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There are two Sanskrit manuscripts of Kṣemendra’s Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā preserved at Drepung Monastery in Tibet. The earlier one (according to the colophon) contains all the 108 avadānas comprising the whole text, while the later one only includes the last 61 avadānas. In this paper, we compare and analyse two paratextual elements of the extant versions, namely, pallava-endings and prologue, in order to know how frequently the translator Shong ton Rdo rje rgyal mtshan and the redactor Zha lu lotsāva Chos skyong bzang po used these two manuscripts
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Plutarch’s dialogue Bruta animalia ratione uti mainly reached popularity in humanist circles through a Latin translation made by Giovanni Regio, a young Paduan, in the year 1488. The text of this translation, which is preserved in a paper codex Ms. 958 of the University Library of Padua, was revised and posthumously put into print by Raffaele Regio, Giovanni’s older brother, in the year 1508 in Venice. A comparison of the text of the manuscript with that of the printed version has so far been neglected in philological research. With a detailed analysis, we wish to ascertain how far changes have been effected to the original translation during the revision and try to get an insight into the methods and skills of the young translator. Thereby we shall even be able to trace if there is any further connection of the text with the other two translations of the dialogue, those that were made a few decades earlier by Antonio Cassarino and Lampugnino Birago.
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The research paper presents an unpublished inscription in Greek language from the narthex of the Kremikovtsi Monastery St George near Sofia – an epigram of the famous Byzantine poet Theodoros Prodromos, who lived at the court of the Komnenian Dynasty in the twelfth century. Being part of the scene Flight into Egypt and – more precisely, – being written in the scroll of a female figure – a personification of the city, no parallel of this inscription has been attested so far in post-Byzantine art. The only other scroll like this has been discovered in the church of the Seslavtsi Monastery St Nicholas near Sofia, but the text there is probably just a decorative detail. A complete study of the preserved part of the damaged inscription is conducted, together with a discussion about its linguistic and literary specifics in the context of the high Byzantine poetry and the Biblical exegesis. The aim is to outline and to describe the raison d’être of this religious epigram (ἱερὸν ἐπίγραμμα) as an expressive instrument for direct communication with the audience through its main stylistic feature – the dialogue between the Saviour and the layman, between the divine and the human nature of Christ. The poetical form chosen by Theodoros Prodromos immediately draws the viewers’ attention and it compels them to reflect upon the scene. Theodoros Prodromos’ epigram in the Kremikovtsi Monastery offers an exceptional and significant proof that the connection of Balkan art to the achievements of the Christian culture of the former Byzantine empire was still alive in the fifteenth century.
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The present book tries to offer an insight regarding metaphorical expressions containing the following prepositions or verbal prefixes:over, through, above, across in English, prin, peste in Romanian and át,keresztül, felett, felül in Hungarian. the study constitutes the Ph.D.dissertation of the author, and the corpus is based on recent and representative dictionaries of the three languages involved: the shorter oxford English Dictionary, Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (the Romanian explanatory Dictionary) and A magyar nyelv értelmezőszótára (the Hungarian explanatory Dictionary).
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In the globalised society that we live in, given the technological development that we have to catch up with, interpreting becomes more visible and more relevant as it is perceived as a means of connecting languages, people and cultures and, more recently, as a means of uncovering the psycho-cognitive subtleties of the mind of the person performing the act of interpreting. The present article is meant to be a study with didactic implications. Students in the Department of Translation, Interpretation and Applied Linguistics (TILA) at Moldova State University have classes of ConsecutiveInterpreting (CI) in the second and third academic year. In this study, we will focus, particularly, on this mode of transferring information from the source-language (English) into the target-language (Romanian) and will take a closer look at the most appropriate methods used to determine if and to what extent students’ behavior and reactions to various linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that they experience while performing interpreting activities affect the product of interpreting.
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This paper discusses the importance of a cognitive approach to the evaluation of translator’s skills. The authors set forth their recommendations for the compilation of test materials for the evaluation of translators’ cognitive ability.
