A „Stirring” fogalma a 14. századi The Cloud of Unknowing című műben és annak két magyar fordítási kísérlete

Author(s): Tibor Fabiny / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3-4/2011

The practical spiritual guidebook The Cloud of Unknowing was written in the latter half of the 14th century by an anonymous English monk who counselled a young student to seek God not through knowledge but through what he speaks of as a “naked intent” and a “blind love” which the author calls “stirring.” The paper studies the shades meaning of this term which occurs more than sixty times in the mystical treatise. The author of The Cloud wrote some further treatises, one of them entitled A Pistle of Discretcioun of Stirings where he paternally warns his ‘goostly freend in God’ of the possible double provenance of stirrings. Following Richard of St. Victor, he makes the distinction of “two mights” in a man’s soul: “reason” and “affection:” “through reason we know, and through affection we feel or love.” A strikingly similar distinction is made between “the two faculties” in Jonathan Edwards’ A Treatise on Religious Affections (1746) where the American author calls the first (rational) faculty “understanding,” and the one which has to do with the inclination of the heart, “affection.” This latter faculty is translated into Hungarian as “indulat.” Our anatomy of various connotations of “stirring” is substantiated by strutinizing the modern English translation of The Cloud by Clifton Wolters (1961) and two Hungarian translations, one by László Lukács (1987) and the other by Gábor Losonci (1994). Losonci found the brilliant Hungarian word „moccanás” which best corresponds to the original “stirring.” The translator uses this almost as frequently as the original author uses “stirring.” However, at the end of the Hungarian translation of The Cloud Losonci uses “indulat” rather than “moccanás,” which is not entirely consequent to his otherwise faithful project. Nevertheless, this solution supports our thesis, namely, that “moccanás” and “indulat,” i. e. “stirring” and “affection” are ultimately one.

A lélek üdvösségéről

Author(s): Georg Simmel / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2015

A Lexicographic Approach to the English-Romanian/Romanian-English Legal Dictionaries and Glossaries Existing on the Romanian Book Market

Author(s): Carmen D. Caraiman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The goal of the study is to highlight the main methods used by the authors to create legal dictionaries and glossaries in English-Romanian and Romanian-English available on the book market today. Specialists and those interested in studying the content and structure of such dictionaries will notice the low number of works on the Romanian market compared to, for example, the field of economics. Furthermore, one may find the terms included to be insufficient, their structures simple. Our study shall analyze both the criteria the authors of the dictionaries used to select the terms, as well as their structure (phonetic transcription, contextualization, identifying countable/ uncountable nouns, denoting special plural forms, references to synonyms or another term from the dictionary to eliminate ambiguities, etc.).

A Life of Languages: The Contributions of Kató Lomb to Language Learning and Interpreting through Her Second-Language Acquisition Theory

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Author(s): Timea Ferencz / Language(s): English / Issue: Special/2017

This article aims to present the life and work of Kató Lomb (1909-2003)—one of Hungary’s most accomplished interpreters,translators and linguists—in the light of interpreting and interpretertraining. Due to the dire circumstances during and after the Second World War, at the beginning of her lifelong language-learning journey Lomb faced a lack of foreign language teachers in post-war Hungary, limited works of literature (especially in ‘exotic’ languages), even fewer textbooks and very little contact with the spoken languages. This interplay between hardship, necessity and innate curiosity towards languages, paired with remarkable perseverance, led to the emergence of her novel language acquisition method in which pleasure reading, i.e. reading in the learner’s areas of interest, plays a central role. The majority of the sixteen languages that Lomb learned throughout her adult life, and which she used in her decades-long career as one of the first simultaneous interpreters in Hungary, were self-taught. Her legacy, both as interpreter and author, has contributed to the popularisation of the interpreting profession and left an indelible mark both on foreign language acquisition theory from the perspective of a polyglot and, indirectly, on interpreting. Her success in mastering an impressively large number of languages makes her recommendations regarding autonomous language learning extremely valuable, especially for interpreters wanting to improve their passive language skills or to learn a new language. In this article we will examine the ways in which learners can use Lomb’s method and compare it to existing second-language acquisition (SLA) research, but also establish connections between her recommendations regarding language learning and interpreter training.

A METAANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION STUDIES

Author(s): Katalin Nagy Imola / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 13/2018

This study is a metanalysis of the notion translation studies. One of the most recent of humanistic disciplines, translation studies has been provided the name it is referred to these days in the early 1970s, although theoretical considerations regarding translation started to appear even in ancient times. Our paper focuses on different taxonomies related to translation studies, the terminological implications, related notions and we tend to present some of the most important theories regarding the conceptual meaning of the term `translation studies`.

