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Akadyjski Epos o Gilgameszu i Odyseja

Author(s): Jan M. Kozłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

Since 1902 when Peter Jensen advanced a thesis about the dependence of the Odyssey on the Epic of Gilgamesh, scholars have argued about the nature of the relationship between the two poems. This article aims to show that there are many similarities between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey not only in episodes, but also that the objective narrative of Odysseus’s return to Ithaca (Od. 5-13) is a repetition of the plot from Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality (Tablets IX- XI): the episode of Gilgamesh’s arrival to the Mount Mashu and his encounter with Siduri finds its parallel in Odysseus’ stay in Ogygia at nymph Calypso’s. Gilgamesh’s crossing of the sea to Dilmun resembles Odysseus’ crossing of the sea from Ogygia to Scheria. Dilmun and its ruler Utanapishtim correspond in many aspects to Scheria and Alcinous. Finally, there are parallels between Gilgamesh’s return to Uruk and Odysseus journey to Ithaca. The conclusion about the existence of a narrative analogy between the objective narration of the Odysseus return in Odyssey and the Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality deepens the relationship between the two poems.

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Tesalska i kreteńska nazwa tykwy pospolitej

Author(s): Elwira Kaczyńska,Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

In his work Deipnosophistae (IX 369b) Athenaeus discusses four Greek names for ‘turnip, Brassica campestris L., syn. Brassica rapa L.’, namely βουνιάς, γογγυλίς, Laconian γάστρα and Boeotian ζεκελτίς. Three first appellatives are clearly motivated by the Greek vocabulary. The fourth term is unclear etymologically. According to Athenaeus (IX 369b), two Greek writers, Amerias and Timachidas, refer to a dialectal (evidently Thessalian) term ζακελτίς f. ‘bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl’. In his lexicon Hesychius of Alexandria registers two related glosses: ζακελτίδες • κολοκύνται. ἢ γογγυλίδες (HAL ζ-24); ζακαυθίδες • κολοκύνται (HAL ζ-30). The former refers to the Thessalian item. The latter one (wrongly printed as ζακυνθίδες • κολοκύνται in M. Schmidt’s and K. Latte’s editions) demonstrates a change of the liquid stop λ [l] to [ṷ], which is explained as a Cretan phenomenon, attested also in the Hesychian lexicon, see e.g. [1] αὐκάν • ἀλκήν. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8277); [2] αὐκυόνα • ἀλκυόνα. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8280); [3] αὕμα • ἅλμη, ὑπὸ Κρητῶν (HAL α-8324); [4] αὖσος • ἄλσος. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8347); [5] θεύγεσθαι • θέλγεσθαι. Κρῆτες (HAL θ-427). The same phonological process of velarization of *λ [l] is securely confirmed in three towns of Central Crete (Gortys, Leben, Phaestus) by numerous epigraphic texts. It is highly probable that the Hesychian term ζακαυθίδες ‘calabash gourds’ (as if from *ζακαλθίδες) must be treated as a dialectal form typical of Central Cretan.

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Historiē by Herodotus of Halicarnassus – theoretical issues

Author(s): Iwona Wieżel / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2015

Besides its historical values which imply a certain “accuracy” in presenting historical events and people, it is also possible to stipulate in Herodotus’ Histories these fragments which belong only to the domain of fiction, a genre literature whose basic substratum consists primarily in the description of the world seen through the eyes of the narrator-witness (histōr). In case of Histories, it is difficult to explicitly define how much of it is history and how much is literature. Nevertheless, it is certain that Histories are a special kind of storytelling, which, as shown by a closer analysis, is based on a personal and vicarious experience of the historian and his oral sources that cover several dozens of years of conflict between the East and the West, intertwined with historical, geographical and ethnological descriptions of Greek and barbaric tribes. In such a context the paper will focus on presenting a twofold nature of Herodotean discourse, revealing, on the one hand, the “rising” of the oral history from the sheer activity of dialoguing with people about the recent past, reconstructed on the basis of its formal and cognitive structure (Fludernik 1996), and, on the other hand, the technique of emplotment (White 1973) used by Herodotus to make the story reportable and tellable within the realm of an epic convention which was vivid and influenced the Archaic and Classical Greek literary texts of his times.

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Przeciw komu występuje Izokrates w swoim Liście do Aleksandra?

