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Postsecular or Post-Traditional? Slovakia between Tradition and Secularization

Author(s): Roman Kečka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article discusses today’s complex religious situation in Slovakia, pondering the adequacy of the concepts usually used in this context. The last three decades have shown that the Western concepts of secularization, desecularization and/or post-secularism do not completely fit the Slovak religious reality that obviously goes beyond the Western conceptual horizon. While the countries in Western Europe are undergoing a postsecular turn, this does not seem to be the case in Slovakia, which has instead seen a very dynamic post-traditional turn characterized not only by belonging to a church and attending its services, but also by an openness to new spiritual possibilities outside the institutional ecclesiastical milieu. In the conditions of a modern society, post-traditional Christianity in Slovakia is experiencing transformations and adaptations of traditional religious forms. The case of Slovakia suggests that the contemporary academic study of religion has to learn how to ask correct, up-to-date questions on religion and non-religion to get the big picture and the details of the dynamics of the actual religious landscape in Slovakia.

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The Experience of Faith in Czech Literature after the Turn of 1989 on the Example of Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek

Author(s): Danuta Sosnowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After the turning point of 1989, the subject of religiosity was undertaken in Czech literature by the younger generation of writers born in the 1960s. Their presence on the literary scene was noticed at the time and described as a distinctive phenomenon. These writers dealt with religious ideas in a way that ignored Catholic dogmas, religious tradition and the instructions of the Church; they also mixed together religious threads derived from foreign cultures and cults, including non-European ones. These tendencies, as well as the characteristic literary forms preferred by the writers, such as pastiche, parody and irony, justified a postmodern interpretation of this literary topic. The postmodern reading, which is still popular, could be also related to the widespread millenarian moods of the 1990s. My paper aims to present a different interpretation of this phenomenon using the framework of postsecular thought. In this approach, the non-doctrinal, non-traditional descriptions of religious experience which can be found in Czech literature of the 1990s turns out to involve peculiar contact with the transcendental sphere, or a struggle for such contact, or an expression of metaphysical yearnings. The issue is raised of how such religious expressions belong to the modern experience of faith and how they belong to the Czech tradition of religiosity. In addition, two novels by Czech writers are analyzed as an example of the postsecular approach to the issue: Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek.

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Teoría y práctica de la traducción en “Traducción: literatura y literalidad” de Octavio Paz

Author(s): María Luisa Pérez Bernardo / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

This essay analyzes the importance of translation in the work of the Mexican writer, Octavio Paz, as well as the relevance of the theory of translation in his many essays. For Paz, translation was not only an intellectual challenge, but it also served to broaden his literary and cultural knowledge, as well as his familiarity with authors from different countries. Specifically, in the essay “Translation: Literature and Letters”, Octavio Paz affirms that literary translation is always a recreation, a game in which invention unites with fidelity. For the Mexican Nobel Prize, translation is a creative act, this is to say, a process of transformation of the original text. Furthermore, Paz questions the notion that translations are inferior to source texts, but on the contrary, he affirms that they are even better versions. He concludes that it would be necessary for the translator to be a poet capable of recreating the original text, and opting for suitable metric forms to achieve the closest proximity to the original manuscript.

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La traducción literaria como herramienta para el diálogo intercultural. El caso de dos culturas marginales

Author(s): Barbara Jaroszuk / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

In this paper we discuss the paradoxical nature of the literary translation seen as one of the tools for international dialogue. Every literary translation depends on a variety of factors, starting with the interests and capacities of the translator and ending with the conditions of the editorial market and with the local and international political situation. Also, in view of the increasing consciousness of the intrinsic untranslatability of every text, resulting from the very essence of language, we can observe a strong tendency to perceive the translation more as an original creation than an effort to transfer meanings. This constellation of factors, which seem to function chaotically and arbitrarily, is, however, one of the most important foundations of every international dialogue. Concentrating on the cultural dialogue between Poland and Argentina and taking in consideration the marginality of these two cultures, we will demonstrate the consequences of the factors above for the cultural relations between the two countries and we will try to imagine how to improve the effectiveness of the cultural transfers between them.

