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R. Gary Europietiško auklėjimo norminis vertimo ekvivalentiškumas

R. Gary Europietiško auklėjimo norminis vertimo ekvivalentiškumas

Author(s): Aurelija Leonavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 83/2010

Translation theories often bring up the issue of translation quality – the equivalence of the text to the original. One type of text equivalence is text normative translation equivalence, which permits a judgement about the quality of the translation in the target language.This article offers a theoretical discussion of the relationship between normative equivalence and the overall equivalence of a translation followed by an examination of the normative equivalence of the Lithuanian language translation of R. Gary’s work, Éducation européenne. The analysis based on the data from the material under examination allows to evaluate the concept of literary normative translation equivalence more accurately, to highlight the actual use of language norms and to consider the importance of the style of an individual author when selecting literary means in the target language.A quantitative and linguistic examination of the target language text has revealed numerous translation errors in lexicon, morphology, syntax and style. The results of the analysis of the translation suggest that there are deficiencies in aesthetic communication and application of translation methodology arising from the failure to take into account differences in the French and Lithuanian nominative and the nature of the grammatical systems. The performed examination, which was based on empirical data, casts doubts on the equivalence of Europietiškas auklėjimas to the original text (Éducation européenne) and raises the question of whether this translation could be publicly presented as a good example.

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Tłumacz jako „medium” (rzecz o literackości tłumaczenia teatralnego i teatralności tłumaczenia literackiego): przywoływanie duchów Kantora

Tłumacz jako „medium” (rzecz o literackości tłumaczenia teatralnego i teatralności tłumaczenia literackiego): przywoływanie duchów Kantora

Author(s): Luigi Marinelli / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2015

The author’s experience of translating the theoretical and theatrical texts of Tadeusz Kantor – among others the “partituras” of his masterpieces The Dead Class and Wielopole, Wielopole – becomes the starting point for a more general reflection about some theoretical and practical aspects of theatre translation and their relationship with literary translation tout court. The metaphor of (theatrical) translator as a medium and that of translation as the evocation of “voices” – stimulated especially by the “spirits” of The Dead Class and the necessity of their “resurrection” in a new language/culture – is a trope aimed at illustrating the strong link between the literary component of theatrical translation andtheatricality of literary translation. In the author’s opinion it is not a simple tautology, but one of the most important aspects of theatrical translation – which is at the same time endo- and interlinguistic, as well as intersemiotic. Theatrical translators appear indeed not only as the media of “other” voices, but to some extent also as actors of their own texts, since the interplay with the proto-texts and their emotive and communicative goals is achieved through a series of performative elements not far removed from those of an actor on stage.

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Jak tłumaczyć dialekt we włoskich tekstach teatralnych

Jak tłumaczyć dialekt we włoskich tekstach teatralnych

Author(s): Jadwiga Miszalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2015

The translation of dialect as a diatopic variety is one of the most difficult problems which the translator has to solve. Dialect, more than the standard language, refers to culture-specific elements. Considering its semantic valence it is necessary to take it into account while translating. On the other hand, translation of theater texts is under special pressure of the cultural context of the target system and the target text has to establish a direct contact with the public. The paper presents different circumstances of using dialect in source texts and different translation strategies applicable in target texts. Then it provides examples of an Italian drama (La carnezzeria by Emma Dante) in which the use of Sicilian dialect has a very specific function. The Polish translator replaces dialect with a distorted version of language based on a colloquial variety, which is one of the possible solutions since there are no general nor precise rules of dialect translation. The case study proves that it is always important to consider the function of dialect in theater text in the contexts of translation.

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Translation Techniques Revisited: The Applicability of Existing Solutions in Non-Literary Translation

Author(s): Jasmina Đorđević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Translation studies have evolved to the extent that phenomena, problems and aspects related to translation are analysed and defined within the discipline itself based on methods and techniques specifically developed for it. One of the many achievements is that two separate translation genres have been identified, i.e. literary and non-literary translation, followed by different approaches to both theoretical explorations of the two, as well as practical solutions in the process of translating them. The aim of this article is to contribute to the study of non-literary translation by offering an overview of translation techniques available in the literature but not yet distinctly related to non-literary translation. Since recent approaches to the study of translation imply a strong focus on the target text as a product, the techniques illustrated here are supported by examples originating from an authentic corpus of non-literary translation compiled during twenty-two years of officially recognized translation.