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Learning a language means learning the culture. What we act and speak reflect the culture of our language. Requests have attracted the attention of many researchers which they have often been investigated adjacent to the politeness (Liu, 2007; Jalilifar, 2009; Al-Marrani & Sazalie, 2010; Félix- Brasdefer, 2010; Youssef, 2012; Mohammadi & Tamimi Sa’d, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine Iranian EFL learners, Persian native speakers, and American English native speakers’ perception of speech act of requests without politeness markers. To this end, the data were collected from 35 EFL learners, 35 Persian native speakers, and 14 English native speakers. The data were collected through an open ended questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task and a Perception questionnaire in the form of Likert scale adopted from Saidi and Khosravi (2015). The questionnaire consists of situations with variations in contextual variables, i.e. social status: requests made by people of higher social status, equal social status and lower social status relative to the speakers. The participants were asked to imagine themselves in the situations and rate the (im)politeness of each request situation on a 4-point Likert scale. Moreover, they were required to write down what they would say if they were in a situation without politeness markers. A translated version of questionnaire was handed to Persian native speakers. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between EFL learners and English native participants, and also between EFL learners and Persian speakers’ perceptions of (im)politeness of different request situations. Moreover, by comparing the three groups of participants who perceived a request as mostly/ slightly impolite, the writer provided information about their expectations of politeness in different situations. It is hoped that the findings of this study can add to the body of knowledge in speech act studies in general and to our understanding of Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers’ perception of (im)politeness in particular.
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Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.
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Starting from the premise that anthroponyms constitute a subgroup of idiomatic components which are “deeply rooted in the cultural tradition of a community” (Fiedler, 2007: 55), it seems natural to investigate their culture-specific elements and connotations. This attempt at exploring an array of Romanian phraseological expressions based on personal names is supported by well-documented lexicographic sources, including Zanne (1895-1903), Scriban (1939), Dumistrăcel (1997) and Tomici (2009), to name the most important ones. Hence, we have identified about 35 universal anthroponymic idioms with their equivalents in English and French and 70 national and local onomastic phrasemes, whose cultural and axiological markedness is assessed on account of their challenging crosslinguistic correspondences. As proven by our research, Romanian anthroponymic phrasemes with universal, national or local culture components (Szerszunowicz 2011: 82) are both semantically charged and axiologically loaded (Szerszunowicz 2009: 172). Hence, due to their anthropocentric character, they carry connotations that can be retrieved and activated when the idiomatic meaning relies on them.
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Many conference interpreter trainers consider shadowing as an unhelpful exercise in simultaneous interpreting training because it does not require the student to analyse while processing the information. Among the outspoken critics of shadowing was Seleskovitch (Seleskovitch and Lederer, 1989); Kurtz questioned the value of the exercise in her article “Shadowing” Exercises in Interpreter Training (Kurtz, 1992) and Gillies maintains that it is the ‘thinking’ element that is absent and yet so important in Simultaneous Interpreting (Gillies, 2012). However, in the early 1990s Lambert championed shadowing as a useful device in the early stages of SI training even though she accepted that use of shadowing in training was controversial, she justified it as one of the training methods employed with beginner interpreters (Lambert, 1992). The exercise proposed in this paper takes shadowing beyond what Lambert offers and closer to simultaneous proper. It is a form of intelligent editing, which requires a higher order of processing capacity compared to that of shadowing. It is termed as efficient simultaneous processing of the source text.
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Identity is of increasing interest in teacher education. Crucial for resilience, the development of a coherent professional identity has been characterized as emerging from tensions between multiple and sometimes conflicting conceptions of what it means to be someone who teaches (Akkerman & Meijer, 2011). While light is being shed on these often antagonistic relations, less is known about the dynamics of identity formation and transformation. Providing a contribution to work on language teacher identity, in this single case study Hermans’ (2008) concept of the dialogical self is combined with complexity principles in an investigation of changes in the emerging professional identity of a pre-service English teacher during a practicum. Drawing on intra- and inter-personal data, experiences of learning to become a person who teaches English are conceptualized as a drama that is played out between different and sometimes unaligned selves. Analyses show how this inner drama maps onto the landscape of an emerging teacher identity, how tensions can be understood systemically, and how a teacher identity system can have a signature dynamic.
