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Social communication among Turkish immigrants in Belgium

Author(s): Filiz Goktuna Yaylaci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey signed its first immigration and labour force exchange agreement with Germany in 1961, followed by similar agreements signed with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, France and Sweden. Belgium has been one of the destinations for Turkish immigrants. According to the Turkish Embassy in Brussels a total of approximately 180,000 Turkish people live in Belgium (Turkish Embassy in Brussels, 2014). Similar to Germany, the Netherlands and France where a large volume of Turkish immigration was allowed, distinctive characteristics of Turkish immigration evident in Belgium. Turks arrived and settled in certain parts of Belgium due to family ties and networks. Half of Turkish people in Belgium live in the Dutchspeaking Flemish Region, 25 % in Brussels and 25% in the French-speaking Valloon Region (Kanmaz, 2003; Aydın and Manço, 2002).

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Transnational Identity among the Bulgarian-Turkish Migrants in Turkey

Author(s): Özge Kaytan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

multiple constructions, including memories, experiences, observations and many more in the case of migrants. Nevertheless, migration is not a finite event, it is an ongoing process in which migrants deal with different life patterns and social relationships, which have economic, social and cultural characteristics (Basch et al. 1994; Glick-Schiller et al. 1992, Guarnizo and Smith 1998; Levitt 1999, 2001 in Park, 2007:201). The Bulgarian-Turkish migrants have transnational identities, which have multiple attachments to more than one space, and indicate an interplay between ethnicity and nationality. The borders of nation-states do not determine the transnational identity perception of migrants. These borders may only indicate political confinements. However, for Bulgarian-Turkish migrants, the border between Turkey and Bulgaria refers only to a geographical location, which is not related to any political boundary. Hence, a visible interplay of ethnic identity and national identity among Bulgarian Turkish migrants is a significant determinant for their transnational identity. In Bulgaria, they used to have a strong ethnic identity, whereas in Turkey it turns out to be an even stronger national identity. However, they also tend to equalize ethnicity and nationality in Turkey, as they acquired a majority status in Turkey. Nevertheless, they have transnational social attachments between these two political territories, though it does not matter for them if it is a political border or not. Some migrants tend to see these two territories as homelands, depending on the context, since “some migrants identify more with one society than the other, the majority seem to maintain several identities that link them simultaneously to more than one nation” (Schiller, Basch, Blanc-Szanton 1992 in Vertovec 2009:6).

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Crisis or Opportunity? Public Debate and Perception on Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Author(s): Oğuzhan Ömer Demir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since 2011, millions of Syrian refugees have left their countries due to ongoing civil war in Syria. Almost three million of them are now a part of Turkish community. Despite several problems affecting culture, economy, and security, Syrian refugees and Turkish people have achieved to live together without any significant social crisis and moral panic. Düvell (2013) argues that unlike Western countries, where it would create a moral panic, Turkey surprisingly showed a social acceptance towards huge number of refugees. In fact, the number of refugees in Turkey enormously increased in the last few years. The rate of Syrians was only 0.02% in 2012, while it increased to 0.29% in 2013, and 1.96% in 2014. In 2015, the rate sharply doubled (Table-1). This unusual change in Turkey’s foreign population is the one that has never been experienced in Turkey.

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Solidarity with Syrian Immigrants with the Power of Islamic Beliefs and Volunteerism

Author(s): Emel Topçu,Sevgi Kurtulmuş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, 2,733,784 refugee Syrian people are legally registered in Turkey. They constitute 2.7 % of Turkish population. During last 4 years, Turkey has received a mass amount of migrant without being properly prepared. 1.5 million of the Syrians live in the cities which are close to the border. For example, in one city like Kilis, the number of the Syrian refugee is more then the inhabitants of the city. During the five years of Syrian war, Kilis, a town of 90,000 inhabitants, located on the Syrian border has welcomed 120,000 Syrians who are fleeing from war since 2011. How come in such a short time can one town absorbs more then its population peacefully? This question has encouraged us for our study. There are so many organisations and persons in Turkey working to help Syrians; so, we have also joined to one of these voluntary group which is initiated by a female teacher, Nezahat Albay, in Ankara. By this group we have perfomed participary observation which guided us to formulate our research questions. We did not have any theory or any hypothesis but we had our curiosity to find out why, how, where the volunteers work with Syrians. We let the field to formulate its own story.