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ZAPAD NA ISTOKU

ZAPAD NA ISTOKU

Author(s): Ahmed Čolić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 27/2006

The first Bosnian issue of “ The Book about the Scale of Wisdom”, a masterpiece of medieval physics, written by Ar-Rahman al-Hazini, the great Islamic scientist of the twelfth century, is in preparation. In 1859, Russian orientalist N.V. Honikov was the first one who succeeded to translate some parts of “The Book about the Scale of Wisdom” from Arabic into one of the European languages (Russian). It was not until 1983 that the complete translation of “The Book about the Scale of Wisdom” into Russian was issued by the Soviet Academy of Science and Arts. The issue being prepared in Bosnian language is the translation of the Russian volume of “The Book about the Scale of Wisdom” and represents the very first translation of “The Book...” into one of the South-Slavic languages. What this article offers is the translator’s and editor’s brief comment on the Bosnian issue of “The Book about the Scale of Wisdom”.

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OGLED O PRIJEVODU I PREVODIOCIMA

OGLED O PRIJEVODU I PREVODIOCIMA

Author(s): Ahmed Zildžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2006

The author deals broadly with the phenomenon of translating masterpieces of the classical Persian literature into Bosnian from another language, primarily English. It is clear that this phenomenon entails many difficulties and shortcomings, and only the general ones are presented here. He concisely avoids thorough philological analysis with the view that such an analysis would be more suitable for specialized literature review magazines. It is well known that Muslims in Bosnia communicated directly with the Persian literature ever since the 15th century. This literature, through its main representatives Rumi, Hafiz, Attar and others, played a very important role in shaping the Islamic spirituality in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Persian literature has been read, interpreted and written in Bosnia. Precisely because of these facts, translation of the main works of the Persian classicism into Bosnian from another language seems controversial and the very implications of that process are a subject of this work.

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PRIJEVODI KLASIČNIH MUSLIMANSKIH DJELA NA BOSANSKOM JEZIKU (II)

PRIJEVODI KLASIČNIH MUSLIMANSKIH DJELA NA BOSANSKOM JEZIKU (II)

Author(s): Almir Fatić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2004

This is the second part of the article published in the Novi muallim magazine over two years ago. The author’s intention is to, God willing, continue reviewing translations of the classical Muslim works to the Bosnian language and presenting the reviews in this magazine. This review is created based on the same methodology used in the first part, charcteristics of which we explained in more detail than. This also applies to our remarks about the importance of such works, position of the Bosnian language in terms of the classics and what do we mean by the classical Muslim works.

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Greckie i łacińskie średniowiecze w nie-liturgicznej poezji: Kasja Mniszka i Carmina Burana

Greckie i łacińskie średniowiecze w nie-liturgicznej poezji: Kasja Mniszka i Carmina Burana

Author(s): Agnieszka Heszen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The article compares some epigrams of Cassia, a nun and poetess living in the 9th century in Constantinople with the songs from the collection Carmina Burana (CB), which were created in the West of Europe between the 11th and 13th century. The author of the work presents her own translations of the poems and shares reflections on the way of their interpretation. What unites Cassia with Latin chants is a miniature form, the accuracy of observations on man and society, satire. The environment of the creation of the both groups of the works is similar too – the Greek poetess was a nun, the authors of Latin songs were clerics and scholars. Yet the image of love is different: in the CB we will find songs of sensual, erotic subject, Cassia, even if she writes about love, it is the one of spiritual dimension. There is a completely different attitude to the clergy: Cassia writes beautiful praise of life of the monks, CB are full of cut satires on the friars. CBare very rewarding material for the translator – full of simple rhymes and rhythms, with a regular structure, there are easy to translate into Polish. We are accustomed that mediaeval poetry is just that: rhythmic, rhymed, with a simple arrangement of sentences, therefore a translator using measures of mediaeval chants can introduce the reader not only to the content but also to the form of the Latin songs. Cassia’s poetry has a closer connection with the music, her songs of the saints are not rhythmic, rhyming nor isosylabic, but a melody gives a rhythm to the structure of the sentence. So, in thetranslations some equivalent of music must appear. In contrast, Cassia’s satirical poetry was not meant to be sung, and it was written with iambic verse, which can be translated with a suitable rhythm.

