international relations scholarly discourse with terrorists being portrayed as the new barbarians. This paper explores in its first section how journalists, academics and politicians linked terrorists with barbarians in the aftermath of the bringing down of the Twin Towers and to this purpose it indicates the connections then established between the Barbary War fought by the US at the beginning of the 19th century and the War on Terror launched by George Bush, pointing out how the linking of these two events was grounded on the evaluative use of the term civilization. In the second section it is described the present day standard of civilization by some landmarks of the beginning of the scholarly reflection of it and by identifying and specifying its constituents. The last section of the paper provides an explanation for the association made between terrorists and barbarians, arguing that some constituents of the contemporary standard of civilization operates as the assumption underpinning it.

Hard power i soft power w polityce bezpieczeństwa Izraela

Author(s): Sara Piwowarska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The rise of the state of Israel was landmark for the Middle East but also for the entire international community. Since its inception, the State of Israel experienced successes, but also a failure, it was forced to face wars, internal and external problems. This article says, which factors influenced the formation of the Israel’s security system. Through the analysis of political background up to now with special taking the matter of security into consideration the attempt of answering the question was taken: what is the role of hard power and soft power in the policy of the State of Israel?

Niegroźna prowokacja czy realne zagrożenie? Konsekwencje wydarzeń wokół meczu piłkarskiego Serbia – Albania z 14 października 2014 r.

Author(s): Bartosz Lewandowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Sport is currently a space and a tool used in the context of political rivalry by individual entities in international relations. One recent example of this relationship is interrupted at 14 October 2014 football match between Serbia and Albania. The research purpose of this article is to evaluate possible correlations, resulting from the unrests caused by events during the match. These effects should be considered a the levels of: political and social relationships and issue of security. The final result is a task to confirm or deny the hypothesis which hold that the unrest caused by the game can act as a dangerous, not only destabilizing the relations between Serbia and Albania, but also affect of the security in the Balkan region.

Konflikt naddniestrzański jako przykład separatyzmu na obszarze byłego ZSRR

Author(s): Dawid Pudło / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Separatism in the former USSR is today one of the most serious problems in this area at the end of the Cold War and still poses a threat to global security as well. In this work there will be presented determinants of separatism in Transnistria with emphasis on the problem posed by a quasi-state. The intention of this work is to present the events of the conflict in Transnistria and what is happening today in the area, even though it is a frozen and fueled conflict by Moscow. The creation of a de facto two new political entities, raises the question of whether it is a population of separatism or territories who want to unplug have the right to self-determination. On the other hand, separatism in the former USSR shows a reconstruction of the existing policy of the Moscow government neo-imperialism.

Konflikt indyjsko-pakistański o Kaszmir i jego implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa w Azji

Author(s): Łukasz Robak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Indo-Pakistani conflict creates a big dander for building peace and safety in Asia. The mutual reluctance between these countries, which mainly results from historical factors, is additionally depend by controversial border territory – Kashmir and makes bilateral relationships tensed. On the territory of Kashmir there are same paramilitary groups which make the relationships even worse. This constant tense situation on this area causes the world a lot of worry. The need for extreme caution is connected with the fact that both countries possess nuclear weapon which might be used in wars which break out every, several years. India and Pakistan are situated next to each other so the reaction of the attacked country is just impossible. So, the conflict which seems to be frozen now, may lead to the escalation of large – scale warfare which threatens the world’s security.

Wojna gruzińsko-rosyjska jako przykład tendencji imperialistycznych Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec obszaru postradzieckiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Miarka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article aims to present the various aspects of the Russian-Georgian war. In the first part was presented the historical background necessary to identify the internal situation of Georgia and separatism in the area. Then, the determinants of war were taken into consideration. The author’s intention was to present the widest possible context factors that contributed to the commencement of hostilities. The section also presents the course of the war. The article concludes with an attempt to determine the implications of the war.

The Unknown Aspect of Israeli-Jordanian Relations from 1948 to 1967

Author(s): Dorit Gottesfeld,Ronen Yitzhak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Gândirea militară românească înainte de Marea Unire. Proiecţia oficială prusacă vs. dezideratul şcolii franceze

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This chapter begins with a short review of the military thinking at the beginning of the 20th century, which mainly highlights the importance of the Prussian influence on the war. Moreover, the chapter includes the bases of the Romanian military thinking development programme. To conclude, the author writes about the development of the Romanian military thinking under the influence of the two schools of thinking: Prussian and French.

