ЄВРЕЙСЬКИЙ ЧИННИК У КОНТЕКСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЕМІГРАЦІЇ ДО КРАЇН АМЕРИКИ (КІНЕЦЬ XIX – ПЕРШІ ДЕСЯТИЛІТТЯ XX СТ.)

Author(s): Alexandr Sych / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2018

In article the attempt to analyse the Ukrainian-Jewish relations during the marked period in a paradigm of the concrete historical phenomenon - emigration of Ukrainians to the countries of America at the turn of XIX - XX centuries is made. Scientific novelty. Relationship of two peoples - Ukrainian and Jewish - has long and complicated history which needs complex and impartial scientific research. Need of such research is caused not only cognitive interest, but also political relevance. Unfortunately, the wrong or consciously distorted interpretation of the past quite often leads to a complication of the international relations. It is especially dangerous when it results from organized campaigns and appeals, actions of certain people and groups or policy of the governments which is based on ethnic nationalism.

ЄВРЕЙСЬКІ КОЛЕКТИВНІ ГОСПОДАРСТВА ЯК СПОСІБ ПІДТРИМКИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ САМОСВІДОМОСТІ

Author(s): Olha Chinena / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 32/2021

The article is devoted to the issue of adaptation of the mechanism of formation and strengthening of the identity of the Jewish national minority on the territory of Ukraine to political changes in the first half of the ХХ century. The changes of that time demanded from the Jewish community not only new practices of preserving the national consciousness, but also a change in the usual activities that had been formed for centuries. Therefore, in the 1920s and 1930s, new forms of preserving and maintaining Jewish identity emerged as a Jewish national district and collective farm. The establishment of these administrative-territorial units made it possible, albeit for a short period of time, to maintain national consciousness among the Jewish population.

Ідеологічні засади освітньої політики нацистського окупаційного режиму в дистрикті "Галичина" в роки Другої світової війни

Author(s): Vasylʹ Hulay / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2011

The basis of Nazi ideology in the sphere of education of the occupied areas is discussed in the article. The main attention is paid to the ethnic specification of the structure and contingency of the educational establishments of the district "Halychyna" during World War II. The author manages to prove the fact that their activity was not aimed at the proper support of the educational needs of the main ethnic minorities but at becoming an instrument of the realization of Nazi occupational policy.

Храна и публичност: срещи в празника

Author(s): Rayna Gavrilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

The proposed paper is an attempt to examine and discuss the relation between social interactions, festivity, and food in the beginning of twenty-first-century Bulgaria. Topics of interest are the specific forms of public space and the participation during two types of events: the festivals of individual towns and the political kurbans. The article examines the extent to which the communal celebrations have “enter[ed] the service of economic and political propaganda” (Habermas). Both types of events are organized “from the top” – they are planned, financed and practically performed by people who possess political power. Furthermore, they both include certain forms of distribution of free food; thus, the author comes to the conclusion that the consumption of offered food and drinks binds the participating individuals in a somatic and emotional mutual experiencing the celebration. Commensality is a form of participation, which by definition is voluntary and unarticulated inclusion. The citizens are a quiet audience (public, n. in Bulgarian) of the activities presented on stage but enthusiastic participants in the shared meals.

ХЬЮИ ПЕРСИ НЬЮТОН – ЛЕВЫЙ РАДИКАЛ И ОСНОВАТЕЛЬ ПАРТИИ «ЧЁРНЫЕ ПАНТЕРЫ»

Author(s): Oleg Vyacheslavovich Bodrov,Ramil Ilgizovich Akhmetshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper is devoted to the political biography and ideological views of H.P. Newton, who was an outstanding fighter for civil rights of African Americans, political thinker, human rights activist, and internationally recognized scholar. The aim of this paper is historical analysis of the phenomenon of the radical leftist current in the movement of African Americans for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century based on the research of the political views of H.P. Newton, the leader of the “Black Panthers” party. In order to achieve the set aim, the following tasks are solved: (1) to consider the reasons, conditions, and actualization of radical leftist currents in the African American movement for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century; (2) to reveal the occurrence, major historical and ideological events in the activity of African American radical leftists by the example of the “Black Panthers” party, as well as to show the role and place of the party in the social and political life of the USA; (3) to analyze the consequences of the development of radical currents in the African American movement for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century. The scientific novelty of the paper is that it, for the first time in the modern Russian historiography, provides a complex analysis of the phenomenon of leftist currents in the movement of African Americans for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century using the views of H.P. Newton, the leader of the “Black Panthers” party, as the example. For a long time, there was a stereotype of social and political life in the United States, according to which the “Black Panthers” party headed by H.P. Newton was a criminal terrorist organization. However, an alternative point of view based on newly emerging data from the declassified archives has recently gained strength in the US historiography. This paper is one of the first attempts in Russian historiography to give an objective and undistorted image of H.P. Newton as a representative of radical leftists in the movement of African Americans for civil rights during the second half of the 20th century.

