MODELING THE TOURISM MARKET BEHAVIOR BASED ON DISCRETE EQUILIBRIUM MODELS “SUPPLY - PRICE - DEMAND”

Author(s): Ihor Novakivskyi,Ihor Kulyniak,Yurii Dziurakh,Solomiya Ohinok,Lilia Ukrainets / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The work is devoted to the modeling of the behavior of the tourism market in the conditions of a supply random lag, distributed according to normal and uniform distribution laws. The behavior of dependences on the tourist market of supply and demand on the price is considered. The modeling of the behavior of the tourism market was carried out using a market dynamic model in the plane of variables “supply – price – demand” taking into account the interests of different groups of consumers, primarily from the point of view of pricing. The delay between changes in supply and demand volumes is taken into account using a Cobweb model. To test this method, information was collected on family expenses when traveling abroad (outbound tourism, tourist vacations lasting 7-15 days) by surveying the employees of 38 travel organizations as of 2021. Three segments of the tourism market are identified: low ($2000 − 4000), medium ($4000 − 12000), and VIP-segment ($12,000 − 20,000). The analysis of the modeling results showed that the behavior of tourists of different segments can significantly influence the market dynamics. The use of a Cobweb model allowed for determining the level of stability of tourist behavior and assessing the possibility of consumer migration from one segment to another. Sensitivity to price changes and response to new offers from different segments can be different, which is important for determining pricing strategies, marketing, and the development of new tourism products.

AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO MEASURING THE TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USING THE INTEGRATED (DWYER & KIM) MODEL

Author(s): Andrijana Mrkaić Ateljević,Goran Mitrović,Siniša Božičković,Vladimir Stanimirović,Slobodan Subotić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Competitiveness is a generally accepted concept that emerges in all social and economic spheres, so understanding competitiveness in the sphere of tourism is also essential for destinations to attract a significantly larger number of tourists and increase tourism expenditure. The aim of the research in this paper is related to the verification of the applicability of the Integrated Competitiveness Model, which was created by Larry Dwyer & Lee Kim. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the Integrated Competitiveness Model using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the paper established a clear methodological framework based on a questionnaire as the main research instrument, which was interpreted by applying a Likert scale, and the responses were analyzed using measures of descriptive statistics. The statistical processing of the collected responses indicates the successful applicability of the Integrated Model, according to which Bosnia and Herzegovina is a moderately competitive destination. A particular significance of the model is its precise suggestion of the multidimensionality and interdependence of competitiveness determinants, highlighting those that need improvement. The research, which utilized an innovative approach through a survey questionnaire, achieved representativeness through careful sample selection, encompassing not only tourists but also representatives of the tourism industry, resulting in original conclusions.

P rawne i praktyczne aspekty dotyczące udostępniania i powierzania danych osobowych z uwzględnieniem regulacji turystycznych w czasie trwania pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Stanisław Hady-Głowiak,Dominik Borek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The article presents issues related to the sharing of personal data, and to entrusting data fortheir processing, with particular emphasis on tourism regulations during the pandemic. The workaims to indicate practical solutions, and to distinguish between situations of entrusting data forprocessing, a contractor authorized to process them on the basis of a contract, and of sharingof personal data. In the latter case, the most important thing is to verify each time the legal basisauthorizing their sharing, and to keep a register of data sharing. In the case of the process ofentrusting personal data for processing, the administrator’s employees should verify the supplier interms of their use of appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure compliance withthe law in the fi eld of personal data protection, and their possession of appropriate professionalknowledge as well as resources to implement the processing of the entrusted data. Here, thekey may be to obtain a declaration of confi dentiality, and a well-prepared self-assessmentquestionnaire (checklist) and analysis of the answers provided therein by the processor, beforeconcluding the agreement, as well as the preparation and analysis of the provisions of the personaldata processing entrustment agreement. In the context of tourism discussed here, it should beremembered that personal data were shared with tour operators, rather than entrusted, whichdoes not exclude the fact that they could use the services of processors.

