„A párthatározat szellemében…”

A Kádár-korszak cigánypolitikájának végrehajtása Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megyében

Author(s): Tamás Hajnáczky / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

The situation of the Gypsy population in County BAZ had already been handeld before the publishing of the party decree in 1961. The party decree in 1961 officially specified the tasks and proclaimed the ideological standpoint in connection with the Gypsies. The state party and the investigated county shortly faced with great difficulties, especially on the field of the so-called „elimination of the Gypsy camps without adequate social conditions”. In the 1960s and 1970s, the officials strictly insisted on the party decree of 1961, on county and national level as well. The new party decree in 1979 did not denied the previous one, the changes only answered the newly emerged difficulties. To the end of the 1970s – parallel to the national tendencies – a moderate improvement occured in the situation of the Gypsies in the investigated county. On the other hand, the positive developments affected just a small part of the Gypsy population.

„Bo Ojczyzna, ziomkowie, jest to moralne zjednoczenie...” Wątki patriotyczne w zbiorze „My jesteśmy czasem. Kazania i homilie” ks. infułata Stanisława Jeża

Author(s): Agnieszka Pokryszka-Prażmo,Sławomir Zych / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2017

This article is devoted to the manifestations of patriotism in the teachings (homilies, sermons, occasional speeches in the years 1986-1994) of Rev Stanisław Jeż, protonotary apostolic, who for 30 years (from 1985 to 2015) had been the rector of the Polish Catholic Mission in France. His teachings were collected in the publication entitled My jesteśmy czasem. Kazania i homilie [We are the time. Sermons and homilies], published in Paris in 1995 by the Polish Catholic Mission in France. The article focuses on the manifestations of love for the Homeland and compatriots and concern for them in the sermons of Rev S. Jeż. While discussing the diversity of these manifestations, the article focuses on presenting the ways of “smuggling” patriotic thoughts in his sermons through: the use of historical events important for Poland and Poles, celebrating anniversaries and jubilees, reference to current events in Homeland, celebrating significant events for the Polish community abroad (jubilees of service, anniversaries of important institutions), reference to the life and teaching of the Holy Father John Paul II, recalling the models of life of Polish saints, recalling the characters and the words of eminent Poles, quoting excerpts from the works of outstanding Polish artists, voicing concern for the preservation of Polish culture and tradition in emigration, solidarity and the community of emigrants.

„Chráníme sebe a děti“: kamerový systém v problémové základní škole

Author(s): Radek Vorlíček / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of my study is to analyze the camera system at one of the elementary school in Slovak republic. I especially describe how the lives of children at school have been influenced by the camera system. The special attention is paid to the role of the camera system in relation to school bullying. The study is based on long-term, qualitative, inductive, and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of the fieldwork was ethnographic observation. The results of this study show that the camera system cannot prevent socio-pathological phenomena in educational settings. The study also sheds light on aspects of interactions of school and non-school settings.

„ČIA NE(BUVO) LIETUVA“: KLAIPĖDA PO ANTROJO PASAULINIO KARO – NAUJOSIOS VISUOMENĖS PRISIMINIMAI

Author(s): Sigita Kraniauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 41 (02)/2017

In this article, I address an issue of how structures of cultural, national and generational memories are reproduced in the personalized narratives of the past, and how the meta-narratives of the society are adjusted to the needs of a person in constructing the meaning of the past. The article discusses the complex relationship between ideology and biographical memory: which expressions do individuals use in their personal life stories/family histories about life in postwar Lithuania, and how are the narratives structured by the idea of building a new society, which was a central constituent of the Soviet ideology? How was the image of a new society constructed in the Soviet times and which of its structural components are still actualized in personal life stories/family histories of today’s Russian-speaking community, which was the biggest ethnic group in postwar Klaipėda? The article starts with a brief introduction to the idea of this research and explains why it is focused on the Russian-speaking community in Klaipėda. Following an overview of historical studies on the migration of Russian-speaking people in postwar Lithuania gives a social and demographical profile of the context that structured the collective experience and memories. After an explanation of the analytical model and the methodological assumptions, I proceed to the narrative analysis of life stories/family histories told by Russian-speakers and explore how the narratives are structured by the ideology of the Russified Soviet identity and how this discourse is transformed. By investigating these transformations, I try to show the complex relations between direct and indirect experiences, collective memory as an ideological structure and a city as a living space of different social groups. The analysis of the life stories/family histories of the Russian-speaking community of Klaipėda supports the thesis that the family stories told by these people are transformed taking into account the personal and generational interests to display loyalty to their families and naturalized attachments to their place of residence.