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Przedwojenna seria translatorska Tajemniczego dziecka E. T. A. Hoffmann

Przedwojenna seria translatorska Tajemniczego dziecka E. T. A. Hoffmann

Author(s): Eliza Pieciul-Karmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

This article presents a pre-war translation series of the fantastic tale The strange child (Das fremde Kind) by E.T.A. Hoffmann, a work published in 1817 and soon translated into many European languages. Unluckily, Hoffmann’s story, one of the two internationally best known examples of fantasy tales (the other one is Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland) is practically inexistent in the Polish literature. The article is an attempt to discover why an internationally acknowledged children’s story remains unknown in Poland (in opposition to Hoffmann’s other children’s tale Nutcracker). One of the reasons is the specific ‘fantastic’ character of Hoffmann’s work, but other reasons must be sought in the qualities of both pre-war translations in Polish (1923 and 1926). The article concentrates on discovering translation strategies used in those renditions and their consequences for the Polish reception.

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Przekład z duszy leci bystro, nim się w metrum złamie, czyli o formie angielskich tłumaczeń Pana Tadeusza

Przekład z duszy leci bystro, nim się w metrum złamie, czyli o formie angielskich tłumaczeń Pana Tadeusza

Author(s): Anna Filipek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The problem of classifying Pan Tadeusz as a literary gentre has serious consequences for the translation of the work: what form should the text take in another language? Should one translate Pan Tadeusz in verse in the target language versification scheme (domestication), in the original versification scheme (foreignisation), or render it in prose? Seven translators have so far faced this challenge in English: M.A. Biggs (1885 – blank verse), G.R. Noyes (1917 – prose), W. Kirkconnell (1962 – heroic couplet with enjambments), K.R. MacKenzie (1964 – heroic couplet without enjambments), M. Weyland (2004 – 12-syllable line), L. Kress (2006 – rhymed pentameter), Ch.A. Zakrzewski (2010 – prose). Each of the selected strategies resulted in some gains and losses for the target reader; no translator managed to find the golden mean for the translation form of the Polish national epic. Edward Balcerzan may therefore be right as he suggests to analyse the translations of a given work as a series – only all the existing and potential translations of Pan Tadeusz together can produce the effect of the original work by Mickiewicz.

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Dos lid funem ojsgehargetn jidiszn folk Jicchoka Kacenelsona - po polsku

Dos lid funem ojsgehargetn jidiszn folk Jicchoka Kacenelsona - po polsku

Author(s): Andrzej Pawelec,Magdalena Sitarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

Katzenelson’s Song of the Murdered Jewish People is widely recognized as one of the most significant literary documents of the Shoah. Hence, its very limited reception after WW2 is at first glance baffling. We provide the necessary historical background to explain why Katzenelson’s “Lament” was for several decades unwanted and why it still remains difficult to appropriate in translation. To show this in one particular context, we focus on the Polish translation by Jerzy Ficowski. We analyse selected examples of Ficowski’s justly praised poetic achievement to point out the limitations of his declared goal: “My intention was to make the translation invisible, to allow the murdered poet say again the same – but this time, in Polish” (Ficowski 1982: 11).

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Polski Hemingway

Polski Hemingway

Author(s): Anna Rogulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The author reflects on the phenomena of the vast popularity of Ernest Hemingway in Poland after 1956 in contrast to his unpopularity in the 21st century. In the analysis of translations by Bronisław Zieliński, it turns out that the Polish version of Hemingway’s writing differs from the English one. Polish translations of Hemingway were published due to several political reasons and they were adapted to fit into Polish readers’ expectations. The article contains an analysis of short excerpts from The Sun Also Rises. The author concludes that new Polish translations of Hemingway’s prose are very much needed.

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Jadwiga Maurizio – uznana, nieznana, znajoma. Tłumaczka Lema

Jadwiga Maurizio – uznana, nieznana, znajoma. Tłumaczka Lema

Author(s): Ilona Narębska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The list of translators who promoted Polish literature in Francoist Spain between 1939 and 1975 includes several dozen names. Many of them have remained anonymous. It is difficult to determine who they were and what kind of relationship they had with the Polish language, especially if we take into consideration that most of them were Spanish. Jadwiga Maurizio is one of the very few Polish women in that group. Spanish readers know her above all as Stanisław Lem’s translator. Despite the popularity of her work, she remains virtually unknown. She was undoubtedly a very exceptional yet modest woman. There is a lot to say about her translation work: the language she translated from, the strategies she used to deal with neologism and wordplay, the people who revised her translations. This paper aims at bringing Jadwiga Maurizio out of the shadows to reveal her contribution to the translation of Polish literature. For this purpose, I will analyze the bibliography of books she translated in terms of the authors and editorial policy. I will try to figure out how she started to translate and what her cooperation with the publishing house looked like. I will also consider whether the quality of her translation had any influence on the popularity of Stanisław Lem in Spain. Finally, I will mention those facts from her private life that might have been related to her professional activity.