FACTORS OF THE EVOLUTION OF AIR PASSENGER SEGMENTATION: THE CASE OF THE SERBIAN AIR TRAVEL MARKET

Author(s): Milica Kalić,Slavica Dožić,Katarina Kukić,Danica Babić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The paper investigates the evolution of air passenger profiles in terms of regulatory environment, competitive landscape, socio-economic and demographic trends. The research is supported by passenger surveys carried out since 2001. The surveys have been designed to provide objective and in-depth insights into the preferences and behaviors of air passengers in the Serbian market. The resulting passenger segments are categorized based on socioeconomic and travel purpose criteria, but the surveys conducted at Serbian airports reveal that competition triggered the service quality to become a major issue in the Serbian market, after the entrance of low-cost carriers. The research of future projections of air passengers in Serbia is based on the Delphi method for two-time horizons (2025 and 2035) and three future scenarios are proposed.

To Buy “Social Tourism”

Author(s): Ventsislav Statev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The tourism business makes a significant effort to “sell more happiness” at a “higher price”. It succeeds, but nevertheless a certain group of tourists feel nostalgic for the authentic “social” experience from the “good old days” of a centrally planned economy in Bulgaria, and this is realized as a market niche in tourism. Different solutions are being sought, how both to profit from the “social” and to preserve its authenticity, and to have a modern touch. Happiness is given, it is not bought or sold, it is the result of the social health of a society, which, depending on how “steeped in the pursuit of profit”, makes people more or less satisfied with life. Two good practices in this segment in Bulgaria are considered.

Устойчив маркетинг мениджмънт на читалищата. Монография. Автор: Светлана Ненчева Петрова. Дряново: Фондация “Академия за изкуство и култура”, 2024, 129 с., ISBN 978-619-92963-0-1

Author(s): Ventsislav Velev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

A prospective study of the Algerian Tourism Sector, prospects for 2030, using the Structural Analysis Technique (MICMAC)

Author(s): Ziani Bey Seyfeddine,Naer Laredj,Bourahla Zahra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The study aims to address the problem of revitalizing the Algerian tourism sector, as well as anticipating the potential contributions of tourism projects in supporting Algeria's economic growth, prospects for 2030. Additionally, this study seeks to review the development strategy adopted by Algeria to develop the tourism sector, and assess the extent to which this strategy has been implemented in practice. In order to answer the research question, the structural analysis technique was used using the MICMAC program.The study concluded that Algeria, despite possessing exceptional tourism potential which that positions it as a prime tourist destination and despite the adopted strategy for sector development, has experienced a slow pace in developing the tourism sector and transforming it into a development sector that is an alternative to the hydrocarbon sector. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the tourism sector in Algeria suffers from a structural defect. In order to activate this sector, policy makers in Algeria must coordinate with the rest of the sectors to implement the sector’s plans in their time and remove obstacles. The laws related to tourism investment must also be reviewed.

Nostalgia and destination choice among generation

Author(s): Ruska Bozhkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

It is the first time in history of humanity that five generations with so different preferences are living together in today’s challenging world. Travel habits and tastes are shaped by nostalgia, which has a significant impact on destination selections for all age groups. This study looks at how Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z and Alpha Generation choose their travel destinations based on sentimental longings for the past. Tthe aim of this paper is to research the common attitudes and differences in the preferences of travel destinations among Baby Boomer, X, Y, Z, and Alpha Generation and the role that nostalgia plays. Knowing these subtle differences across generations makes it easier to customize tourism marketing methods, making sure that tourist locations emotionally connect with visitors and eventually increasing their happiness and loyalty.

МАРКЕТИНГЪТ КАТО ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВО КЪМ ЛИДЕРСТВОТО В ТУРИЗМА

Author(s): Fahri Idriz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 04/2024

The primary goal of this article is to illustrate the strong relationship between marketing and people management in tourism, a connection that is less apparent in other industries. This goal aligns with the author's central thesis that, in the tourism sector, the success of a company and its marketing efforts are both the result of effective leadership practices. Accordingly, this article provides an overview of leadership practices in tourism and examines how these practices relate to the contemporary challenges faced by tourism enterprise marketing. The examples discussed are drawn from the operations of a typical Bulgarian company in the tourism sector.

Tourism and Economy: Analysis of the Connection in the Context of Albania

Author(s): Drilona Mulaj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Purpose: This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how tourism interacts with the economy, and how Albania can use this connection to accelerate economic growth and sustainable development. Tourism is a key sector for the Albanian economy, offering great opportunities for economic development. A special focus has been made regarding the development of sustainable tourism, which has the potential to bring lasting benefits to the economy and the environment. Methodology: This analysis includes a theoretical look at the role of tourism in economic growth, using literature for economic and tourism concepts. Also, there should be research regarding the impact of various factors, including destination promotion, touristic infrastructure, and government policies in attracting tourists. To understand how Albania is facing this challenge, analyzes and comparisons were made for the practices of other developed touristic countries. Findings: The result of the study shows that Albania to reach sustainable tourism, it needs to promote special touristic products, investment in training of personnel in the tourism sector to ensure a high-quality and welcoming service, and promotion of ecological tourism by ensuring that tourism development is sustainable. Value: This study contributes to understanding how government and tourism industry can support sustainable tourism development and deal with different issues by implementing policies to accelerate the development of tourism and economy in Albania.