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Observaciones sobre las ayudas a la traducción a la lengua polaca de la literatura española contemporánea

Author(s): Luis Pablo Núñez / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Studies on reception of Spanish literature into foreign languages are increasing but are still insufficient because of the large number of languages and the long chronological period to be analyzed. This paper proposes an approach to the reception of contemporary Spanish literature in Poland through the translation grants offered by the Spanish government. These grants allow us to know which are the most in-demand Spanish authors by foreign publishers, and how the publishing trends are changing the canon of contemporary Spanish literature. Our study considers the period between 2006-2016 and tries to answer questions such as which are the most translated Spanish authors and titles, which genres predominate and which Polish publishers have the greatest interest in the publication of contemporary Spanish literature.

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“La traducción es su asunto privado. Nosotros aquí hacemos ciencia”. ¿Para qué sirve un traductor en la universidad?

Author(s): Wojciech Charchalis / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents reflections about the role of a translator in the university. This text is the result of personal experience of a translator and university professor. The reflection according to the hermeneutic model of Georges Steiner, therefore based on the subjective of the translator-academic, analyses the situation of the translator and researcher of literature in the university and in the Polish publishing market, as well as their interrelationships.

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Natya Shastra: um projeto de tradução

Author(s): Janine Pimentel / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Natyasastra is an ancient text, originally written in Sanskrit, about theatre, performance and classic drama in India. It was translated into English in the second half of the 20th century and into Spanish in 2013. Because professors and students at the School of Dance of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro need to study Natyasastra they have asked professors and students of the Language Department to translate it into Brazilian Portuguese. When the project began, the translation professor and coordinator soon realized that this was not only about producinga translation but also about teaching future translators. Therefore, this paper addresses the theoretical and methodological issues raised so far in the translation/pedagogical project. For example, the English edition, on which the Brazilian translation is based, corresponds to an English translation from Sanskrit published by Adya Rangacharya in 1984, which means that the Brazilian students are producing an indirect translation (a concept discussed in Dollerup 2000, Washbourne 2013, Rosa et al. 2017). From the pedagogical viewpoint, the project’s workflow is based on the approach called “project-based learning” which has been successfully applied to the translation classroom (Kiraly 2005, Galán-Mañas 2013).

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Los desafíos en la lectura e interpretación de textos judeoespañoles

Author(s): Marta Kacprzak / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Reading a text printed in aljamía, that means written in Hebrew alphabet, can be considered as a challenge. It is like putting together a puzzle because reading consists of deciphering the letters and anticipating the meanings and pronunciation of the words due to its grammatical structure and its context of use. The problems related to the decryption process of the words above all influence the pronunciation and transcription. The aim of this article is to present and comment on some problems and doubts that arise when reading and transcribing the Judeo-Spanish texts. To illustrate the issue, we have chosen fragments from two editions of The isolated on the island (El asolado en la izla) and Two travels of Gulliver: among Lilliputians and Giants (Los dos vyajes de Guliver: onde los lilipusyanos i onde los djigantes). The isolated on the island is one of the Sephardic adaptations of the history of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. The two versions we are going to comment on were published in hebrew aljamía in Beraha hameshuleshet o las tres luzes (hebr. The triple blessing or the three lights); the first version came to light in Thessaloniki in 1880 or 1881, while the second one was printed in Constantinople in 1899 or 1900. The other text is an adaptation of Gulliver’s Travels, one of the most celebrated novels by J. Swift. The Sephardic version elaborated by Ben Ghiat was published in Izmir in 1897 in the newspaper El Meseret in the original version in aljamía.

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La traducción entre dos variedades lingüísticas: el caso del español y el judeoespañol en el Quijote sefardí de David Fresco

Author(s): Paloma Díaz-Mas,María Sánchez-Pérez / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The Sephardic newspaper of Constantinople El Amigo de la Famiya published in installments, in 1881, an adaptation of several parts of Don Quixote to Judeo-Spanish, in Hebrew letters. Probably, the author of this adaptation was David Fresco, founder and director of that newspaper. In this article we analyze the characteristics of his adaptation, the challenges that Fresco had to face in order to translate the Spanish text of the 17th century into the Sephardic language of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 19th century, and what resources he used to perform a translation between two linguistic varieties quite close to each other, as Spanish and Judeo-Spanish are.