„Előadva, elfogyasztva”

Author(s): Csongor Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2017

Egry Gábor: Etnicitás, identitás, politika. Magyar kisebbségek nacionalizmus és regionalizmus között Romániában és Csehszlovákiában 1918–1944. Budapest: Napvilág, 2015.

„Facing a crisis unparalleled in history“ - Jüdische Reaktionen auf den Holocaust aus New York, 1940 bis 1945

Author(s): Elisabeth Gallas / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2014

Der Beitrag beschreibt und analysiert die Tätigkeiten zweier Expertenkommissionen für jüdische Politik und Gegenwartsanalyse, die 1940 und 1941 in New York entstanden. Am Research Institute on Peace and Post War Problems sowie am Institute of Jewish Affairs trafen sich jüdische Akteurinnen und Akteure, die auf Grundlage verschiedener Erfahrungen der Zwischenkriegszeit politische Strategiepapiere für den Umgang mit der apokalyptischen Gegenwart von der Vernichtung der europäischen Juden entwickelten. In der Tradition osteuropäischen Minderheitenschutzpolitik und dem jüdischen Abwehrkampf der Weimarer Republik stehend, versuchten sie Möglichkeiten der Rettung, aber auch der Zukunft jüdischer Existenz zu diskutieren. Dabei entstanden weitreichende Dokumentationen und Berichte zur Realität des Nationalsozialismus, die in ihrer Aussagekraft für die Frage nach der unmittelbaren Wirkung des Ereignisses auf die Zeitgenossen bedeutsam sind und davon zeugen, wie zeitgleich zu Krieg und Vernichtung in Amerika versucht wurde, zu handeln, zu verstehen, zu berichten und die Erinnerung an die Opfer zu bewahren ebenso wie neues jüdisches Leben nach der Katastrophe gestaltbar zu machen.

„Hagytam, hogy ok nélkül rakják a »c«-be”

Author(s): Gábor Erőss / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2019

Fejes József Balázs – Szűcs Norbert (szerk.): Én vétkem. Helyzetkép az oktatási szegregációról Motiváció Oktatási Egyesület, Szeged, 2018. 402 oldal, á.n. (http://mek.oszk. hu/18200/18263/18263.pdf)

„I nikt nie rzuca w nie kamieniami”: romscy imigranci z Polski i ich wkład do polityki Romów/ Cyganów/ Wędrowców w Zjednoczonym Królestwie

Author(s): Thomas Acton,Sylvia Ingmire / Language(s): English,Polish,Romany / Issue: 1/2012

This paper argues that the distinct and important contribution that immigrant Polish Roma have made to the development of general Roma/Gypsy/Traveller Politics in the United Kingdom is partly explicable in terms of the cultural capital they have brought with them from Poland. They have introduced a new style of cultural politics and community organisation which has been emulated by Roma/Gypsy/Traveller organisations from other communities, and has strengthened the possibilities of common action, underpinned by a new kind of diverse and tolerant pan-Romani consciousness embodied in the UK’s Gypsy Roma Traveller History Month in June each year.