Regulatory Recognition of Commercial Space Flights

Author(s): Daria А. Bulgakova / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

The author of the research article raises current legal issues regarding the regulatory challenges associated with the commercialization of outer space, with a particular focus on space tourism. The study aims to solve the legal dilemma of the lack of a legal framework that would define commercial spaceflight because this problem creates ambiguity in the understanding of the phenomenon of space tourism and raises concerns about the regulatory way of space exploration by private companies. The methods of analysis consist of the benefit of theoretical aspects of international space law for the designation of a mutual understanding between commercial interests and the principles of space exploration. The obtained results of the study lead to the conclusion that the main factor that inhibits the implementation of proper legal regulation of commercial space activity is uncertainty in the application of one or another law to regulate flights with space tourists, which, in the opinion of the author, should be eliminated employing regulatory direction on the proper legal regime, a clear definition of the boundary between outer space and air space, the weight of the norms of international law as opposed to the applications of states regarding the expediency of the norms of national law. The author’s solution is the initiative for the governance of the unsettling areas through contractual arrangements. This idea is due to the results of the study about the predictability of the potential loss of relevance of international space law for the regulation of commercial space flights, therefore the auxiliary role of contract law is delivered. For its implementation, the author emphasizes the prospect of maintaining a regulatory course on (i) management of property rights, (ii) management of space resources in the direction of prohibition of appropriation and commercial colonization of celestial bodies; (iii) provisions for liability in the event of flight anomalies, safe rescue accidents, and the return of space tourists.

Социализиране на морското културно наследство чрез новаторски екскурзионни програми за специализиран фаров туризъм

Author(s): Bela Benova,Radostina Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

In this paper, the authors, a pharologist and a tour operator, both certified tourist guides, present the first tourist programme on the Bulgarian market focusing on lighthouses. Internationally, lighthouse tourism is recognised and gathers popularity as a tourism niche. In this paper, the authors introduce the term “lighthouse tourism” in Bulgaria and define the navigation lights as anthropogenic tourist resources. Lighthouses, as elements of heritage, increase the tourist potential of sites and communities along the Black Sea coast. With the present paper, the authors present their collateral projects for other specific tourist programmes related to the lighthouses and adapted to people with disabilities; to various sports and pastimes—velo, trekking, kayaking, sailing, eco, gourmet, etc. Those options are set to launch in the upcoming tourist seasons, following a successful implementation of the tours presented in the paper.

THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF TOURISM: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION IN TÜRKIYE

Author(s): Erol Koçoğlu,Sule Eguz,Kübra Melis Avcu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2024

Türkiye is a region that bears the traces of many different civilizations from the past to the present. This diversity has endowed the country's culture with a deep and rich dimension. This study examines the role of social studies education in the preservation of cultural heritage in Turkey and its relationship with tourism. The aim of the research is to reveal the potential contributions of social studies education to the sustainability of cultural heritage and the development of tourism by evaluating its impact on students. Conducted within the framework of a qualitative research design, the study involved a comprehensive literature review and an analysis of the 2005 and 2018 social studies curricula for grades 4, 5, 6, and 7. The findings indicate that social studies education provides students with significant awareness regarding the preservation of cultural heritage in Turkey and its integration with tourism. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the educational role of social studies education in the context of preserving cultural heritage and the sustainability of tourism. These findings may contribute to shaping educational policies in Turkey and other countries in this direction.

2018 – 2023 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE'NİN TURİZM İSTATİSTİKLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Sinem BARLAK,Sinan BAŞAR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2024

The data obtained from the tourism industry has been seen as an important guide in the creation of growth, development, progress, tourism policies in the tourism sector and marketing strategies in order to host various statistics associated with tourism movement in the country or region. In this research, the monthly number of visitors coming to Turkey between 2018-2023 and their expenditures, the statistics of departing visitors based on their countries of residence and reasons for arrival, and tourism revenues by type of expenditure were examined. Last updated reports and statistics data published for tourism sector by TÜİK (Turkey Statistical Institution). As a result of the research, it was determined that total tourism revenues and visitor numbers showed a continuous increase trend, except for the decline that started with the declaration of the pandemic in March 2020 and continued until the end of 2021 and peaked in August 2023 with 8 488 026 visitors and a total income level of $8.455 million. The highest expenditure items of visitors during this period were package tour expenses and food expenses.

