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Review of: Zlatostruy: Old homiletic vault, an initiative of Bulgarian King Simeon. Texts and sources of research. Sofia: Avalon, 2013 552 c. ISBN 978-954-9704-31-0. (M. Chistiakova, Vilnius)
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Relations between the Vilnius censor, historian and poet Pavel Kukolnik (1795–1884) and the Polish-speaking poets of Lithuania were considered in the biographical and scientific literature, but the topic was not exhausted. The rapprochement between Kukolnik and some historians and writers of Vilnius (Adam Honory Kirkor, Teodor Narbutt, Ignacy Chodźko and others) began in the late 1840s and early 1850s. Friendly relations and business ties were strengthened during the conditions of the liberalization of the regime under Governor-General Vladimir Nazimov (1855–1863). Key factors in the building the relations with Polish scientists and writers were their joint activities in the Vilnius Archaeological Commission and the post of censor, which was held by Kukolnik. He authorized the printing of books written by Władysław Syrokomla (Ludwik Kondratowicz), Antoni Edward Odyniec, Wincenty Korotyński, Karolina Proniewska and other Polish-speaking authors. Kukolnik held their works in high regard, especially espousing the religious motives that were close to him. In turn, Proniewska devoted a poem to him; at least seven Kukolnik’s poetic texts became the source of eight translations into Polish by Syrokomla, Korotyński, Odynieci (one poem was translated twice by Korotyński and Odyniec, one translation was published without a signature).
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The survey presents translations of Italian literary works into Lithuanian, as well as Lithuanian literary translations into Italian. It also proposes a brief discussion on potential directions of research in Translation Studies. The survey may serve as a preliminary and propaedeutic introduction to a more exhaustive Italian-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Italian literary translation bibliography. The authors also discuss when and under what circumstances the translations were made. The most suitable method for such a quest is the comparative method. The research has proved to be a complex one, as the historical periodization of the translations is very different. Moreover, it is quite feasible that such an extralinguistic topic should be attributed to the history of culture and cultural relations rather than to the theory of translation. Nevertheless different authors have emphasized close links between the two areas of research, thus such a survey, though not exhaustive, may serve as a basis for further study.
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Translation needs tools, the oldest and most widespread of which are (bilingual) dictionaries. In the absence of the necessary language pair dictionary, translators seek advice in foreign language dictionaries. Translators have frequently been the authors of dictionaries themselves. Latvian and Lithuanian nations and languages, though kindred, have had a rather different history. Both historically and politically, developments in Latvian have been more parallel to Estonian than Lithuanian as both fell under German and Lutheran influence while Lithuanian had a Polish-bound Catholic history. Yet the development of their writing, translation and lexicography has followed a remarkably similar process and testifies to the common space of knowledge (Wissensraum). As with their lexicography, their bilingual dictionaries grew out of a connection between translation and religion. Both countries underwent a national awakening/awareness in the 19th century that led to a greater variety of translations and dictionaries. Notably, monolingual Latvian and Lithuanian dictionaries appeared only in the 20th century, testifying to the importance of bilingual lexicography in ensuring language contact. Bilingual dictionaries have dominated the lexicography scene of Latvia and Lithuania from the start until the present day. The twentieth century, with its expanding translation needs, produced an even greater variety of translations and bilingual dictionaries in both countries.
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Dubbing is both the most difficult and the most expensive type of film translation. The greatest challenge for dubbing actors is to retain the three-level—phonetic, semantic and dramatic—synchrony. Thus, the aim of the article is to put some light on the characteristic features of dubbed films, types of synchrony among them, and to analyse how these types work together in the dubbed film Up (2009). The close-ups where characters’ faces and lips are seen are the most relevant to the phonetic analysis, since it is important to find out if the number of syllables and lip and jaw movements of the actor speaking the source language can fit for the target utterance. To achieve greater semantic and phonetic synchrony various modifications are made on the semantic level, e.g. concretization, generalization, addition, and substitution. On the dramatic level, the correspondence between verbal and nonverbal information is important, the disclosure of characters’ features and rendering of specific accent. However, the main aim of dubbing is not the coherence of all types of synchrony but the attractiveness of the film, therefore some losses in synchrony may be justified if the dramatic effect is retained.
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This article describes an experimental study of lexical interference in simultaneous interpreting from English into Lithuanian and from Lithuanian into English. The paper aims to contribute to the literature on language interference in simultaneous interpreting as well as to identify the influence of lexical interference on directionality and quality of simultaneous interpreting. The experiment was carried out with 6 students working in two directions (from English into Lithuanian and from Lithuanian into English). The paper presents the analysis of the types, frequency and gravity of lexical interference. The results of the study suggest that lexical interference is more common and more detrimental to quality when interpreting into the B language. The results also demonstrate that interpreters experience more difficulties when interpreting word equivalents than phraseological units. Simultaneous
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This paper investigates the translation of Henri Bergson’s philosophical writings in relation to the development of the concept of “intuition” (zhijue 直覺) in contemporary Chinese philosophy. As Bergson’s intuition was very soon associated with “the knowledge of/as virtue” (dexing zhi zhi 德性之知), it turned into one of the basic Chinese modern concepts to think about ethical and moral issues. However, Chinese philosophers used Bergson’s intuition as a device of moral philosophy sooner than the philosopher himself even started to write his moral philosophy. This paper decrypts the moralization of intuition in Chinese context, and questions the issue related to the formation of the concept of zhijue . The key documents put under light in this paper are Chinese translations of “An introduction to metaphysics” (1903) and several articles related to Bergson published around 1921.