Цветан Тодоров (1939–2017) – апостолът на хуманизма, мечтателят за свобода

Author(s): Valentina Sharlanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

Циганите музиканти в Шумен от началото на XIX век до наши дни

Author(s): Dimitrinka Demirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

Цинцари у Yрошевцу и другим „косовским железничким варошима“ — Прилог историји Цинцара у Србији —

Author(s): Miloš Luković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2004

A relatively large number of Tzintzars used to live in Uroševac for more than 120 years, until they got totally displaced in 1999. The Tzintzars also lived in other Kosovo towns: Lipljan, Obilić, Pristina and Kosovska Mitrovica, until hazardous living conditions compelled them to relocate to Vučitm and Kačanik. Vučitrn and Kačanik were trade centers located near the railroad (that stared to operate in 1873) and, as such, represented attractive locations with numerous possibilities for profit and earnings (that is why J. Cvijić called these settlements „railroad towns“). Hence, in a few waves, the Tzintzars that inhabited the mountain zone of Bitolj-Kruševo (Gopeš, Magarevo, Nižopolje, Malovište), and even Bitolj, Kruševo and nearby Prizren, started to settle in this region. The relationship with the parent country was maintained by marriage and permanent contact. For a long time, the Tzintzar language was in use, and ethnic identity preserved. The Tzintzars left a considerable mark on the Kosovo economy and culture. Their occupations, like trade (especially grain purchase and its delivery, via railroad to Skoplje, Thessalonica, and other places along the way), handicrafts, hostelry and tavern- owning, enabled them to participate in the founding of new towns: Ferizović (Uroševac), Lipljan, Globoderice (Obilić); and, at the same time, to reinforce economies in Pristina and Kosovska Mitrovica. In the interwar period, already ramified Tzintzar lineages extended their economic activities (in the milling industry, banking, agriculture, the commencement of industry), started to send their children to academies and better schools and supported social institutions in their settings. After World War II, following the nationalization o f their property, the Tzintzars were forced to hastily change their traditional occupations — thus they started to relocate, mostly to Skoplje. This was a typical outcome for many of the Tzintzar lineages. To illustrate this occurrence, we choose to present in detail the genealogy and history of the lineage Nikolić, from Uroševac. The given data about Tzintzars in Kosovo ravine should add to our knowledge of the general history of Tzintzars from Serbia.

Црвена aрмија на Дунаву, ослобођење Београда и тежње Срба из Румуније ка присаједињењу Југославији 1944–1945.

Author(s): Vladimir Lj. Cvetković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

At the end of WWI as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the Kingdom of Romania were founded, some 40.000 Serbs became the Serbian national minority in Romania. They were compactly settled in the border regions, partly in the Banat and partly in the Banatska Klisura, alongside the left bank of the Danube. During the inter-war period the situation of the Serbian minority wasn’t particularly good and it deteriorated during WWII and the Fascist regime of marshal Antonescu when Serbs deserted en masse from the Romanian army, not wishing to fight against „Russia”, even though it might be Communist. Almost 1.000 people, partly deserters from the Romanian army, crossed over to Yugoslavia in the last phase of the war, and joined Tito’s partisans with whom they took part in battles against Germans. After they had returned to their villages they became advocates of the idea of unification with Yugoslavia. The appearance of the Red Army on the Romanian bank of the Danube where Serbs lived in compact communities additionally strengthened that idea among the local Serbs. The participation of some Soviet officers and soldiers in the revengeful actions of Serbs and their detraction of the authority of the Romanian government, although probably isolated cases, helped the conviction to spring up among part of the minority population that they would enjoy Soviet support for such a step, the Soviets being the masters of the situation in Romania. The liberation of Belgrade and the organization of the new Yugoslav government were the signal for the beginning of the propaganda action in which some Red Army soldiers also took part and which would eventually provoke the armed counter-action of the Romanian authorities. However, the attempt to organize the Antifascist Front of Slavs (SAF) in early May 1945 showed that the attitude of the Yugoslav and Soviet authorities had changed in the meantime – most probably during the visit of Josip Broz Tito to Moscow between April 5 and 17, and in connection with the founding of the government of Dr Petru Grozda in Romania to which USSR guaranteed territorial integrity. Although the congress didn’t take place and although it foresaw no action in connection with unification of the Romanian part of the Banat with Yugoslavia, the bill for toying with this idea was footed by Serbs in Romania at the time of conflict with the Informbuerau. They were subjected to mass deportations to the deserts of Baragan, as a kind of revenge by the Romanian authorities.