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Flores de otras guertas: las traducciones del español al judeoespañol en la revista Aki Yerushalayim

Author(s): Cristóbal José Álvarez López / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

This paper is focused on analysing translations from Spanish to Judeo-Spanish in the magazine Aki Yerushalayim. In this Sephardic publication – that began in 1979 and ended in 2016– it is possible to find texts translated from different languages, but I put my attention just in texts translated from Spanish for two reasons: on the one hand, it is hard to find translations from Spanish in Judeo-Spanish literature – translations were usually made from Hebrew or French–; on the other hand, it is very interesting to describe how to translate from a linguistic system that is really close to Judeo-Spanish. Translations are different depending on translated texts. For instance, it is easy to translate little quotes literally, but there is a higher influence from translators in longer texts. So that, considering that Aki Yerushalayim wanted to spread Sephardic culture in Judeo-Spanish, it is common to find adaptations that shortened original texts. Therefore, since my aim was to analyse proper translations and due to the interest in Spanish literature –not very common among Sephardim–, this paper is devoted to describe how two Spanish texts were translated in a section called Flores de otras guertas: a fragment from Don Quixote, by Miguel de Cervantes, and a poem by Juan Ramón Jiménez.

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La traducción de las formas de tratamiento en la literatura en judeoespañol (ss. XIX-XX)

Author(s): Elisabeth Fernández Martín / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The Judeo-Spanish address system has a singular nature that differentiates it from any other paradigm used in the Hispanic world. In the current paper, dedicated to the end of the 19th century and the first of the 20th, I have made a tracking of the address forms used in the Sephardic literary production of adopted genre (drama and novel) that comes from translations of foreign books, mainly French – because these were the most numerous and influential on Sephardic society (Romero 1979, 1992; Díaz-Mas 2009)–, in order to detect its operation system and see if it matches the information available on the address system of the twentieth century (Malinowski 1983). Also, it is intended to check whether the language of the original texts influences the choice of forms translated into Judeo-Spanish and if this could contribute, in some way, to the adoption of new voices or to the transformation of the pronominal address scheme in Judeo-Spanish.

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Traducir la obra de Clarín: observaciones acerca de El señor y lo demás son cuentos

Author(s): Isabella Proia / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Starting from my experience as Italian translator of Clarín’s collection of short stories El señor y lo demás son cuentos (first edition 1893), in this work I analyze the thematic and stylistic aspects of the texts, focusing mainly on the refined and neat use of language and highlighting the difficulties they present for the translator.

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Traducir Libro de Manuel: una propuesta para jugar con Cortázar y sus palabras

Author(s): Mara Imbrogno / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Libro de Manuel (1973) has, like the other works of Julio Cortázar, a very complex narrative structure, characterized by multiple changes of narrator, alteration or absence of punctuation and interpolation of other textual genres. In addition, the narration entails a continuous reflection on language and the translation of one language (and one culture) to another. Translating this novel to another language (in this case, to Italian) represents a stimulating challenge, because it means entering the labyrinth of techniques and resources Cortázar deploys to play with the words and the reality they represent. This article aims to reflect on the challenges that Libro de Manuel proposes to the translator with his plurilingualism and with an incessant and genial manipulation of the language that goes from the alteration of words and phrases made to the invention of the chimerical and extravagant language with the which one of the characters expresses his vision of the world (and that of its author). And my purpose is to find solutions for the many dilemmas that any literary translation proposes, and which are multiplied in a novel in which the author’s political and existential reflection merge with a deep reflection on language and its infinite possibilities.