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Turkey’s Policy on Employment of Syrian Refugees and its Impact on the Turkish Labour Market

Author(s): Cihan Kızıl / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The war in Syria is one of the worst humanitarian crisis of our time, with millions of people forced into refugee status in neighbouring countries. In addition, at least 470,000 Syrians have died in this conflict and Syria has lost 29.8 per cent of its HDI value in 2015 compared to 2010 (SCPR, 2016, p.17). As the immediate neighbour, Turkey has responded to this humanitarian crisis, declaring a temporary protection regime for Syrian asylum-seekers and setting up 26 camps where 267,000 people are currently staying. The country already struggles to cope with nearly 3 million Syrian refugees, and this number may rise further following the agreement to stop Syrian refugees from flooding into the EU.

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Idiosyncratic Identity of Muslim Turks and the Romani of Bulgaria: Rethinking Human Security through the prism of Self-Governing Rights

Author(s): Francesco Trupia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bulgaria is one of the few countries in the Balkan region without a recent history of bloody ethnic conflict generated or related to interreligious relations. From a historical perspective, the Muslim and Christian communities have been living peacefully side by side despite Bulgarian Muslims’ overall lack of inclusion in current everyday life in the Republic of Bulgaria. However, parallel to a high-level of inequality and marginalization, lack of empowerment, inclusiveness and influence within the political landscape have dominated Bulgarian opinions on autochthonous ethnic minority groups, guiding these opinions toward misconceptions as well as into a “culture of silence” in which policy discussions and conversations related to minority groups are made almost exclusively behind closed doors. In this so-called “century of terrorism” , while the national scenario has recently shown how much human security can go forward due to the “dark zone” under which social groups might be exposed to processes of radicalization, Bulgarian Muslim communities continue to represent a concern in the Bulgarian context.

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Minorities in Iraq: National Legal Framework, Political Participation, and the Future of Citizenship Given the Current Changes

Author(s): Saad Salloum / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Minorities have been one of the main targets of the violence that has swept through Iraq after the American occupation in 2003. This violence reached a pivotal turning point when the so-called ‘Islamic State’ (ISIS) invaded Nineveh governorate, including Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, and extended their control over other areas in the Anbar and Saladin governorates.

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The Yazidi Quest for Protection in Sinjar in the Post-ISIS Iraq

Author(s): Arzu Yılmaz,Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper considers the future of Sinjar (Kurdish: Shingal) in the current context where local, regional, and international actors shape the political setting in Iraq after the so-called Islamic State (ISIS). It traces primarily the political and military dominance of the two prominent Kurdish political parties, namely the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Sinjar; and, in turn, it explores the newly emerging parameters of the Yazidis’ self-understanding which reshapes their political identity and even their perceptions of ethnic belonging vis-a-vis the efforts for centralisation and decentralisation dictated from above. It argues that regardless of whether or not the geopolitical equilibrium in post-ISIS era would favour the Yazidi aspirations for self-rule in Sinjar, the vibrant Yazidi activism will not vanish soon and will add new dimensions to the Kurdish and Iraqi political landscape.

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The Shabak: Between secular nationalisms and sectarian violence

Author(s): Michiel Leezenberg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Shabak are one of the less well-known ethnic groups of northern Iraq. The complexities of their recent history suggest that religious and ethnic minorities are not simply or merely victims, but also actors in their own right. Like neighbouring groups, they have been badly affected not only by the 2014 offensive of the so-called Islamic State (ISIS), but also by the earlier politics of the region. At present, their community is deeply divided, in a split exploited and exacerbated by other regional actors.

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The Haqqa Movement: from Heterodox Sufism, to Socio-Political Struggle and Back

Author(s): Lana Askari / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One day I told my mother, I am going to join the Mama Razayeti [Haqqa movement under Sheikh Mama Raza]. She told me, your father is going to kill you. I said no, even if he would kill me I will go and convert anyway. I left and ran to the takiye (dervish lodge) and told them I wanted to convert. They quickly heated up some water and shaved my head, leaving only a little bit of hair on the top. This [taking off his cap and pointing to the small patch of long hair] has not been cut for over 50 years, it is still the same do you hear! During the time of the prophet, people had their hair like this. Our greeting ‘ya karim, ya raza’, this is also from the time of the prophet. When I went back home I told my father I had joined Mama Raza and received a beating. However, after four nights, four brothers of the order came to our house and talked to my father. After a long discussion, they also converted my father. I was the first in my family in Sergalu village to convert. I came to the Haqqa with a clean conscious and therefore I am still part of it and still live in the khanaqa [rest- and guesthouse].