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Wielogłosowa powieść w translatorskim wielogłosie, czyli Anglicy na pokładzie Matthew Kneale’a

Wielogłosowa powieść w translatorskim wielogłosie, czyli Anglicy na pokładzie Matthew Kneale’a

Author(s): Krzysztof Filip Rudolf / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The paper presents a unique and unprecedented translatorial enterprise in which Matthew Kneale’s novel English Passengers was rendered into Polish by a group of twenty-one translators. The book is discussed within the framework of the genre of polyphonic novel and compared to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Shakespeare’s The Tempest. The whole process of translating the novel is described in detail, and numerous problematic issues concerning translatorial problems are addressed.

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Polscy wydawcy lilipuci jako idea-makers?

Polscy wydawcy lilipuci jako idea-makers?

Author(s): Katarzyna Biernacka-Licznar,Natalia Paprocka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The paper discusses Polish publishers referred to as “Lilliputians”, i.e. a group of small independent publishing houses set up after 2000 that publish artistically refined books of high literary quality for children and young adults.Drawing on Itamar Even-Zohar’s theory of culture repertoire, we posit that in the 1990s, the cultural repertoire of Polish children’s literature was distinctly limited, while the development of the Lilliputian publishers at the onset of the third millennium was a reaction against that limitation. We believe that the role played by the Lilliputian publishers in Polish children’s literature is best captured by the notion of idea-makers, i.e. people who are a driving force of change in culture repertoire.The aim of this descriptive exploratory paper is to identify and analyse Polish and foreign books released by those publishers and to define distinctive features of those publications with a special focus on literary imports from France and Italy. Our findings imply that the choices made by the Lilliputian publishers have modified the repertoire available to Polish readers of children’s literature at the turn of the millennia.

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„Zmartwychwstanie śmieciarzy”. Interakcjonizm symboliczny i narracyjne trajektorie biograficzne w tekstach polskich migrantów przebywających w Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii po roku 2004

„Zmartwychwstanie śmieciarzy”. Interakcjonizm symboliczny i narracyjne trajektorie biograficzne w tekstach polskich migrantów przebywających w Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii po roku 2004

Author(s): Joanna Ślósarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The paper contains problematic analysis of selected literary texts from the period 2004–2012, typical of a larger corpus of works created by Polish migrants. Narratives, plots and lyrical monologues are regarded from the perspective of symbolic communication (Blumer), representing the dynamics of biographical trajectories (Schütze). The theses are formulated here in the initial conceptualization of critical situations in which Polish migrants operate. These situations are determined by such processes as: 1) forced falsification of social roles in the new professional environment and, consequently, the need for a redefinition of self- and community identity; 2) communication barriers related to the lack of sufficient language competence; 3) lack or loss of means of subsistence and strategies for acquiring material goods; 4) separation from the beloved ones, loss of emotional support, and therefore a strong focus on reconstruction of emotional ties; 5) the need to respect and understand cultural differences in a multi-ethnic space. Critical situations portrayed in the narratives, leading to allocation in the world, are presented by Polish authors in both aspects: the positive one (discovery of new opportunities, departure, change of language) and the negative one (loss of the sense of security, livelihood, family, friends). In the narratives, the choice between various modes of action is interpreted in the pragmatic context, reduced to the effectiveness of the fight for survival, but with the observance of the limits shaped as a defence of axiological individual identity, especially of pride, honour and dignity. The primary function of the self-narration used by Polish migrants is to reconstruct personal identity in the figure of the speaking subject. Self-narration is analysed in the paper as a form of organization of experience, a symbolic recreation of the order of existence when faced with a stream of chaotic, destructive events. Underlined are the action schemes characteristic of the texts of Polish migrants that represent the transition from transactional, investment concepts of biography to formulation of the project of transformational, creative and subjectified biography.