„Másoknak ez munka, nekem szívügyem”

Az etnicitás szerepe a diplomás roma nők munka- család konstrukcióinak alakulásában

Author(s): Judit Durst,Anna Fejős,Zsanna Nyírő / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

How is work-family balance achieved in a country where working mothers must take their choices under considerable economic constraints? Besides these constraints, how can women of a stigmatized minority, who participate in a highly discriminative social context, achieve their desired work-life balance? This paper demonstrates the role of ethnicity in graduate Roma mothers’ constructions of their work and family preferences and in balancing these two life spheres. Based on qualitative life story interviews with 26 Roma women, we attempt to reveal how preferences towards work and family are constructed. We claim that in reconciling work and family, there is no such thing as “free choice” among “individual preferences”, because the latter is always dependent on class, gender, habitus, networks and experiences, as well as on ethnicity and a number of other social constraints. If we are about to understand the work-life balance strategies of minority women, we have to on the one hand expand the widely used model explaining the difficulties of western majority women working in the corporate sector. While doing so, we need not only to expand the dimensions of “family”, as the few studies on minority groups suggest, but also to analyse the meaning of “work” for minority women. On the other hand, we also need to understand the particular mobility path – the “minority culture of mobility” – that characterizes many first generation graduate Roma women and play a role in their construction of work preferences.

„Nikkei“ bendruomenė Brazilijoje – identiteto formavimas ir integracijos iššūkiai

Author(s): Vladas Bartochevis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2015

This article seeks to analyze the identity formation evolution for the ethnic minority group of Japanese origin and their integration challenges in the Brazilian society. The Nikkei community is one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Brazil and the largest Japanese community outside Japan’s territory. In the face of one of the largest refugee crises in Europe, the analysis of the collision of such contrasting cultures and the attempt to coexist in the same space can help to anticipate integration challenges and help in the formation of experts and people’s general opinion on this topic. This article will allow us to reach the conclusion that regardless of the current positive preconception, still there exist the conceptions of “we” and “they” because of some of reasons such as the desire of the Japanese Brazilian community to remain separate maintaining their status, also because of the positive discrimination of the majority and, finally, because of different physical characteristics which are evident.

„Postat ćemo Jugoslaveni ili ćemo ostati ono što jesmo”: češka manjina i pitanje državljanstva u međuratnoj Jugoslaviji

Author(s): Vlatka Dugački / Language(s): English,Croatian / Issue: 9/2015

Based on archival material stored in the State Archives in Bjelovar, the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb and Czech-minority publications the author wishes to reconstruct the question of obtaining citizenship for the members of the Czech minority in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, taking the Bjelovar-Bilogora County as the representative one, since it had the largest number of members of the Czech minority living in it. The intention is to show how (un)resolving the question of citizenship affected minority attitudes towards key political events and governing structures of that time period and how it reflected on that minority’s wishes and needs, which largely determined further guidelines for their activities, as well as their role in the political life of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

„Selbständige Zipser Republik”

A szepességi németség parciális mozgalma 1918 őszén

Author(s): Gábor Sztancs / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2018

The self-determination of the Germans in the Szepes (today Spiš) region in autumn 1918 was partly built upon the identity of local Germans and Hungarians (assimilated Germans and Jews). Independence had not been formulated as a possible solution for a very long time. The actions against Czechoslovak goals started in Késmárk (today Kežmarok), but the county, the cities with orderly councils, and the municipalities also joined them. The leadership of the county and the city too insisted on belonging to Hungary to the very last moment. In consequence of the defeat in war, the individual self-determinations accentuated contrapositions between the city and the countryside. The German, Hungarian or Slovak intellectuals living in the cities had developed severe hostility toward the rural Slovak population. For this reason, the German intelligentsia of Szepes endeavoured to win or enlighten the rural Slovaks with a serious propaganda. The town of Késmárk insisted on the Hungarian state until it could, but, sensing the change of conditions, the loss of hope, the closeness of the Polish and Czechoslovak troops, they tried to achieve better and more favourable conditions for the city´s population and the Zipsers rather by playing off the occupants against each other, and by negotiating with them. The Károlyi Government with Oszkár Jászi, and the leadership of the city of Késmárk considered the military occupation of some parts of the country by the new states for temporary and lasting only until the peace conference.