Author(s): Zbigniew Danek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

In his letter to Alexander Isocrates presents and speaks in favour of one of two educational models, considering inferior the one he does not advocate for. Against whom he directs his critical evaluation of eristic didactics based on the art of disputation (τὴν περὶ τὰς ἔριδας) is the issue to discuss. The author of this article argues against the common interpretation of the letter, according to which Isocrates expresses his negative opinion on the eristic pedagogy of Platonic Academy, that is applied by Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander, as his educational model. The material as presented in the article leads to the conclusion that both critisism and approval of a certain educational model found in the letter to Alexander may be referred to Aristotle’s teaching program, while the choice recommended to the future ruler concerns only some ‘internal’ preferences and the general knowledge in the subject.

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Cognomen „Mus” w plebejskim rodzie Decjuszów

Author(s): Krzysztof Mogielnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The aim of the paper is the reexamination of the sources concerning the plebeian gens Decia to find a convincing explanation for the fact that one branch of this family was given the surname of “Mus”. At the beginning, two previous explanations of the enigmatic name’s origin are criticized. Firstly, I object to the interpretation of Laurens F. Janssen, who connects the animal surname to a devotio ritual performed by Publius Decius during the battle at Veseris in 340 B.C. Secondly, counter-arguments are presented against Jacques Heurgon’s opinion that there might be an etiological legend in the Livy’s description of the courageous exploits of P. Decius, the tribune of 343 B.C. The next, proper part of the article constitutes an attempt at a wider description of the factors which may have led to the creation of the cognomen “Mus”. To begin with, the remaining Roman aitiological legends, explaining the origin of surnames in certain families, are recalled. Moreover, an attempt is made to determine, at what time Decii were called “mices”. At last, I introduce the significance of the rodent in the Roman culture, which refers to the daily life and among which is usage of the word “mouse” as an invective. I eventually try to argue that Publius Decius (cos. 340 B.C.) received the cognomen due to his political connection with influential plebeians of the fourth century B.C.

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МЕСТОИМЕННОЕ НАРЕЧИЕ ЗДЕ И ДЕРИВАТЫ В РУССКИХ ГОВОРАХ КАРЕЛИИ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ОБЛАСТЕЙ

Author(s): Elena Rafhatovna Guseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

There is a large number of pronominal adverbs representing particular clusters – lexemes, formed by means of agglutination of ancientprimary elements – partícules under the influence of the Wackernagel’s law found in dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions.The paper studies structural and semantic characteristics of the adverb zde and its derivatives zdes’a, zdeka, zdekava etc., fixed inthe “Dictionary of the Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions” and the “Dictionary of the Russian national dialects” fromthe point of synchronous and diachronous approaches. The study shows that lexemes formed on the basis of the particule se/sь asan indicator of certainty, consist of two, three, four or five components. An archaic form zde (zd’o, zdi) is a two-component clusterthat functioned in the ancient Russian language and is encapsulated in the dialect speech. Structurally more complex lexemes appearin the dialects through the attachment of formants -s’a (-s’), -ka (-ku, -ko, -tka, -tko), -ne, -va etc. The third, the fourth and the fifthcomponents are desemantised; the formant -s’a (-s’), apparently, is an exception. The attaching particules bare a stressing and highlightingfunction. The three-component clusters were formed in the Old-Russian period; the four- and the five-component clusterswere formed later. There is a tendency of adding the fifth component -to to the adverbs (zdes’aka-to, zdes’atko-to), but new lexemesare not formed.

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СТРУКТУРА ИМЕНОВАНИЯ ЛИЦА В ПАМЯТНИКАХ ПИСЬМЕННОСТИ КАРЕЛИИ XV–XVI ВЕКОВ (МОДЕЛИ ИМЕНОВАНИЙ)

Author(s): Irina Alekseevna Kyurshunova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article presents the analysis of models of a person’s name recorded in business correspondence of Karelia of XV–XVI centuries.The author considers reasons of diversity and variation of person’s nomination in texts of regional written monuments; status and roleof additional identifications of a person (names of persons related in kinship, according to professional activities, social status, placeof residence) in structural models, containing different number of members. Conditions of onymization of additional identificationsare defined, the main of which are the social status of the person and internal resources of the onomastic system.