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The author argues that the Ruthenian text known as The Embassy of Isa to Antioch and written using the Arabic script in manuscript kitabs produced by the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is an abbreviated version of a chapter from the Lives of the Prophets by Abu Ishak Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Thalabi (died 1035), the famous Sunni Islam theologian, historian, and mufassir who worked in Nishapur (Northeastern Iran). The Ruthenian text is reproduced in a Latin transliteration alongside the English translation of the corresponding chapter of the Arabic treatise.
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This article aims to find cultural equivalents for the Lithuanian mythological creature laumė in the English and Russian languages. Therefore, a comparative analysis of similar mythological creatures in Lithuanian, Russian and English languages and cultures was carried out. The results of the analysis have shown which names of these creatures might be considered cultural equivalents. Such information is useful not only when choosing a domestication strategy, but for a foreignization strategy as well because these equivalents can be used both in the translation text itself and in additional extratextual comments. The conclusions given at the end of this article may be of practical importance for translators or authors writing about Lithuanian mythology and folklore for English or Russian speaking readers.
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The object of this article is metaphorical terms in EU legal discourse. It discusses the concept of a metaphorical term, the usage of such terms in EU legal acts and their role in modern LSP texts, with a focus on their translation. The study analyses metaphorical terms with the lexeme “green” as used in secondary legislation, published between 2016 and 2017, and the motivation of term formation in the source language and translation strategies of rendering these terms into Lithuanian and Italian. The results suggest that in most cases word-for-word translation is used when translating colour-based metaphorical terms, thereby preserving the colour lexeme of the source language in the target language and, thus, the metaphorical character of the term itself. Although the study covers a relatively short period, it confirms the idea that has already been raised in some papers on terminology about an increasing trend of using metaphorical terms in Lithuanian legal texts, even though this is less persistent than in Italian, the language chosen for comparison.
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This paper explores the variation between non-past (present and future) synthetic and periphrastic passive verb forms in the Gothic Gospels in an effort to evaluate the possibility that the availability of functionally identical forms of the passive was exploited by the translators of the Gothic Bible as a way of manipulating the stylistic composition of the Gothic text. Based on the evidence of the Gothic translation of the Gospels, although the Gothic synthetic passive constructions do mostly occur in stylistically special environments, the existence of other clearly verifiable competing motivations makes the stylistic motivations difficult to verify. It is concluded that the distribution of forms is largely determined by factors such as literalism as the main translation technique as well as contrasts between the synthetic and periphrastic ‘be’ passives in terms of the actionality of the former and stativity of the latter.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the translation variations of Biblical quotations in Simonas Vaišnoras’ Žemčiūga Teologiška. This text is a translation of Adam Francisci’s theological tractate Margarita Theologica, and it was published in 1600. From the first sight, it seems that Vaišnoras tried to make his translation as similar to the original as possible. That is why, in many cases, his translation looks literal and a lot of syntactic constructions and the word order in it seem to be closer to Latin than the Lithuanian language. However, a closer look at the translations of Biblical quotations shows a different situation. In some cases, Biblical quotations are translated differently in different places of the text. Those variations include lexemes, word order, morphological features. Some of those variations are determined by the variations of the translation’s source Margarita Theologica. Another group of the variations appear because the author chose to translate not from Margarita Theologica, but from the Luther Bible. Nevertheless, more than a half of the cases (16 from 28) cannot be explained by the influence of translation sources. It shows that Simonas Vaišnoras was quite free translating this text and sometimes let himself deviate from the original. This article also focuses on the nature of variations – they are classified by the levels of language. The majority of variations are made at the lexical level (43 %), a little bit less are at the syntactic level (37 %), and the least are at the morphological level (20 %).
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As part of a systematic knowledge-based analysis of terms related to regulation of wages, the paper analyzes the meaning, usage, and translation of terms designating the general concept of compensation for work in English and Lithuanian. The analysis is based mainly on Chapter IX of the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania and its translation into English, as well as the translation of conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and some other legal texts related to wages into Lithuanian. It has been established that while some English and Lithuanian terms with the general meaning of compensation for work are very similar both semantically and functionally, it is possible to trace certain smaller or greater differences between them.