Turkey’s War in Syria: Prevention or Expansion

Author(s): Arzu Yılmaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The international community have mostly perceived Turkish military interventions in north of Syria as the “legitimate right [of Turkey] to protect its borders”, since the Syrian crisis that later deteriorated into a proxy war has revealed a dramatic decline in Middle Eastern states’ capacities to politically and militarily control their territorial peripheries.

The impact of Turkey’s 2019 invasion on North and East Syria

Author(s): Thomas McClure,Nina Steinhardt / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout the Turkish invasion of North and East Syria, the Rojava Information Center (RIC) collected information from a network of sources across the region as well as RIC field teams, documenting the impact of the invasion on civilian populations and infrastructure. The RIC has found that the Turkish Armed Forces and its proxy militias are responsible for widespread attacks on non-combatants, systematic looting and destruction of private property and public infrastructure, and mass displacement of civilians. The RIC documented a clear trend of Turkish forces targeting health workers, vehicles and infrastructure, as well as destruction of water and electricity facilities, bakeries, roads, grain storage facilities, and so on. A number of high-profile human rights violations, such as the field execution of female Syrian politician Hevrin Khalef and the strike on a civilian convoy which left thirteen civilians dead, take place against a background of a systematic attempt to make life unliveable for civilians in the zones Turkey aims to occupy. The forcible displacement of the civilian population in general and the Kurdish, Yazidi, and Christian populations in particular, to facilitate the installation of Turkmen and Arab militiamen and their families,ought to be seen as a process of demographic engineering for which the Turkish government is ultimately responsible.

The UN and the Turkish Invasion in Syria

Author(s): Christoph Osztovics / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On 9 October 2019, Turkey’s military launched operation ‘Peace Spring’in an area between Tall Abyad and Ra’s al-Ayn in the Syrian Arab Republic.Over 200,000 civilians fled their homes amid the initial hostilities, reportedly123,000 had returned by November (UN Security Council 2019).1 Syrian Islamist militias aided the Turkish military forces. The so-called ‘anti-terror campaign’ declared a goal of creating a 30 kilometre-deep ‘safe zone’ on the Syrian side of the border. The Turkish government has long wanted to establish such a zone to prevent the creation of a Kurdish political entity.

Gândirea militară românească după Marea Unire

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This chapter begins with a few aspects regarding the reorganisation of the Romanian Armed Forces in 1917 and the harmonisation with the French military school. Then, it goes through the first steps made towards a Romanian military thinking school and ends with a few conclusions regarding the sailing against the wind, which is, in the author's opinion, one of the most important features of the Romanian military thinking.

Carl von Clausewitz, Despre război. Deformări ideologizante

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The chapter begins with a short history of Carl von Clausewitz, the one who has fundamentally changed the physiognomy of war, and his main book, On War, a masterpiece dealing with the theory or philosophy of war. Then, the author addresses the delicate issue of various authors who failed to understand his ideas and, thus, started to distort them.

Clausewitzianismul

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This chapter approaches the emergence of the Clausewitzian ideas, Neoclausewitzianism and the Clausewitzian paradigm and the limitations of its horizon.

Postclausewitzianismul. Anticlausewitzianismul.

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In this chapter, the author writes about the postclausewitzian conflictual environment, the revolution in military affairs, the new relations of power and the anticlausewitzianism as a counterideology, with Basil Henry Liddell Hart as the most prominent example in this respect.

Gândirea militară românească în raport cu gândirea clausewitziană

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In this chapter, the author draws a comparison between the Romanian military thinking and the Clausewitzian thinking. First, he addresses the Clausewitzian heritage in terms of its reinterpretation according to Engels. Then, he writes about Neoclausewitzian and Postclausewitzianian positioning and the continuous warfare

