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There are two Sanskrit manuscripts of Kṣemendra’s Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā preserved at Drepung Monastery in Tibet. The earlier one (according to the colophon) contains all the 108 avadānas comprising the whole text, while the later one only includes the last 61 avadānas. In this paper, we compare and analyse two paratextual elements of the extant versions, namely, pallava-endings and prologue, in order to know how frequently the translator Shong ton Rdo rje rgyal mtshan and the redactor Zha lu lotsāva Chos skyong bzang po used these two manuscripts
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As a complex phenomenon, reticence has been proved to exist in foreign language classroom, affecting the learning of the target language. Students’ low proficiency, their fear of being corrected by their teachers or laughed at by their peers are two of the factors that lead to their unwillingness to take part in classroom activities, especially in speaking activities. The compulsory nature of the second language course may exacerbate the problem by negatively influencing students’ motivation to participate in communication activities. Students rarely volunteer answers and even clear-cut answers may be followed by periods of silence. Given that language primarily exists to facilitate communication, interaction in English has an important role to play in developing learners’ ability to use English effectively and correctly. Since interaction will not happen spontaneously, it is teachers’ responsibility to find the right methods to encourage students to increase their involvement in classroom discussions.
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Plutarch’s lively dialogue Bruta animalia ratione uti was translated in the course of the 15th century by three different persons whose works are only extant in manuscripts. For establishing the connections between these translations a thorough study of the texts of the codices is needed. In a previous article, we have dealt with Giovanni Regio’s translation, which is the latest in time (1488), and found traces of the latter’s dependence from the translation of the Milanese Lampugnino Birago (c. 1465–1470). The aim of the present paper is to inquire into the text of the earliest translation by the Sicilian Antonio Cassarino (c. 1440–1445) in parallel with the text of Lampugnino Birago’s translation which followed it after two and a half decades. The different translation methods and devices used by the translators provide ample space for comparison. Whereas Cassarino’s approach is more in keeping with the humanist ideal of ‘translation by sense’ (ad sententiam), Birago as a rule follows a principle of ‘translation by word’ (ad verbum), keeping close to the letter. Beyond the questions of translation theory in general problems relating to the textual tradition of the Latin codices, the possible Greek sources of the translations, and a number of lexical matters are discussed.
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Plutarch’s dialogue Bruta animalia ratione uti mainly reached popularity in humanist circles through a Latin translation made by Giovanni Regio, a young Paduan, in the year 1488. The text of this translation, which is preserved in a paper codex Ms. 958 of the University Library of Padua, was revised and posthumously put into print by Raffaele Regio, Giovanni’s older brother, in the year 1508 in Venice. A comparison of the text of the manuscript with that of the printed version has so far been neglected in philological research. With a detailed analysis, we wish to ascertain how far changes have been effected to the original translation during the revision and try to get an insight into the methods and skills of the young translator. Thereby we shall even be able to trace if there is any further connection of the text with the other two translations of the dialogue, those that were made a few decades earlier by Antonio Cassarino and Lampugnino Birago.
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The research paper presents an unpublished inscription in Greek language from the narthex of the Kremikovtsi Monastery St George near Sofia – an epigram of the famous Byzantine poet Theodoros Prodromos, who lived at the court of the Komnenian Dynasty in the twelfth century. Being part of the scene Flight into Egypt and – more precisely, – being written in the scroll of a female figure – a personification of the city, no parallel of this inscription has been attested so far in post-Byzantine art. The only other scroll like this has been discovered in the church of the Seslavtsi Monastery St Nicholas near Sofia, but the text there is probably just a decorative detail. A complete study of the preserved part of the damaged inscription is conducted, together with a discussion about its linguistic and literary specifics in the context of the high Byzantine poetry and the Biblical exegesis. The aim is to outline and to describe the raison d’être of this religious epigram (ἱερὸν ἐπίγραμμα) as an expressive instrument for direct communication with the audience through its main stylistic feature – the dialogue between the Saviour and the layman, between the divine and the human nature of Christ. The poetical form chosen by Theodoros Prodromos immediately draws the viewers’ attention and it compels them to reflect upon the scene. Theodoros Prodromos’ epigram in the Kremikovtsi Monastery offers an exceptional and significant proof that the connection of Balkan art to the achievements of the Christian culture of the former Byzantine empire was still alive in the fifteenth century.