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The article describes, on the basis of hermeneutics, the specific perspective from which a translator may approach legal texts, as translation is seen as a personalized activity. Different text types are rooted in a specific legal system and fulfil their function within a special field of law, and the cultural and legal background is evident in linguistic aspects on a textual level. Comparative law carries out research on the differences in legal concepts, whereas translation studies and practice use this knowledge as a basis for work. Legal terminology has various levels of abstraction and appears in texts along with general language words. Fields of orientation for the translator are presented here, such as legal contexts, genre, concepts and style. This should be combined with proficiency in writing according to the text function, terminology and standard formulae. The translator tries to make source cultural and legal aspects transparent for target readers, as translation is always a means of comprehension that furthers communication.
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The present paper explores the influence of a Hungarian text’s German translation on the communicative dynamism of such texts that present Hungarian back-translations of the German translation. The analysis was conducted on five texts with emphasis on their theme-rheme division: on the first chapter of Dezső Kosztolányi’s novel Skylark (in Hungarian: Pacsirta), its German translation, as well as three students’ translations that were the Hungarian back-translations of the German translation. The analysis concluded that the German text did not have a relevant influence on the rhematic sections of the students’ translations. It did, however, greatly affect the number of thematic sections, as it (to a lesser extent) caused certain thematic sections (that are present in the original source text) to be missing in the students’ translations, while also (to a greater extent) leading to a rise in the overall number of thematic sections.
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The rebirth of the Greek culture is one of the unique characters of the renaissance humanism which makes it different from other renaissance movements. In that played the new Latin translations of the Greek classics crucial role which were pre-determined for the whole period by programming activity of Leonardo Bruni. This study analyses both the method (‘how?’) and motivation (‘why and what?’) of this revival. Firstly, the modern translation method of Bruni is interpreted which finds the essence of the text in its sense, presenting the historical-philological background of the method in the view of the contemporary intellectual schools and its complex linguistic aspects. Secondly, it discovers those literal motives, actual reasons and personal incitements according to that the Greek authors and works were chosen to be translated and purposefully ordered.
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The paper deals with the origins of translation-oriented terminology in Canada and the role itplays in the Canadian terminology of science. We define the concept of translation-oriented terminology withregard to other new approaches to terminology research. We provide background information on languagepolicy in Canada to determine the main factors that have shaped translation-oriented terminologydevelopment at the very beginning. We also try to identify those factors which later ensured that terminologybecomes an autonomous discipline in Canada with an undeniably important place in translation-orientedterminology.
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EU texts are produced by way of multilingual negotiation in a supranational multicultural discourse community, where there is no linguistically neutral ground and where the internationalisation of concepts and ideas is a sine qua non. As a result, they are idiosyncratic texts, reflecting specific textual features. Their translation in the current 23 official EU languages is equally idiosyncratic and challenging, to say the least, especially since it is shaped under the EU’s overwhelming cultural and linguistic diversity, the constraints of its policy of multilingualism, and the subsequent policy of linguistic equality which states that all languages are equal, or ‘equally authentic’ (Wagner, Bech, Martínez 2002, 7), and that translations are not really translations but language versions. In other words, in the framework of EU translation, the terms source text (ST) and target text (TT) cease to exist, while the prima facie illusory notion of ‘equivalence’ seems to resurface—though altered in nature—and dominate the translation practice. It thus goes without saying that in the case of EU texts and their translation a tailor-made theoretical framework is required where many classic concepts of Translation Studies (TS), such as ST, TT and equivalence need to be re-evaluated and redefined, and at the same time functionalist approaches and the postmodernist concepts of intertextuality, hybridity and in-betweenness need to come to the fore. The proposed translation theory for EU texts flaunts the feature inherent in their production, it is—just like them—hybrid.
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