Biyopolitika, güvenlik ve Frontex'in Türkiye-Yunanistan sınırındaki rolü

Author(s): Burcu Toğral Koca / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Son yıllarda, göç olgusunu şekillendiren söylem ve pratiklerde önemli değişimlermeydana gelmiştir. Daha önce masum bir ekonomik eylem olarak görülen, İkinciDünya Savaşı sonrasında Avrupa’nın ekonomisini yeniden yapılandırmak vecanlandırmak gibi bir görevle kutsanan ve bu nedenlerle liberal politikalarla,ekonomik ve insani söylemlerle teşvik edilen göç, Avrupa toplumuna bir tehditolarak algılanmaya ve yönetilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu algı, göçü, suç, sosyo-ekonomikproblemler, “kültürel çöküş” ve son olarak terör gibi sorunlarla ilişkilendirerek inşaedilmiştir. Bu dönüşüm esasen 1970’lerin ortalarında başlamış, Soğuk Savaşsonrasında güvenlik kavramının yeniden tanımlanmasıyla hız kazanmıştır. İç ve dışgüvenlik arasında sert bir ayrım çizen, ulusal güvenlik kavramını ön plana çıkartan,devlet-merkezci ve askeri tehdit odaklı tanımlamalara indirgenmiş Soğuk Savaşdöneminin geleneksel güvenlik anlayışının yerine, insan-odaklı, çevre, yoksulluk venüfus hareketleri gibi birçok konuyu içine alan “yeni” güvenlik yaklaşımları ortayaçıkmıştır. Güvenlik gündeminin bu şekilde genişlemesinin/derinleşmesinin veaskeri olmayan konular için güvenlik dilinin kullanılmasının göç konusu veçalışmaları üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Bu etkilerden en önemlileri, göçüngüvenlikleştirilmesinin siyasi söylem ve pratiklerde yer edinmesi ve bu konudaönemli akademik çalışmaların ortaya konmasıdır1.Bu çalışmaların farklı analitik vemetodolojik çıkış noktaları ve yaklaşımları olsa da, ortak noktaları göç olgusunungüvenlik tehdidine dönüşme sürecini ve değişen göç yönetimini anlamaya veaçıklamaya çalışmasıdır.

Syrian Crisis and Migration

Author(s): Pinar Yazgan,Deniz Eroğlu Utku,Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this issue, we aimed to shed some light on the Syrian refugee crisis which seems to shake European common policy on migration and asylum. However, it seems focus is still on raising walls, strengthening borders, and futile categorisations of movers as ‘refugees’ and ‘economic migrants’. As well put in a recent interview,“ managing international migration is not a matter of controlling borders; it is a question of transnational peace” (Bardakci, 2015). People will continue fleeing the environments where they feel insecure and Europe will continue to face large influxes from neighbouring countries in trouble.

Lica aktivizma

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

UARK-ovoj kronologiji nedostaju imena mnogih osoba koje su inicirale, vodile ili radile na projektima i u organizacijama koje su spomenute. Budući da je aktivistički rad uvijek i borba protiv defetističkog sindroma i pasivnosti, pojedinci i pojedinke su izuzetno bitni. Ni jedan program, aktivnost ili organizacija nisu mogli nastati bez inicijative i upornog rada pojedinaca, aktivista/aktivistica koji se ponekad u literaturi zovu i socijalnim poduzetnicima. Nositelji ratnih kao i proturatnih incijativa su živi ljudi i zbog toga je imenovanje sudionika/ sudionica ključno za potvrđivanje vrijednosti civilnog angažmana i protivljenje zlu. I dobro, baš kao i zlo, ne događa se neovisno o nama, već ga uvijek ponovo proizvode pojedinci/pojedinke. Imenovanje osoba koje su sudjelovale u antiratnim aktivnostima ‘90-tih čini nam se utoliko važnijim što je po našem iskustvu samo mali broj ljudi u tim teškim vremenima imao hrabrosti, ludosti ili oboje, zalagati se za ‘nepopularne’ teme.

Ethno-Political conflicts in the European Union’s Neighbourhood: the Cases of South Ossetia and Abkhazia

Author(s): Laura M. Herţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article will focus on ethno-political conflicts in South Caucasus, namely on the nature and dynamic of secessionist movements and resulting breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The second chief interest herein is centred on the European Union’s declared objectives towards conflicts in Georgia. Firstly, the article will briefly analyze the ethno-political strife in the South Caucasus region and the nationalist resurgence after the dissolution of the USSR and will explore the dynamic of ethno-political violence and the way in which threats and enemies were constructed. Secondly, we will survey the evolution of EU’s contractual ties with Georgia, from the loose Partnership and Cooperation Agreement to the post-2004 inclusion of Georgia in the European Neighbourhood Policy. The main theoretical claims supported throughout the entire account is that 1) social-constructivist assumptions provide a coherent understanding of secessionist movements and 2) a clear analysis on the modalities in which international organizations (i.e. the European Union) act as norm-setters and expect norm-internalization.