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Based on a corpus including 150 novels by 40 authors, a stylometric survey was conducted to assess which modern authors were similar to Elena Ferrante, the pen name used for eight novels, including "My Brilliant Friend" (Tuzzi & Cortelazzo 2018a and 2018b). The survey proved that Elena Ferrante’s writing style is remarkably different from that of the other main contemporary Italian novelists with the notable exception of Domenico Starnone. Follow-up studies (Cortelazzo, Mikros & Tuzzi 2018 and another under way) show that non-fiction works signed by Elena Ferrante may be attributed to different authors, i.e., Anita Raja, Starnone again, and a collective author including the staff of the E/O publishing house. This study complements the results obtained by previous research by assessing Elena Ferrante’s role in modern Italian fiction following the publication of her latest novel, "The Lying Life of Adults". In addition, the analysis of her similarities to Domenico Starnone was enhanced by means of a larger corpus of his novels, thus corroborating the outcome of previous research.
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A clown travels through times and identities. A personage is handed over to different creators and audiences. A voice changes its purpose. This article observes the metamorphoses of Pierrot from Commedia dell’arte through the romantic malheureux, the decadent Dandy to the perpetual loser and peace-seeker of the turn of the century, following the works of three authors: Giraud, Hartleben, and Schönberg. When and where is this journey going to end? – We don’t know.
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The article is an attempt to transfer into the field of translation studies selected theories of performance and of performative strategies of establishing relations with the past. The author seeks to define the act of translating old theatrical texts – a fragmentary trace of the Italian dell’arte, a theatrical practice which is forgotten yet paradoxically still reproduced based on specific principles – as “performing remains”. The term is borrowed from Rebecca Schneider, an American performance scholar who introduced it into contemporary humanities in her book Performing Remains. Art and War in Time of Theatrical Reenactment (2011) to describe the theatrical reconstructions of historical events and artistic transformations of historical performances. The tensions between the material and non-material traces of the past and the possibilities of their contemporary transformation in performative actions, as described by Schneider, provide a point of departure for reflecting on the act of translating as an epistemological tool for constructing knowledge about the past and, at the same time, for making the past present in a performative way.
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The present book tries to offer an insight regarding metaphorical expressions containing the following prepositions or verbal prefixes:over, through, above, across in English, prin, peste in Romanian and át,keresztül, felett, felül in Hungarian. the study constitutes the Ph.D.dissertation of the author, and the corpus is based on recent and representative dictionaries of the three languages involved: the shorter oxford English Dictionary, Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (the Romanian explanatory Dictionary) and A magyar nyelv értelmezőszótára (the Hungarian explanatory Dictionary).
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In the globalised society that we live in, given the technological development that we have to catch up with, interpreting becomes more visible and more relevant as it is perceived as a means of connecting languages, people and cultures and, more recently, as a means of uncovering the psycho-cognitive subtleties of the mind of the person performing the act of interpreting. The present article is meant to be a study with didactic implications. Students in the Department of Translation, Interpretation and Applied Linguistics (TILA) at Moldova State University have classes of ConsecutiveInterpreting (CI) in the second and third academic year. In this study, we will focus, particularly, on this mode of transferring information from the source-language (English) into the target-language (Romanian) and will take a closer look at the most appropriate methods used to determine if and to what extent students’ behavior and reactions to various linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that they experience while performing interpreting activities affect the product of interpreting.
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This paper discusses the importance of a cognitive approach to the evaluation of translator’s skills. The authors set forth their recommendations for the compilation of test materials for the evaluation of translators’ cognitive ability.
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The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies sparked researchers’ interest not only in the translation as a cultural and sociological phenomenon, but also in the translator as an agent, rather than a figure who should fade into invisibility. Accordingly, the translator’s cognitive activity is seen as situated in their physical, social and cultural environment. The paper adopts a Cognitive Linguistic approach to the translator’s sociocultural situatedness, showing how it may bear on the translator’s linguistic choices. The paper concludes that to obtain a complete picture of the translator’s activity, it is necessary to illuminate and explore the interconnection of language, cognition and culture.
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The complexity of Lucian Blaga’s poetry is a matter of common knowledge. Part of this complexity is related to the elements of prosody that Blaga skilfully employs, to say nothing of the philosophical vein which infuses his writings, and which derives, understandably, from his philosophical work. Mention should also be made of the lyrical character of Blaga’s dramatic works, which adds significantly to the effort of translating his writings into English, or any other language for that matter. In what follows, we intend to offer a bird’s eye view of the volumes that have been translated into English and to analyse a selection of poems comparatively, in order to signal challenges and discrepancies, born in the process of transferring literary material from Romanian to English, and to point out what has been lost, and, if that be the case, what has been gained in the translation process.