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Miejsce Williama Carlosa Williamsa w polisystemie literackim Julii Hartwig

Miejsce Williama Carlosa Williamsa w polisystemie literackim Julii Hartwig

Author(s): Maciej Nawrocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

Itamar Even-Zohar’s theory of polysystems is based on connecting diverse semiotic phenomena (especially texts of culture of specific type) with a network of mutual relationships. By affecting each other, the individual systems created in this process constitute a polysystem – a heterogeneous model of culture, constructed accordingly to its components, with its center and periphery, repertoire and canon. Using this theory, the analysis of various elements of culture allows to build up broad socio-cultural perspectives, which in turn enable precise interpretation of particular texts. The methods offered by Even-Zohar find their use chiefly in describing and explaining cultural phenomena of large scale – the fundamental transformations of polysystems, canonic shifts etc. However, the author of this theory notes the possibility of dividing the systems into smaller, isomorphic particles, within which similar processes may occur. My attempt at the analysis of the influence of William Carlos Williams’ poetry on Julia Hartwig’s works is a result of this possibility; in this essay I try to demonstrate the functionality of the use of the polysystem theory and its concepts in case of a relationship specified in such a way. Through my research I was able to prove that William Carlos Williams’ position in the literary polysystem of Julia Hartwig was dynamic and to distinguish three different turning points, which constitute the overall trajectory of this movement, which I support by using multiple examples from different fields of Hartwig’s literary activity.

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Od negacji do afirmacji. Poetyka negacji w wierszu Widok z ziarnkiem piasku Wisławy Szymborskiej i jego angielskim przekładzie Stanisława Barańczaka i Clare Cavanagh

Od negacji do afirmacji. Poetyka negacji w wierszu Widok z ziarnkiem piasku Wisławy Szymborskiej i jego angielskim przekładzie Stanisława Barańczaka i Clare Cavanagh

Author(s): Anna Stanisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The aim of this article is to analyse the poem entitled Widok z ziarnkiem piasku by Wisława Szymborska and its translation into English by Stanisław Barańczak and Clare Cavanagh (View with a Grain of Sand), paying special attention to the key poetics of negation. The article focuses on the problem of “possible worlds.” Looked at from the point of view of linguistics, literary studies, and translation studies, the poem is demonstrative of the variety of forms of negation and their semantic functions used in Szymborska’s entire oeuvre. The conclusion is that Szymborska uses not only negations on the formal, i.e. grammatical level, but also on the semantic and pragmatic levels, and through these conveys the main senses of her poems. The analysis of the English translation shows that the role of negations is similar: the translators use numerous and various forms of formal and semantic negation, but they lack pragmatic negation. The translation thus lacks one of the most central messages of the poem: Szymborska values the richness human existence much more than the empty existence of other beings.

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Polska wersja Sekretów Aleksego z Piemontu

Polska wersja Sekretów Aleksego z Piemontu

Author(s): Zbigniew Bela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The paper addresses the translation into Polish of famousThe Secrets ofthe Reverend Maister Alexis of Piedmont (Venice, 1555), by Marcin Siennik, which seems to be rather far removed both from the Italian original, and the other translations into major European languages. In the Author’s view this gives sufficient grounds to place it very much on a par with a number of other manipulations perpetrated against this book, especially those attempted in the late 16th c. by its successive Italian publishers, which consequently proved instrumental in having its original character greatly distorted.

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Przekład słowa, przekład obrazu. Myśl przekładoznawcza Elżbiety Tabakowskiej

Przekład słowa, przekład obrazu. Myśl przekładoznawcza Elżbiety Tabakowskiej

Author(s): Ewa Rajewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2016

The article discusses the book Myśl językoznawcza z myślą o przekładzie [Linguistic Thought with a Thought on Translation](2015)by Elżbieta Tabakowska – a selection of articles and essays written by the Polish doyenne of cognitive translation studies. Arranged by Piotr de Bończa Bukowski and Magda Heydel, the selection of her 18 texts (including 5 translations from English by Agnieszka Pokojska), published from 1991 to 2014, presents an evolution of the author’s translatological thought and interests. In her summa Elżbieta Tabakowska, the translator and popularizer of works by Ronald W. Langacker, combines scholarly disquisition with brilliant analyses of diverse texts: excerpts from Tadeusz Konwicki’s novel Kompleks polski and its translation The Polish Complex by Richard Lourie; poems by Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Seamus Heaney, Elizabeth Bishop, Wisława Szymborska and Ewa Lipska; prose by James Joyce, Norman Davies and Lewis Carroll as well as software training course materials and Polish religious texts exemplifying the Marian cult. Issues discussed in the book are among others: imagery, contouring, profiling, point of view, iconicity, equivalence, ethnogrammar, intersemiotic translation, Idealized Cognitive Models and typicality effects. Fascinating frangipanery.

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