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The abridged life of Menas, Hermogenes, and Eugraphus, martyrs of Alexandria, was translated from Greek as part of the Church Slavonic Synaxarion no later than in the early 12th century. Notably, the main version of this life does not contain any data on St Eugraphus. One of the earliest copies of the Synaxarion has lost the headline of the life of martyr Gemellus, whose memory is mentioned on the same day, while the corresponding text was added to the life of the saints of Alexandria. The scribe’s error has led to the emergence of a classifying feature that allows dividing the versions of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion into two groups. The first group consists of the main version of the life (Sof. 1324 and most other copies of the Ordinary Synaxarion). The second group encompasses the extended by the life of Gemellus edition (copies of the Bulgarian version of the Synaxarion and several copies of the abridged version). In the Serbian version of the Synaxarion the main version of the life was supplemented with fictitious data about martyr Eugraphus. Apart from the versions of the Ordinary Synaxarion, two independent translations of the Versed Synaxarion were made from Greek to Church Slavonic in the 14th century. One of them relates to the Bulgarian book tradition and the other one follows the Serbian one. Each of the two translations includes the new life of Alexandria’s martyrs supplemented with verses. Between the 1630s and 1640s, Ukrainian scribes of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations created yet another version of the life, where the main version was supplemented with data of martyr Eugraphus from the Bulgarian translation of the Versed Synaxarion. Thus, the abridged life of the martyrs of Alexandria is known in three translations, with the oldest one of them available in four versions.
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The purpose of this study is to search for equivalences between the paremias in Moroccan Arabic and French. Our study is based on a corpus of Moroccan and French paremias belonging to the same class: Moroccan paremias starting with “lli” and French paremias starting with “qui” (which is the French equivalent of “lli”). The corpus was drawn mainly from works identifying phraseological units, audio recordings of spontaneous conversations of speakers of Moroccan Arabic and notes taken while listening to conversations in different contexts. After the morpho-phonological transcription of the corpus, we proceeded to the analysis of the phraseologies in order to: (i) highlight the convergences and divergences between paremiological phraseology in Moroccan Arabic and French, and their degrees of equivalence, and (ii) check the existence of paremiological universals by studying the equivalences between two different languages.
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The article discusses the key principles invoked and issues addressed while drafting the Lithuanian language version of the Glossary of Sensitive Language for Internal and External Communication of the European Parliament. As a first step, it offers a short overview of the three categories of terminology presented in the Glossary related to disability, LGBTQ+, and race, ethnicity and religion. Thereafter it touches upon the issues pertaining its use in the light of current societal trends, correct and clear language requirements, influence of foreign languages and human rights. The article argues that sensitive language is imperative in communication with disadvantaged groups continuously marred by prejudices, fears, and stereotypes. Based on this proposition the article emphasizes the importance of political correctness as personal stance. At the same time, it exemplifies limitations thereof that could be triggered by the language system itself.
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With the advancement of mobile applications, now it is possible to perform instant text translation using a smartphone’s camera. Because text translation within images is still a relatively new field of research, it is not surprising that the translation quality of these mobile applications is under-researched. This study aims to determine the image-to-text translation quality in the English to Lithuanian language direction using popular machine translation apps. To classify errors and evaluate the quality of translation, the present study adopts and customizes the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) framework (Lommel 2014). The obtained results indicate that image-to-text machine translation apps produce exceptionally low-quality translations for the English-Lithuanian language pair. Therefore, the quality of machine translation for low-resource languages such as Lithuanian remains an issue.
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The article explores problems of translation of architectural terms from English into Lithuanian by analysing the terms found in K. Frampton’s book Modern Architecture: A Critical History and their translation into Lithuanian in Moderniosios architektūros kilmė ir pagrindai (translated by S. Kozulaitė). In order to identify architectural terms in the original text, a special term identification application was created and used. Thus, 132 English architectural terms were identified and semantic analysis of these terms as well as the analysis of their translation was conducted. It was established that the main problems of translating architectural terms were caused by the difficulty of their identification in the original text, their variation and synonymy in Lithuanian. The research results suggest that translation of some architectural terms from English into Lithuanian may be a challenge caused by the difficulty of establishing an equivalent term arising from the existing synonymity or variation of architectural terms in the Lithuanian language.
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The article addresses the issue of adequate translation of poetry which is understood as the acceptable relationship between the original text and its translation. It provides an overview of the terms that are used in various theories to describe this acceptable relationship in poetry translation, and also of how this relationship is understood in sociosemiotic and hermeneutic translation studies. The article provides a more in-depth analysis of the concepts of equivalence and correspondence which are commonly used to define adequate translation. The author draws a conclusion that the concept of correspondence as a multiple analogue defines the acceptable relationship between the original text and its translation more adequately than the concept of equivalence. Finally, problematic aspects of poetry translation are discussed that the definition of correspondence fails to encompass.
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The cultural and geopolitical reasons that led the Marijampole region of southwestern Lithuania to become a cradle of translation activities are discussed in the paper. Brief references regarding the cultural elite, and cultural and political activists starting from the middle of the 19th century are provided: they deserve consideration because of different incentives and goals inherent in their lifetime activities and their input into translation. Many writers of the Marijampole region who were born, educated and lived there would translate from different European languages to introduce the culture of the world to Lithuanians and encourage them to be proud of their own identity. Some of them, especially linguists, pioneered theories of translation. They conducted research on translation and analyzed various issues of translated literature. Although the article limits itself to just one region, it deals with the importance of translation activities as a strengthening factor of the nation-state and preservation of its language.
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