ЦРНА ТРАВА И ЦРНОТРАВЦИ У СВЕТЛУ ИСТРАЖИВАЊА ОДРЖИВОСТИ ИДЕНТИТЕТА СРБА И НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У ПОГРАНИЧЈУ ИСТОЧНЕ И ЈУГОИСТОЧНЕ СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Suzana Marković Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The paper is based on a wide range of research findings which represent an empirical basis for a sociological analysis of the social life in the municipality of Crna Trava, located on the borderlands of Southeast Serbia. An interpretation of the research results based on the integrative theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the dimensions of socio-demographic changes in rural settlements, functioning family farms, the quality of life of young people and older people in the countryside, to modify certain practices, as well as the religious and social roles of fairs and cult places. In addition, the paper discusses the social role of priests, role models, artisans and teachers in terms of their contribution to the sustainability of the identity of the Serbs and national minorities in the border municipality of Crna Trava. The empirical and statistical findings that have been reached, on one hand, point to the economic underdevelopment, poverty, depopulation and the ageing of the population in most villages in the borderlands of Southeast Serbia, while the abandoned houses and „extinguished hearths” are a strong indicator of the demographic collapse, and the „drama” in the Serbian village is a clear and visible outcome. On the other hand, the maintenance and fostering of cultural traditions, respect for the customs and the existence of religious beliefs, with some modification in accordance with the socio-economic context, bear witness to the survival and sustainability of the national identity of the Serbs and ethnic minorities in the municipality of Crna Trava, but also to the possibilities of development, despite a number of socio-economic problems the people of Crna Trava encounter living in this underdeveloped border municipality.

Чија е оваа грижа? Културни и институционални бариери за пристап до социјални и здравствени услуги за Ромите кои употребуваат дроги

Author(s): Vanja Dimitrievski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 8/2011

Institutional blindness toward Roma cultural patterns restrict access to social and health services for Roma drug users and therefore limits their right to health care, especially regarding their needs on relevant drug use health treatment. Poverty, inadequate family care and lack of drug use health treatment for minors make Roma drug users under the age of fifteen especially vulnerable on drug related harms. Some nongovernmental organizations offer social and health services for Roma drug users and Roma community in Municipality of „Shuto Orizari“ in Skopje, but they can not bridge the gaps made by governmental social and health institutions ignorance. Multi-sectoral and multi-professional approach can foster efforts and provide equal access to social and health care for all citizens.

ЧИНИОЦИ НЕГОВАЊА НАЦИОНАЛНОГ И КУЛТУРНОГ ИДЕНТИТЕТА У ВОЈВОДИНИ

Author(s): Dragan Koković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2003

This article considers the most important factors of national affiliation and cultural identity cherishing among the largest nations and national minorities in Vojvodina, the north Province of the Republic of Serbia. The consideration is based on the empirical data's collected thru wider research of multiculturalism in the mentioned region. According to the polling, the most frequent factors of the national affiliation sense cherishing are "to observe tradition and custom" and "education of children in the spirit of national culture", while in the case of cultural identity preserving they are "formal education" and "family education of the children". Explaining the characteristic attitudes of the questioned citizens, the authors are of the opinion that the collected data's are strongly pointing on the rise of traditionalism in vojvodinian/serbian society, which needs further studies and new theoretical explanations.