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МОДИФИКАЦИЯ РУССКОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ В ПОЛИЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ (СЛОВА С НАЧАЛЬНЫМИ ПЛАВНЫМИ)

Author(s): Lubov Petrovna Mikhaylova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The author describes the lexis of Russian sub-dialects, that originated from the words with initial liquid consonants and modifiedphonemic structure of the root morpheme. The lexis is classified according to the detected processes of anlaut-transformation fromр- and л-: when the liquid consonant is lost (алаки < лалаки, рукотер < укотерат, иловый < лиловый, ебро < ребро); whena prosthetic vowel before a liquid consonant is manifested (орайский < райский, улупы < лупы); when there is metathesis of initialsounds (урбáнок < рубáнок, ерестр < реестр); exchange of liquid tones (рипок < липок, лянда < рянда). The features given aboveare found out in the group of words with secondary, “intermediate” р-/л-anlaut (арабéльки < грабельки, улько́за < глюко́за). Theauthor also gives an areal description of modified lexis. The changes are caused by the impact of agglutinating languages on theRussian lexis during the long co-existence of ethnics on the Russian territory.

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ДРАМА Г. ИБСЕНА «ПЕР ГЮНТ»: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРОЧТЕНИЕ В ПОСТАНОВКЕ ТЕАТРА «ЛЕНКОМ»

Author(s): Natalia Gennadievna Sharapenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article is built on the understanding of the phenomenon of “eternal images” relevance which have become the mythologemesin the world culture. The analysis was drawn on the Scandinavian information – the oeuvre of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen.The author of the article uses a comparative approach, methods of motive analysis and ontologicalpoetics to reveal the particularitiesof presentation of Henrik Ibsen’s riddle play “Peer Gynt” on the stage of Moscow State Theatre “Lenkom”. The article hasinterdisciplinary nature. The analyzed interpretation has some points coinciding with the canonical text, as well as some directorialtransformations.

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О ПЕРЕВОДЕ РОМАНА Б. ПАСТЕРНАКА «ДОКТОР ЖИВАГО» НА ШВЕДСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Author(s): Oksana Gennadievna Abramova,Maria Vladimirovna Khomenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article is focused on the first translation of Boris Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago” into the Swedish language. The book waspublished in 1958 and governed the Swedish reader’s attitude to the Russian author’s oeuvre for a long period. The article presentssome reflections on historical, cultural and linguistic study of the novel’s translation. The composition of the translated text has someadditional elements: a list of characters, a short glossary of difficult words and the story line description. The analysis of the contentrelatedlevel reveals some linguistic and cultural aspects of the Swedish translation, which are connected with the translators strivingfor rendition of the original’s national and cultural components (use of terms of address) and unique imagery (use of various methodsof idiom translation). In 2017 a new translation of Boris Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago” into Swedish is going to be published.That can contribute to the original’s actualization and being in demand in a new historical and cultural period. A comparative analysisof two translations can reveal new trends in perception of Russian literature by Swedish audience.

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РЕМИНИСЦЕНЦИЯ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ БИБЛЕЙСКИХ МОТИВОВ В ПОЭТИЧЕСКОМ ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ Д. С. МЕРЕЖКОВСКОГО

Author(s): Anna Valerievna Dekhtyarenok / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article considers the issues of biblical texts reception in the poetry of D. S. Merezhkovsky of 1880–1890’s. It analyzes the worksincluded in the first two collections of poems: “Poems (1883–1887)” and “Symbols”. Attentive study of the poems leads to the conclusionthat Merezhkovsky’s poetry at this stage reflects the evolution of his interests and outlook: from enthusiasm towards civilsubjects to the turn towards Christianity. The accents in biblical texts interpretation change in accordance with this trend. Orientationon Old Testament imagery and prophetic style predominate in the first book of poems. The article considers the silence motif, whichis adopted from Book of prophet Isaiah. Different interpretations of this motif can be revealed: from the sign of God’s presence to thesign of imminent end of the world. The theme of divine retribution, images of the Old Testament prophets are related to the themeof the “lost generation” of the XIX–XX centuries turn. The second collection of poems contains evangelical reminiscences andelements of parable, a prayer and hagiographic forms. The poet’s appeal to the genre of Christian legend is examined in the article.Merezhkovsky’s legends reflect philosophical comprehension of Gospel commandments in correlation with the realities of modernlife. Different genres and themes represent not only literary treatment of Old Testament, Christian motifs and images, but author’sinterpretation and original arrangement of traditional themes.