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Tadeusz Kantor en español. Estudio comparativo entre las versiones de los ensayos dedicados al Teatro Cero

Author(s): Julia Nawrot / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Despite the importance of Tadeusz Kantor in the evolution of twentieth-century theatre and the great legacy of theoretical writings that he produced throughout his professional career, only two anthologies of his texts were published in Spanish. In 1984, a group of his essays was printed as El teatro de la muerte (Theatre of Death) by Ediciones de la Flor publishing house (Buenos Aires, Argentina). It was a compilation originally made by Denis Bablet and translated into Spanish from French by Graciela Isnardi. In Spain, the first translation of his texts appeared many years later, in 2010, by Katarzyna Olszewska Sonnenberg. The selection titled El teatro de la muerte y otros ensayos (1944-1986) (Theater of Death and Other Essays (1944-1986)) was published in Barcelona, by Alba publishing house. In the present work a comparative study between two versions of the essays dedicated to Zero Theatre has been carried out, taking into consideration that the first one was done in a mediated way. The Spanish versions of the chosen essays have been also compared with the direct sources (Kantor 1977 and 2005), as well as with the definitive versions in Polish, with special attention to the specificity of Tadeusz Kantor’s texts.

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La poesía de las vanguardias rusas en español: cuando el contexto social demanda la traducción

Author(s): Alexandra Cheveleva Dergacheva / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The main objective of this paper is to study the connection between the interest in the translation of the Russian avant-garde poetry of the Silver Age (approximately the period between the year 1892 and the 1930s) and the characteristics of the historical and social processes in the target language countries. The paper evaluates different ways of defining the term avant-garde in the Russian literary context, and then offers, following the proposal of the Russian researchers Valeri Tyupa and Serguei Biryukov, to determine this phenomenon through discourse analysis. The reflection of a sudden change in one culture (as it was the political-sociocultural process of the early 20th century in Russia) which influenced the literature and especially the poetry of this period and their subsequent translations, is considered in another culture and another social environment by analyzing the dynamics of translation of different poets, such as Mayakovsky, Blok, Kruchenykh, Khlebnikov and Tsvetaeva. The reception of these poetic texts in Spanish-speaking countries is studied as the assimilation of cultural texts, regarding the causes of social demand to translate one or another avant-garde text. Finally, the social causes of translation are considered through studying the works of Cesar Arconada, Nicanor Parra and other important figures of Spanish language poetry, as well as translations made by professional translators (José Fernández Sánchez, Selma Ancira, etc.) and amateurs. It is demonstrated that the existence of a sociocultural demand of certain characteristics is necessary to make the literary translation possible.

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El problema del género gramatical en la traducción: un estudio comparativo de dos traducciones del Romance de la luna, luna de Federico García Lorca (1928) al polaco

Author(s): Anna Jamka / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

In Romance de la luna, luna the moon, a symbol of death in Lorca’s poetry, is portrayed as a charming woman who tries to seduce a boy in order to kidnap him (Arango 1995: 60). Given the feminine grammatical gender of the lexeme luna and the fact that in the Spanish and Latin American culture death is usually personified as a woman (Guthke 1999: 7), such image does not seem strange or unusual to the Spanish speakers. However, what will happen if we translate the poem into a language in which the equivalent of the word luna is of the masculine grammatical gender? The paper aims to examine two most recent Polish translations of García Lorca’s romance – Romanca o lunie, lunie by Leszek Engelking (2017) and Romanca o księżycu, księżycu by Jacek Lyszczyna (2017) – with a particular focus on the problem of grammatical gender in translation of the lexeme luna. The starting point for the author will be a thesis that any literary translation is a reconstruction of a non-standard linguistic picture of the world/linguistic worldview (językowy obraz świata) which, in turn, arises from a standard linguistic worldview embedded in each language, i.e., from the interpretation of the world in given language and culture shared by its speakers (Gicala 2018).

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La traducción poética del chino clásico al español. Compensaciones lingüísticas, simbólicas y literarias en el poema “Rememorando tiempos remotos en el Acantilado Rojo” (Niannu jiao-Chibi huaigu 念奴娇·赤壁怀古) de Su Shi

Author(s): Qiaochu Wang / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to expose the inherent difficulties in the translation of classical Chinese poetry into Spanish, in order to systematize appropriate linguistic compensations. The study will focus on the analysis of the poem of the genre ci “Recalling remote times in the Red Cliff” (Niannu jiao-Chibi huaigu 念奴娇·赤壁怀古) by Su Shi (1037-1101), the most relevant poet of the Song dynasty. Besides the presentation of the textual and contextual keys, and the difficulties in various levels of the poem, a series of reasoned compensations will be proposed, which could make up for the deficiencies of Spanish as the target language, deriving from the translation of Chinese as the original language. Therefore, suitable linguistic and literary resources will be included, as well as the keys that affect the three main dimensions of the discourse: language, culture and communication. In regard to classical Chinese, and due to its multiple interpretations, this project intends to investigate basic strategies and the most adequate methods that allow a translation into Spanish as literal and literary as possible.