A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO TECHNICAL TRANSLATION

Author(s): Raluca Ghentulescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

This article presents the results of my research in the field of Technical-Scientific Translations and offers some suggestions to those who teach specialized translations at an academic level. My perspective on this subject is based on my own experience in working with the future specialized translators and interpreters from the Specialization of Translation and Interpretation within the Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest. The main aim of this paper is to share with my colleagues and my students the new methods of teaching specialized translations, which I have implemented at my lectures and seminars, in an attempt to turn an apparently tedious school subject into an attractive and useful activity.

A Mogul India költészetéből: Bihárí párversei

Author(s): Imre Bangha / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2018

A Multivariate Study of T/V Forms in European Languages Based on a Parallel Corpus of Film Subtitles

Author(s): Natalia Levshina / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The present study investigates the cross-linguistic differences in the use of so-called T/V forms (e.g. French tu and vous, German du and Sie, Russian ty and vy) in ten European languages from different language families and genera. These constraints represent an elusive object of investigation because they depend on a large number of subtle contextual features and social distinctions, which should be cross-linguistically matched. Film subtitles in different languages offer a convenient solution because the situations of communication between film characters can serve as comparative concepts. I selected more than two hundred contexts that contain the pronouns you and yourself in the original English versions, which are then coded for fifteen contextual variables that describe the Speaker and the Hearer, their relationships and different situational properties. The creators of subtitles in the other languages have to choose between T and V when translating from English, where the T/V distinction is not expressed grammatically. On the basis of these situations translated in ten languages, I perform multivariate analyses using the method of conditional inference trees in order to identify the most relevant contextual variables that constrain the T/V variation in each language.

A new fragment of the Altun Yaruk in old Uigur from Tuyuk

Author(s): Zhang Tieshan / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

The fragment we are publishing here is preserved in the Academia Turfanica. It belongs to the second chapter of the first volume of the Altun Yaruk Sudur in old Uigur. There are some words that are apparently different from the other version(s) of the text.

A NOTE ON SOME HYPOTHETICAL CLAUSES IN A COPTIC AND ARABIC MS OF THE PENTATEUCH: THE CASE OF لولا

Author(s): Ofer Livne-Kafri / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2012

The following article deals with the ‘hypothetical particle’ لولا in the Arabic version of the Pentateuch in MS Paris BN copte 1 (14th century). This Arabic version was translated from a Coptic version which is set parallel to it; the instances of لولا are very indicative of the work of a translator in a period of lingual transition.

A note on the energicus in a Coptic-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch

Author(s): Ofer Livne-Kafri / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2009

The Energicus is an important emphatic form in Classical Arabic “that survived rarely [and] came to be rare or completely absent” in Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic and Christian-Arabic. In this article I shall discuss some cases of the Energicus in a Christian-Arabic version of the Pentateuch from the 14th century (MS Paris BM copte 1) which is set in parallel columns with the Coptic version. The choices of the Arabic structures similar to the Coptic ones (such as the functions of the Energicus parallel to the Coptic optative and the causative imperative) show the skills of the translator in finding suitable translation solutions. As far as the Energicus is concerned, its usage (although rarely) is also a part of the general trend to cling to classical norms in this Arabic version. The findings of T. Zewi concerning the Energicus in Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch fit well into our discussion, both in the methodology and in the conclusions.

A PARAMETRIC APPROACH TO FINDING EQUIVALENTS FOR GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES IN LEGAL TRANSLATION. A CASE STUDY

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Author(s): ALEKSANDRA MATULEWSKA / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The aim of the paper is to present the application of the parametric methodology to translation at the level of grammatical structures. The approach allows us to compare objects of translational reality in a systematic way and thus provides translators with detailed information on similarities and differences between source and target language translational units (Matulewska, 2013). In order to describe legal translation reality and to characterize translational objects functioning in such reality relevant dimensions are used. The research methods applied include: (i) the analysis of comparable texts, (ii) the terminological and grammatical analysis of the corpus consisting of winding-up petitions formulated in Polish and British English, (iii) the method of making the legal linguistic reality axiomatic, and finally (iv) the hypothetical-deductive method (Hempel and Oppenheim, 1948). The research corpus encompasses winding-up petitions in Polish and English.

A PLEA FOR RETHINKING INSTITUTIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY DOCUMENTS

Author(s): Elena Pacurar / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

A Plea for Rethinking Institutional Language Policy Documents. The present study aims to raise awareness on and to provide a synopsis of the role, function and relevance of language policy documents in HE, by bringing together some of the more recent conclusions of strategic papers or guidelines issued by representative bodies responsible for the standardization of language teaching and testing. The current definitions of and views on language policies invite reflections on the margins of the internationalisation of HE, the digitalisation of education and its tools, the role of the language instructors in the 21st century and, last but not least, the existence of institutional strategic documents. A local case (the language policy at Babeș-Bolyai University) is discussed against the backdrop of international frameworks for language instruction and in comparison with similar (national) language policies.