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The subject of analysis in this paper is the speech act of apology. The comparative analysis was conducted in relation to the form of the speech act and the strategies used to express it. The analysed data were obtained through an online discourse completion task among American and Macedonian university students. The DCT includes three situations that differ in accordance to the social distance and the social status of the participants, and the severity of the offence. The aim of the research is to define the pragmatic structure of apologies, by determining the possible similarities and differences in both languages. Herein, speakers in both languages can avoid future miscommunication and become aware of different communication styles and cultural features of the languages.
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Learning a language means learning the culture. What we act and speak reflect the culture of our language. Requests have attracted the attention of many researchers which they have often been investigated adjacent to the politeness (Liu, 2007; Jalilifar, 2009; Al-Marrani & Sazalie, 2010; Félix- Brasdefer, 2010; Youssef, 2012; Mohammadi & Tamimi Sa’d, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine Iranian EFL learners, Persian native speakers, and American English native speakers’ perception of speech act of requests without politeness markers. To this end, the data were collected from 35 EFL learners, 35 Persian native speakers, and 14 English native speakers. The data were collected through an open ended questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task and a Perception questionnaire in the form of Likert scale adopted from Saidi and Khosravi (2015). The questionnaire consists of situations with variations in contextual variables, i.e. social status: requests made by people of higher social status, equal social status and lower social status relative to the speakers. The participants were asked to imagine themselves in the situations and rate the (im)politeness of each request situation on a 4-point Likert scale. Moreover, they were required to write down what they would say if they were in a situation without politeness markers. A translated version of questionnaire was handed to Persian native speakers. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between EFL learners and English native participants, and also between EFL learners and Persian speakers’ perceptions of (im)politeness of different request situations. Moreover, by comparing the three groups of participants who perceived a request as mostly/ slightly impolite, the writer provided information about their expectations of politeness in different situations. It is hoped that the findings of this study can add to the body of knowledge in speech act studies in general and to our understanding of Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers’ perception of (im)politeness in particular.
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Reading is an essential component of second language acquisition. Reading in a second language is not mostly regarded as a monolingual issue due to the fact that L2 learners resort to their first language to help them comprehend L2 texts. Hence, one of the on-going challenges for language teachers is whether or not to use L1 in L2 instruction. The current study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of two instructional techniques of elaboration and translation for improving senior high school learners' reading comprehension. To do so, two groups were randomly selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. The reading comprehension texts were taught to the former group through elaboration and to the latter by translation as a traditional method which has commonly been employed by teachers nationwide. The analyses of the data obtained indicated a statistically significant difference between the translation group and the elaboration group. The elaboration group outperformed the translation group. The findings of the current study can have some crucial implications for second language teachers particularly those who seem highly reluctant to benefit from merits of reflective teaching and still insist on their traditional methods which have resulted in communicatively incompetent learners.
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The author’s aim is to present a context-based English translation of chapter 14 titled “De vocibus naturalibus in animalibus eorumque anatomia”, from the Liber anatomicus de natura soni et vocis of Athanasius Kircher’s Musurgia Universalis sive Ars Magna Consoni et Dissoni published in 1650 in Rome. The article is divided into three parts. The first one (introduction) states the reasons for doing a context-based translation of the chapter. The second part forms the main and most extensive part because it presents the translation itself, along with annotations. In the third part, emphasis is laid on the author’s conclusions regarding the importance of a context-based approach to the translation of Kircher’s text. An examination of the context proved to be essential for achieving both clarity and quality in the translation, avoiding significant interpretative errors, distinguishing between Kircher’s own statements and covert quotations, and providing the reader with additional information contained in the annotations, which shed light on, and comment upon, the issues raised by Kircher himself.
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The aim of this paper is to offer insight on how English idioms containing the zoonym component are translated into Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The analysis includes 82 examples of English idioms taken from the lexicographic source, bilingual dictionary, which were then categorized according to their zoonym constituents and employed translation strategies. The results show that the most frequent translation strategy is the one of null equivalence. In other words, due to the lack of identical or similar structure in the target language, a complete paraphrase of an idiom with a zoonym component is the most frequently employed translation strategy. The paper also indicates the need for further research related to the comprehension and translation of idioms in English for the speakers of BCS.
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Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.
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