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A moura: a deusa traducida

Author(s): Alba Rodríguez-Saavedra / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Our currently ongoing PhD research focuses on the origin of the mouras, the female leading characters in Galician folktales. We consider them as the result of a number of translating and paratranslating cultural processes derived from several changes within social and religious systems from an original concept we identify with a pre-Indo European ancient female deity. Thus, we agree with Vladimir Propp that when a religion dies, its content becomes mythology. We think this would have been what happened with the mouras. Through our comprehensive corpus compiling these legends about the mouras or encantos –one of the most common variations of this form–, we analyze semantic, formal and pragmatic aspects that link the characters of these current folktales to the ancient deity. Our study relies on anthropological and ethnological findings that reveal her frequent snake-like representation, and her symbolic association with water, earth and stone, hierophanic elements that, like paratexts complementing the main text, enhance its meaning. Our theoretical ground is built on the contributions made by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Marija Gimbutas and Mircea Eliade on Anthropology, as well as on the T&P Group at the Universidade de Vigo on paratranslation and Itamar Even-Zohar’s proposals on interferences among polysystems, in order to support our thesis. We sustain that the origin of the mouras would go back to an Indo-European ancient female goddess, whose distortion in the primary system would have been continued through successive cultural translating and para-translating processes.

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Językowy obraz kobiety we współczesnej leksyce i frazeologii koreańskiej

Author(s): Jeong In Choi / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The linguistic representation of women has been embedded in the Korean language in opposition to the representation of men and as such can become an object of research on the lexicon and phraseological expressions reflecting the social status and perception of Korean women. Analyzed within this article, a set of nouns referring to women shows some lexical symmetry between sexes. This symmetry is manifested by the occurrence of noun pairs like a man: a woman and female/woman like: male/manlike. The second pair of this scheme can be observed in very special contexts and meanings. Moreover, in the Korean language there is a high frequency of Sino-Korean vocabulary and morphological prefixes which denote womanhood and thus women’s professions. The usage of such prefixes has described situations where women started to pursue careers that used to be considered solely male and is not limited to Korean vocabulary only. The gradual emancipation of women has been mirrored in the language and thus shows the vocational emancipation of women – these days a permanent social phenomenon. The different linguistic examples of the inequality of sexes and some special privileges of men seem to show an existent though retreating tradition while the language symmetry shows the equality of sexes as a result of social changes.

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Oblicza prezydentury Park Geun hye – meandry polityki południowokoreańskiej

Author(s): Grażyna Strnad / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In December of 2012. Park Geun-hye won the presidential election and became the first South Korean woman to ascend to the highest office in the country. Park stated “We can all become partners in the creation of a second miracle on the Han River” and usher in “a new era of hope. ” Park was the overwhelming favorite among potential candidates of the Saenuri Party. However, her candidacy was accompanied by controversy. Park Geun-hye is the oldest daughter of former South Korean President Park Chung Hee, who ruled South Korea in the years 1961–1979. There was widespread sympathy for Park among South Koreans as she had lost her parents at a young age; her mother in 1974 and her father in 1979. In November of 1979, while mourning of the death of her father, Park Geun-hye withdrew from both public and political life for many years. She returned to politics and was repeatedly elected in parliamentary elections (1988, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012). In 2004–2006, she was Chairperson of the Grand National Party. In 2012, she was the presidential candidate of Saenuri Party and was elected president in December 2012. In 2016, a political scandal engulfed the Park Geun-hye administration and culminated in a National Assembly vote for her impeachment on December 9, 2016. In March 2017, the South Korean Constitutional Court upheld the decision on the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, who became the fi rst president of the Republic of Korea to be removed from office. Then the court issued an arrest warrant for the former president, who lost the confidence of many South Korean citizens because of her violation of the law.

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