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«НЕПЕРЕВОДИМОЕ» В ПЕРЕВОДЕ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕДАЧИ БЕЗЭКВИВАЛЕНТНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ РУССКОГО И НОВОГРЕЧЕСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ

Author(s): Evgeniya Petrovna Litinskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article is devoted to topical issues of modern translation studies, focusing its attention on reviewing linguo-cultural and linguoregionalaspects of the translation. Research is devoted to the problem of transmitting non-equivalent vocabulary of Russian andModern Greek languages. Specificity of the concept of “non-equivalent vocabulary” is revealed. Classification of individual conceptsand realities is presented with examples from the Russian and Modern Greek languages. The main methods of the study weretransformational and comparative ones. The author describes the major modes of “untranslatable” lexical units transmission in thestudied language pair. Translation operations which are used in the transmission of vocabulary without translation equivalents areconsidered: individual concepts (transcription methods, transliteration); realities (phonetic methods, descriptive translation, semanticneologism, approximate translation, mixed techniques, transformational translation). The author comes to the conclusion that none ofthe options used as the transmission sources for non-equivalent elements may serve as a full replacement of the original text.

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ТВОРЧЕСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ПОВЕСТИ Н. С. ЛЕСКОВА «АСКАЛОНСКИЙ ЗЛОДЕЙ. ПРОИСШЕСТВИЕ В ИРОДОВОЙ ТЕМНИЦЕ (ИЗ СИРИЙСКИХ ПРЕДАНИЙ)»: ИСТОЧНИКИ, ГЕНЕЗИС, ПОЭТИКА

Author(s): Inna Nikolaevna Mineeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The article presents author’s observations of the creative history of N. S. Leskov’s novel “The Evildoer of Askalon”. It has beenestablished that the starting point for writing the story was not Prologue (1642–1643), but an outline in the writer’s notebook madeby an unidentified person. In the process of fixing the unknown person kept its concept and plot. Leskov refreshed the fixed story in1886–1887. On this basis the writer created the 1st edition and included it in the series of The Legendary characters. Following theconcept and plot of the borrowed story Leskov edited it. In the center of author’s attention were the images of “some woman” (herappearance became more vital, it emphasized compassion, humility, chastity) and of “a robber” (the author added the situation ofhis inner transformation using archaisms instead of modern vocabulary). Leskov changed the images order to humanize the Gospel.The writer returned to the edited source in 1888 and produced the 2nd edition titled “The Evildoer of Askalon”. Leskov rewrote the1st edition into a moral and philosophical novel. The story was to answer the question “what is a good life?”. Such interpretation ofthe original text caused a further adjustment of images of “some woman”, “merchant”, “great men”, “robber” (endowing the characterswith names and biographies). The story was published in 1889 (“Russian idea” № 11 – the 1st version of the 2nd edition). Thewriter made only minor changes that did not violate the general ideological concept of the work. In 1890 Leskov included the novel(the 2nd version of the 2nd edition) in the Collected edition (SPb., 1890. Vol. 10) with minor stylistic corrections.

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И. С. ТУРГЕНЕВ О ВЕРГИЛИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОДНОГО ПИСЬМА)

Author(s): Anna Aleksandrovna Skoropadskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

The issue of ancient traditions significance in the works by I. Turgenev is researched insufficiently in contemporary literary criticism.Due to his excellent education Turgenev was familiar with the ancient classical tradition and had great command of ancientlanguages. This affected his work and philosophy. Extensive correspondence of Turgenev gives great opportunities to explore thecreative method of the writer, as he often mentioned important issues of philosophy and art in his letters. The Russian writer oftenquoted ancient authors and these quotes often contained important philosophical and aesthetic postulates. The article reviews oneexample of Turgenev’s ambiguous attitude to Virgil’s poetry. While he treated Virgil’s poetry critically in his early writings, a matureand accomplished writer Turgenev turned to Virgil’s poetry among other things as the example of high poetic art that always retainedits relevance from the point of view of art form perfection and depth of psychologism. The quotes from the letter to A. Fet of September13, 1873 are of the most interest for the study. Turgenev cited several phrases of “the Aeneid”, demonstrating that Virgil “isnot only a poet but also a daring innovator and romantic” and showing his poetic sensitivity and deep psychologism in creation ofimages there. Despite the fact that the relationship between writers after this letter went wrong soon, Fet, apparently, did not forgetTurgenev’s opinion about the poetic language of Virgil and used it in his own translation of the “Aeneid”, which he made after thedeath of his friend-enemy. Analysis of the two quotes from Virgil shows not only Turgenev’s good knowledge of the Latin text, butreveals the depth of his understanding of ancient classical tradition importance for modern literature.