Advantages and Disadvantages of OTAs in the Distribution System of a Seaside Holiday Hotels

Author(s): Diyana Boteva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of OTAs (Online Travel Agencies) in the distribution system of a seaside holiday hotels. Based on the literature review and direct observations of the author on the activities of seaside holiday hotels on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the author aims to indicates the features of the seaside holiday hotel and defines its distribution system. The article points out the problems of a seaside holiday hotels when using different OTAs and reveals some benefits for both hotels and travellers.

Тhe Positive Customer Experience as a Factor for Guest Satisfaction and Loyalty

Author(s): Galina Ilieva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In the contemporary hospitality industry, superior customer experiences are essential to gaining customer loyalty and achieving a competitive advantage. The guest experience lies at the heart of hospitality and is a major driver of loyalty and personal recommendations. Guest satisfaction reflects the experience guests have in the hotel establishment. But it also reflects the performance the hotel achieves through the services it offers and the way it differentiates itself from its competitors. That is why it is important that guest satisfaction and experience are at the very heart of a hotel's management strategy. Improving customer satisfaction is a critical component of the hospitality industry’s value proposition to the guests (Siguaw a. Enz,1999). Consequently, the hospitality industry spends millions of dollars per year to better assess guest satisfaction and understand the elements of loyalty. With an understanding of what causes guests to stay and to return, hoteliers can act to increase loyalty. This article aims to provide an overview of what is known so far about customer experience and identifies some emerging issues that play an important role in it. It will also describe ways that create excellent customer experience. This will help practitioners to understand the factors that influence customer experience and thus to choose the right satisfaction effective strategy which will turn their guests into loyal customers.

Guidelines For Improving an Event Tourism Product

Author(s): Krasimira Yancheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article examines EVENT tourism as a specialized type that has seen rapid development in recent years, not only globally, but also in Bulgaria. However, the successful implementation and realization of its product is associated with the knowledge of a number of features and effective management of the destination for events. In this regard, the author's aspiration is to derive and systematize the guidelines for improving the event offer, following the example of the Saint Constantine and Helena resort.

Trading Strategies for The Development of Sports Tourism – Rock Climbing

Author(s): Tsvetelina Kabakchieva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Bulgaria as a tourist destination is directly dependent on the European market of tourist services. In the last years of the 20th century, the structure of this market changed rapidly and significantly. The changes are primarily the result of the intensive processes of capital concentration and centralization in the tourism industry of the countries of the European Community. The tourism industry is one of the most profitable, and one of the most flexible, and it is normal for it to be constantly changing. In it there is a constant turnover of huge capitals, and the big tour operators are trying to organize these flows into a single streamlined system so that they can control them more easily.

Innovative Startups in Tourism – The Way They Influence Travel

Author(s): Hristina Santana / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The focus of the publication is set on startups and their influence on travel and tourism industry. As innovation in technology and business is considered to be the leading accelerator in organisation’s development, the author is attempting to analyze the effects of startups’ use and their implementation in tourism. The research goal is: by making a theoretical review of the term startup, to examine its nature and describe the business process, to reveal some good practices and emphasize on innovative examples. The contribution of the publication results in providing qualitative analysis and evaluation of their overall importance to the travel sector, travel professionals and customers as well.

Constructing a Hedonic Pricing Model for the Rental Market in Varna

Author(s): Svetlana Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The aim of the research is to apply a hedonic pricing model to an apartment rental market in the city of Varna, Bulgaria. This widespread model has been used extensively in the various aspects of the rental markets. The sample size of the study is 59 apartments for rent offered on the market in “Chaika” living estate in the city of Varna, published online at “ALO.bg” as of September 1, 2023. We have chosen this specific date, because at that time the market is very brisk. On one hand, the demand of the apartments increases, because of the beginning of the school year, and on the other hand, this period coincides with seasonal layoff unemployment and seasonal labor moving out of the apartments, which they have been renting for the summer jobs. The results of the study explain above 90 percent of variation in rents in Varna, emphasizing the most important factors.