„Sporan identitet“ Makedonije: Identitet različitosti

Author(s): Vesna R. Stanković Pejnović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2011

Macedonia is still in the process of forging its identity as an independent state; a process that is "contested" not only sub-state national identities but also the extent to which Macedonia sees itself as a subject of international relations. Without the protection of the Yugoslav federation, Macedonia found its security weakened and as a response to Bulgarian and Greek attitudes a more assertive and uncompromising view of Macedonian nationalism emerged, which would have a significant influence on Macedonian-Albanian relations in the new state. The Macedonians saw their national identity "contested" from several directions at the beginning of the 1990s, most notably from Greece and Bulgaria, and from inside the new state the Albanian opposition to Macedonian political and cultural dominance. Internal challenge to national identity is a result of the large number of cleavages between the two main ethnic communities. Because of this society has become increasingly segregated with major tensions running through the formation of new political identities and institutions across ethnic lines. External challenge to national identity between the Republic of Macedonia and its neighbors can be summarized as follows: Bulgaria is the main identity threat to the extent that identity is anchored in language; Serbs are the main identity threat to the extent that identity is anchored in religion; Albanians are the main identity threat to the extent that identity is anchored in statehood; and Greeks are the main identity threat to the extent that identity is anchored in the name of the nation, its language and state.

„TAUTŲ SUSILIEJIMAS“: LIETUVOS TOTORIŲ VAIKŲ TAPATYBIŲ DAUGIALYPIŠKUMAS MIŠRIOSE ŠEIMOSE, 1940–1990

Author(s): Inga Zemblienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 97/2018

The goal of the article is to determine how Tatar children who come from mixed families identify themselves. In this respect attention is paid to the characteristics of national politics of Soviet Union and the assimilation of Tatars in Soviet Lithuania. The article explores national politics of Soviet Union, ethnically mixed marriages in Soviet Lithuania, Tatars in Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and identity (identities) of descendants of mixed Tatar families. The analytic, interpretational and historical comparative methods are employed to research the ethnographic materials. Field research was conducted in 2014–2015 and 2017–2018 in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Panevezys and Alytus districts. 75 respondents participated in the survey, however, only 41 respondents provided knowledge about the Soviet times. The chronological boundaries of the article cover the years 1940 – 1941 when Lithuania after it had lost its statehood became part of the Soviet Union, then the years 1944–1990 and the first years after Lithuania had restored its independence (till 1995).

„Te małe Ukraińce”. O traumie wysiedlenia, stygmatyzacji i jej konsekwencjach w relacjach potomków Ukraińców wysiedlonych w ramach akcji „Wisła”

Author(s): Olga Solarz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The presented excerpt of the study is an outline of the problem of trauma of Ukrainians displaced as part of the Operation Vistula in 1947 and effect it had on the next generations (children and grandchildren). The stigmatization and repressive actions that affected this community both from the state apparatus and local communities have taken their toll and forced them to adopt a range of protective measures. One of them was assimilation, another mimicry. Ukrainians who wanted to preserve their own national, religious and cultural identity often chose the “way of success”. They dealt with sense of inferiority, sense of threat, injustice and regret with the need to achieve higher social positions and wealth that gave comfort in an uncertain times. Education, wealth, and social position were meant to help overcome fear, strengthen self-esteem and let them feel equal to Poles. In families who chose the silence strategy, the way to achieve safety was to forget.

„VARLIK VERGISI“ – и политика турске владе према грчкој националној мањини у Другом светском рату

Author(s): Vasilios Hronopoulos / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2012

The paper deals with an important segment of the policy of neutral Turkey during the World War II its policy regarding the minorities that, with its tightening, aggravated the position of the non Muslim communities. Among various repressive measures, the special tax varlik vergisi, introduced in November 1942, is especially significant. Under the pretext of preventing making illegal profits, tax liabilities much higher than those imposed on the majority population were imposed on Greek, Armenian and Jewish businessmen, both Turkish citizens and foreigners. Failure to settle these liabilities within short deadlines would result in seizure of property, internment and forced labour in remote areas. The official justification of this openly xenophobic measure provided by the authorities and their media reflected the influence of the ideas that were coming from the Axis countries and were supported by some in Turkey, including a part of the political elite. The author considers this phenomenon in the light of war events and the position of Turkey as a neutral country, focusing on its relations with the exiled Greek government and the UK.