A Portrait of the Writer as a Translator: Salman Rushdie and the Challenges of Post-colonial Translation

Author(s): Dana Craciun / Language(s): English / Issue: 32/2019

In a context where post-colonial translation has emerged as a strong interface between post-colonial studies and translation studies, the present paper examines the case of Salman Rushdie as a post-colonial translator. Drawing on concepts and ideas put forth by the two above-mentioned paradigms, the paper will argue that the strategies used by Rushdie in his attempts to write about the importance of redressing the balance of power and of resisting Orientalising practices are similar to those used by translators of post-colonial literature. The writing of post-colonial literature becomes an act of (re)translation, while translating post-colonial literature should aim at resisting domestication and at creating a target text that remains ‘foreign’ enough for the reader. While there is no doubt that through its post-colonial and global concerns Rushdie’s entire work fits this frame, the analysis will focus only on two works, Midnight’s Children and Two Years, Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights, since they seem to bracket Rushdie’s efforts in this respect.

A Practical Approach to Translating Modal Verbs

The Case of 'need'

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with a rather problematic issue, namely the translation of a few English modal verbs into non-Indo-European languages, such as Romanian or Hungarian. The research starts from a database containing more than 1,000 sentences with modal verbs in three languages, which is then fed into the translation memory and term base of the MemoQ translation environment.

A predesztinációról (részletek)

Author(s): Johannes Scotus Eriugena / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2015

A Record of Hope

Author(s): Mak Dizdar / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

A Relayed Translation. Looking for the Source Text of the First Polish Translation of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre

Author(s): Dagmara Hadyna / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The first Polish translation of the successful Victorian classic Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë was published thirty four years after the original. The novel translated as Janina by Emilia Dobrzańska was attached in instalments to a weekly periodical “Tydzień” based in Piotrków Trybunalski. Although the subtitle claimed the story was translated from English, the text of the translation inter alia demonstrates a curious preference for French phrases and calques. A close analysis of some features of the translation in comparison to the French translation by Noëmi Lesbazeilles Souvestre dating back to 1854 reveals a striking similarity between the two texts, which can be traced in a variety of contexts explored in this paper. As a result, one may draw the conclusion that the Polish translation was as a matter of fact translated not directly from English, but relayed from French instead. The paper explores the underresearched topic of relay translation, along with mostly negative scholarly attitudes towards this controversial translation method. The aim is to capture some reasons for its occasional use or even a preference for this translation technique in certain circumstances.

A REVIEW OF SCREEN CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY FEEDBACK RESEARCH

Author(s): Russell Stannard / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

A Review of Screen Capture Technology Feedback Research. Screen capture technology (SCT) is one of the most widely used technologies in teaching and learning. SCT allows the user to record the screen of their computer as if a video camera was pointed at it. Anything the user does on the screen is recorded as a video and their voice is also recorded. It is principally used to create learning assets. For example, a teacher can record themselves talking over a PowerPoint presentation or a graph and then share the resulting video with students. However, the same technology can be used to provide feedback on student’s written work. It is possible, for example, for a teacher to open a student’s written work onto the screen of their computer, mark the errors and problems with the work, turn on the SCT and record themselves working through the student’s work and providing feedback. The resulting video can then be sent to the student. The students can play back the video and see their teacher correcting their paper and they can also hear their teacher’s commentary. This idea has been quite extensively researched and has been enthusiastically received by both students and teachers. This paper attempts to summarise some of the findings from the growing body of research, much of which have been connected to the topic of English Language Learning. It also suggests possible directions for future research.

A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma: Deception, Truth and Modernism

Author(s): Roland Boer / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

This article deals with the widespread assumption that a significant collection of texts known as the Bible is inherently ‘deceptive’. That is, the Bible does not – it is assumed – say what was ‘really’ going on in the ancient world. The truth, therefore, must be found by going behind or beneath the text (the spatial metaphors should be noted). Here the real story may found, through archaeology or reading the text against itself. This approach may be described as a modernist ‘depth model’, in which the surface attempts to conceal the truth, while the truth itself must be found by going around the surface text. This remains a dominant approach in biblical criticism. However, it cannot be understood without earlier and indeed, in some quarters, current assumptions concerning the realist nature of the text. In this case, the text reflects in a reasonably trustworthy fashion the context of the text, if not the ideological assumptions and positions of the putative authors. Modernist ‘depth models’ may then be seen as attempts to respond to realist assumptions. A third moment is what could be called postmodern: in this case, the distance between surface and depth is challenged, so that the various possibilities become equal contestants for the dominant position. This entails a shift away from the assumption of a singular truth of the text, characteristic of both realist and modernist assumptions, to the understanding of multiple truth claims – not as relative but as absolutes that permit other absolutes. The argument emphasises that these approaches should be seen as dialectically related to one another, rather that mutually exclusive approaches.