Читалищното образование на етническите малцинства в България 1944 – 1956

Author(s): Penka Tzoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The research is historical and pedagogical of its kind; it seeks sources and aims to differentiate major trends in the development of the library education of the ethnical minorities in Bulgaria over the period 1944 – 1956. It is a first attempt for researching the contents and the forms of library education of ethnical minorities within a certain period of history. It is completely based on historical sources and enactments. The extracted positive practices and approaches are valuable experience of the contemporary education policy on integration and desegregation of ethnical minorities in one of the types of the extra-school, informal education – the library education which is inseparably involved in the Bulgarian education tradition with its 160-year history.

Школовање Чеха и Словака у Србији 1945–1958.

Author(s): Slobodan Selinić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Taken together, the Czech and the Slovak minorities were the third largest minority group in Serbia and Yugoslavia after the Second World war, only the Albanian and Hungarian ones being larger. According to the 1948 census, 39.015 Czechs and 83.626 Slovaks lived in Yugoslavia. Out of that number, 6.760 Czechs and 73.140 Slovaks lived in Serbia. As a national minority, the Czechs and Slovaks had the right to education in their mother tongue in communities they inhabited. The post-war development of the Yugoslav society brought about also the increased number of schools of the Czech and Slovak minorities. There were 42 Czech and Slovak elementary schools with 7.480 pupils and one secondary school with 516 students in 1938/39. There were 19 Czech and 35 Slovak primary schools in 1955/56 with 6,319 pupils, two Czech and 15 Slovak eight-class and secondary schools with 2,842 pupils and one Slovak teachers training college with 56 students. These schools lacked schoolbooks and teachers, some of whom were insuffi ciently trained, even though the Yugoslav state tried to train teachers for minority schools too in its educational system. This lack of teachers was partly alleviated by bringing teachers from Czechoslovakia. Part of the young Czechs and Slovaks decided to continue their education after having finished secondary schools, i.e. they decided to acquire academic education. The place of living infl uenced also the place of study. The Czechs turned mostly to Zagreb, and the Slovaks to Belgrade and Novi Sad. In 1955/56 the largest number of the Czechs and the Slovaks were to be found in the lecturerooms of the Faculty of Arts, Economic, Legal and Medical faculties. One of the best known Czech schools in Serbia was the Masaryk School in Belgrade (Československá škola Masarykova v Bělehradě) which had its premises in the Czechoslovak House. The importance of this school went far beyond the number of pupils (some 30) attending it. This school was a focal point for Czechoslovak children, youths, intellectuals, elite and diplomats. It contributed to good relations between the Czechoslovak colony in Belgrade and the Belgrade, Serbian and Yugoslav society, it fostered national culture, language, music costumes, history, it aided the young Czechs and Slovaks in preserving their mother tongue, memory of their mother-country and the history of which they were part, it helped the Czechoslovak community adapt more easily to great political changes in the post-war Yugoslavia. The headmaster was a teacher from Czechoslovakia Augustin Streit. The school enjoyed large support of the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade and Czechoslovak minority associations (Československá obec and Udruženje čehoslovačkih žena) and it also received aid from the Czechoslovak Ministry of Schools and Education and from several individuals. It was shut down in early 1950s as the Yugoslav-Czechoslovak relations deteriorated.

Эвакуация немецкого населения из оккупированных районов Ленинградской области зимой — весной 1942 г.

Author(s): Vladimir Leonidovich Martynenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 29/2019

The article details the evacuation of the German population of occupied areas in the Leningrad Oblast in the winter-spring of 1942, especially planning, organization, and implementation by German authorities. The increase in the scale of the humanitarian catastrophe in many settlements of the region, as well as intensive fighting, forced the command of the 18th Army of the Wehrmacht to begin stage-by-stage evacuation of civilians from the front zone in late autumn of 1941. Those events also affected representatives of the German ethnic minority who were under the auspices of the occupation authorities. From January to April 1942, ethnic Germans were evacuated from the suburbs of Leningrad and a number of settlements in the region. That contingent of 3,749 people was temporarily placed in camps on the territory of Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. Despite statements about the care of ethnic brethren, the attitude of the German authorities towards ethnic Germans from the USSR was largely utilitarian. Upon arrival in the Reich, the settlers were considered primarily as a resource for the Germanization of the annexed Polish territories. At the same time, ethnic Germans, from the position of national-socialist ideology, were not considered a homogeneous community. The value of each of them was determined during verification procedures.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ» РЫНКИ ИРКУТСКА: ПРОИЗВОДСТВО И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ГОРОДА