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ЦЕНЗУРНАЯ И АВТОРСКАЯ ПРАВКА РОМАНА И. А. ЕФРЕМОВА «ТАИС АФИНСКАЯ»

Author(s): Ekaterina Agapitova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7 (160)/2016

It has been recently discovered that the novel of a famous Soviet writer I. A. Efremov “Tais Athenian” existed in two editions (apartfrom a shortened version published in magazine “The Young Guard” in 1972). These two editions were included into the Collectedworks of 1986-89 and 1992. The edition of 1992 is called a “full author’s” one while the absolute majority of the novel published asa separate book are guided by the edition of 1989. The article compares these two editions, identifies and systematizes the revealeddiscrepancies. The bigger part of corrections is connected with censor’s cuts associated with sex-relations issues (as far as it was possibleto do in the novel where the main character is the hetera). In the article we present the most interesting groups of discrepanciesand a short analysis of examples of editorial changing.

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Note de toponimie bănățeană

Author(s): Vasile Fraţilă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2016

In the present article, the author clarifies the etymology of several toponyms: Cacoț, Caransebeș, Cătenaș, Căpăt, Cărămida, Cerimoșnic, Chatar, Chișoda, Chizătău, Chizdia, Coreea, Costoń, Criva etc. These toponyms have already been the object of linguistic study, for the Dicționarul toponimic al Banatului [The Toponymic Dictionary of Banat], vol. II (C) & vol. III (D-E), by Viorica Goicu and Rodica Suflețel (Timișoara, Tipografia Universității din Timișoara, 1985, 1986), but their analyses, at that time, could not provide information of etymological nature.

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Note lexicale: termeni istroromâni de origine latină în denominarea regnului animal – I. Animale domestice

Author(s): Gabriel Bărdăşan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2016

The study aims to analyse the words of Latin origin belonging to the semantic field of animals used to name domestic animals as well as some of their physiological and behavioural particularities. The linguistic material is researched by resorting to various lexicographical works, linguistic atlases and collections of dialectal texts. When describing this lexical semantic subcategory, the focus is on the phonetic variants and the occurrences of these utterances, the spread of these inherited Latin terms in Istro-Romanian, their derivative potential, the stability versus instability of these old speech forms under the pressure of the Croatian language, as well as the change in the material and spiritual existence of the speakers of the Istro-Romanian dialect.

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Note de etimologie istroromână

Author(s): Ana-Maria Radu-Pop / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2016

Published by the Romanian Academy Publishing House, the two volumes of the Dicţionarul dialectului istroromân [The Dictionary of the Istro-Romanian Dialect] by Petru Neiescu (I, 2014; II, 2015), a fundamental work of Romanian dialectology, have given us the background to advance etymological solutions for the words which do not have such an explanation. Moreover, our purpose is to complete the list of sources (borrowings) made by the author for several words, and even to suggest some different etymons, by contrast to the linguist’s solutions.

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Stabat Mater în prelucrări și traduceri românești

Author(s): Traian Diaconescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2016

Attributed to the Italian poet Jacobone da Todi – a 13th century Franciscan friar –, the religious hymn Stabat Mater has been well received in the Romanian culture. The multitude of its variants, translations and remakes – justified by the fact that the text belongs to the Catholic tradition – offers the opportunity to observe the individualising stylistic elements of each Romanian version. My paper follows the history of Stabat Mater’s reception in Romanian, but it focuses on the printed versions only, since they fully convey the modalities found by various translators to render the text into Romanian. I also propose an original version of the hymn, which I worked on several years ago, but have not published until now.

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Recenzii

Author(s): Florina Băcilă,Raluca-Corina Baciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2016

1. Alexandra Cuniță, Coman Lupu (ed.), Neologisme, neologism. Concepte, analize, „Romanica” 20, București, Editura Universității din București, 2015, 100 p. (Raluca-Corina Baciu) 2. Alice Cristina Toma, Maria Tereza Zanola (ed.), Dice 13/1 (”Diversité et identité culturelle en Europe – Diversitate și identitate culturală în Europa”), București, Editura Muzeului Literaturii Române, 2016, 254 p. (Raluca-Corina Baciu3. Iulia Cosma (coord.), „Translationes”, 7/2015, Timișoara, Editura Universității de Vest, 2016, 194 p. (Raluca-Corina Baciu)4. Muguraș Constantinescu, Anca-Andreea (Brăescu) Chetrariu (coord.), „Atelier de traduction”, 23/2015, Suceava, Editura Universității din Suceava, 243 p. (Raluca-Corina Baciu)5. Maria Vâtcă, Obiceiuri de iarnă în Valea Almăjului (Județul Caraș-Severin). Colindele și colindatul, Timișoara, Editura Excelsior Art, 2016, 248 p. (Florina-Maria Băcilă)

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