„Woda jest życiem”. Analiza protestu przeciwko budowie rurociągu Dakota Access Pipeline w kontekście relacji amerykańsko-indiańskich

Author(s): Jagna Cyganik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The main focus of the paper is the protest against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) near Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota in 2016. The strategies employed by the opponents and supporters of the project are analyzed in the wider context of the relations between the US federal government and Native American nations. Counter-terrorism rhetoric, methods, and measures used in the process of pacification of that fundamentally peaceful protest is not only an example of how the US government deals with its citizens’ resistance but also sheds more light on the current, unfavorable situation and status of Native Americans in contemporary America.

„Żywy instrument”. Ustawa o mniejszościach z 2005 roku a ochrona tożsamości mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w Polsce

Author(s): Sławomir Łodziński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 83/2018

The article refers to the interview with Danuta Berlińska from 2015, in which she spoke about the necessity of changes in the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language, enacted in January 2005. Its focus is an attempt to sum up the experience gathered so far with respect to the implementation of the Act. Although it still provides a sound basis for the state policy towards such groups, there have nonetheless been attempts at changing or amending it in the period of over ten years recently. These concerned the legal recognition of new groups, such as Kashubs and Silesians, as minorities, as well as the possibility to broaden the use of bilingual place names. The author tries to prove that the Minority Act should be analysed in the light of the current social conditions, not merely from the perspective of the circumstances that determined its aims and scope of application the moment it was enacted. In the contemporary discourse on the protection of national minority rights in Europe, especially as regards the evaluation of the practice of application of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the countries that have adopted it, it is emphasised that it has been purposefully intended as a “living instrument”.

„Балканските акценти“ на одеския „Привоз“: към въпроса за етническите компоненти в градската кухня

Author(s): Alexandr Prigarin / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

On the basis of written sources and field materials, the article examines the phenomenonof the “Odessa cuisine” as a regional complex of food. In the context of thehistorical dynamics, it shows the role of the Balkan traditions in the formation anddevelopment of the everyday culture of the inhabitants of Odessa. Special attentionis paid to the current state of the trade subculture and, respectively, to the systemof the food traditions in Odessa. In particular, the article shows that there are manyproducts introduced by natives from the Balkans (first of all, Greeks and Bulgarians):eggplants, tomatoes, cheese, corn, mutton, grapes, etc. The regional dishes perceivedas “Odessaian” but having roots in the ethno-cultures of the above-mentioned communities,are developed on this basis. The text shows also the “blue” (eggplants) invarious variations of preparation and the “pshonka” (corn). Beside the national, theprofessional mass cuisine is also analyzed (restaurant); in it the Balkan substratumhas found its place a long time ago along with the Jewish, Ukrainian and Moldavian.In the menu of these institutions, there are surely a number of dishes with Balkanorigins. On the other hand, it is worth characterizing the special national restaurantsof Odessa (Bulgarian, Gagauzian, Greek).

„Българин по професия. Българин по потекло” (Записки върху идентичността)

Author(s): Mina Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The aim of the article is to provide a possible interpretation of identity in one of the contested border regions on the Balkans well known for the competing politics and interests by the two bordering countries – Bulgaria and Serbia, for the past century. This region is known as „Western Outlands” in the social and political life. The communal memory of the Bulgarian minority in Bosilegrad, Serbia, leads the narration through different historical periods and their respective politics to uncover an identity which has become a survival strategy at the intricate periods. This will reveal a complex picture of the multiple identity levels where the individual and social identity are tightly related and are further shaped by the existing number of internal and external „others.“