Author(s): Diana Bryazgina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

This article presents results of the study of the role of “ethnic” markets in the processes of urban transformations. The case of Irkutsk demonstrates the integration of the markets into everyday life of the city and their incorporation into the urban infrastructure. “Ethnic” markets are a special phenomenon of urban life and a complex of social, economic, and interethnic relations. The aim of this study is to analyze ethnically marked markets as specific localities and an important part of urban space. The analysis is based on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of construction of social space. This theory enables the study of “ethnic” markets as a complex of multidirectional processes that determine the forms and contents of social interactions. The social anthropological focus of the study allows us to consider “ethnic” markets as special localities included in various coordinate systems. The analysis includes not only the physical but also mental and social spaces and facilitates more in-depth and systematic conclusions. Moreover, the case is typical enough to allow for generalization of these conclusions. The results of field observations of Irkutsk “ethnic” markets suggest that markets are important for the city in terms of their impact on the organization of urban space. Most importantly, they function as the attraction of people, goods, and other elements involved in the implementation of the city’s everyday practices, as well as the intersection of social and infrastructure networks, which ensures a high density of the interactions.

Язык как фактор этнической идентичности Казахов Монголии в условиях транслингвальности

Author(s): Nazgul Baigabatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2019

This article analyzes the issues of the functioning of the language of the Kazakh diaspora of Mongolia in a foreign ethnic environment through the prism of the concepts of translinguality and transculturality. The article is based on the author's field materials collected in the summer of 2018 in Western Mongolia. The results of the study showed that the factors determining the communicative conditions of speech behavior of representatives of the Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia are legislation, the school education system, the language landscape and the psychological climate, which sometimes help, sometimes impede use and preservation of the native language. As a result of theoretical and empirical research, it was revealed that the role of the Kazakh language in the formation of the ethnic identity of the diaspora in the context of translinguality remains an important indicator of ethnic selfconsciousness. In addition, the native language, fulfilling the communicative needs of the individual and the ethnic community, is the dominant way of the «appearance» and «manifestation» of ethnicity when the ethnic community interacts with representatives of both «alien» and «their» ethnic group. At the same time, the Kazakhs of Mongolia in practice are bilingual and the knowledge of the Mongolian language regularly serves as a means of communication for the Kazakh diaspora in various forms of existence and areas of application, without showing linguistic conflicts.

Языковая политика в образовании и его роль в сохранении миноритарных языков в России и других странах

Author(s): Erzhen Vladimirovna Khilkhanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2020

The language policy in education and the role of education in the preservation and development of minority languages were discussed. The main approaches and models used for teaching minority languages in Russian and Western European schools were compared. Two main approaches were singled out: “old”, when minority languages are poorly represented in education; “new”, which provides an opportunity to learn these languages in schools. The approaches were illustrated by the example of the Frisian and Basque languages, respectively. The problems of teaching minority languages in Russian schools within a broad political context were considered. It was concluded that the positions of minority languages in education are weak due to their little value for careers and social mobility in the current Russian conditions. The possibility and necessity of taking certain educational measures for preservation and development of minority languages in Russia was substantiated. Their complex nature, including both innovations in the education system and the need to overcome the “monolingual ideology”, was emphasized. The recommendations proposed include the use of international experience in organizing civic initiatives and the introduction of new methods and innovative curricula of bilingual education. The most important measures are related to changing the mass consciousness and language culture of society toward identification of Russia as a multinational and multilingual country.

ЯК ТАМ НАШІ ЗА ДУНАЄМ?

Author(s): Nataliya Petrova,Olena V. Smyntyna / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 30/2019

Review of: Олена Сминтина; Наталія Петрова; - Рецензія на: Кушнір В.Г. Історія і культура українців Північної Добруджі – Одеса : Одеський національний університет, 2019. – 108 с., 44 іл. (українською та румунською мовами).

Ян Карски – герой на полската съпротива

Author(s): Andrzej Żbikowski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2016