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Bahaism and the Bahai Community in Iraq: A Fateful Past and Fragile Present

Author(s): Maria Six-Hohenbalken / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Bahai community is one of the smallest religious communities in Iraq. As a transnational religion, Bahaism has its roots in Iran and neighbouring countries in the Middle East but today has seven million followers around the world with approximately 60 per cent living in Asia, 20 per cent in Africa, and 18 per cent in the Americas.

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Kurdish Zoroastrians: An Emerging Minority in Iraq

Author(s): Matthew Travis Barber / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A significant movement of apostasy from Islam is underway in the Middle East, one that is simultaneously birthing a new religious minority. Kurdistan is experiencing a gradually intensifying revival of Zoroastrianism as increasing numbers of Kurds are converting to the tradition or affiliating with it at varying levels.

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Migrant Religions in Iraq: Hindus and Buddhists

Author(s): Ghazwan Yousif Baho / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Religions are the primary source of human thought that explore ways to achieve integrity for human society. They are dominated by principles of peaceful coexistence amongst all people, regardless of sect, religion or nationality. They enable humans to live peacefully with God and with others. This cannot be achieved except through love, which cannot be achieved without knowing people, which, again, cannot be achieved without dialogue.

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“Minör Sinema” Olarak “Duvara Karşı”

Author(s): Süleyman Kıvanç Türkgeldi / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Deleuze ve Guattari, Franz Kafka üzerine yaptıkları incelemede “minör edebiyat nedir?” sorusuna “minör edebiyat, minör bir dilin edebiyatı değil, daha ziyade bir azınlığın majör dilde yaptığı edebiyattır; ama temel özelliği, dilin güçlü yersizyurtsuzlaşma katsayısından her koşulda etkilenmiş olmasıdır”(2015: 45) şeklinde cevap verir. Majör sözcüğü köken olarak büyük, temel ve önemli gibi anlamlara gelirken, minör sözcüğünün küçük olan gibi anlamlara geldiğini söyleyebiliriz (Nişanyan: 2016). Bu noktada felsefi açıdan bakıldığında minör kavramının neden önemli olduğunu postmodern düşünce bağlamında görmek önem arz eder. Batı düşüncesinin 20. Yüzyıla kadar genel anlamda bir “aşkınsallık” temelinde şekillendiğini söyleyebiliyoruz.

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Gendered Citizenship: Experiences and Perceptions of the Bulgarian Turkish Immigrant Women

Author(s): Özge Kaytan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of citizenship, which is a multi-layered construct by itself, consists of diverse structures when it comes to the citizenship of immigrant women. The migration process itself is gendered not only because of the fact that men and women are differently affected; but it is also likely to affect how gender identity interacts with the new identity bestowed upon the migrant women. The gendered experiences of oppression directed towards minorities are transformed into gendered dynamics of migrating to a host country and integrating into the new society.

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Müslümanlarin Avrupa’da Var Olabilme Sorunlari

Author(s): Erkan Perşembe / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Avrupa, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında kendi isteğiyle gerçekleşen göç hareketliliğinde, yüzyıllardır çatışmalı olduğu Müslümanlarla aynı zaman ve mekânı paylaşırken çok kültürlülüğe ilişkin sorunlarla karşılaştı. Yeniden şekillendirilen Avrupa’ya büyük katkısı bulunan göçmenler, zamanla göç ettikleri ülke toplumlarının bir parçası olmalarına rağmen etnik ve dinsel farklılıkları nedeniyle Avrupalının zihin dünyasında genellikle uyumsuz aktörler olarak tanımlanmıştır.

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Danimarka Türk Toplumunda Cami Merkezli Dindarlik

Author(s): Ahmet Onay / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Cami, İslam dininin sosyal hayatı ilgilendiren en temel unsurlarındandır. Cami hem Müslümanlar hem de gayrimüslimler/inanmayanlar için önemli bir sosyal gerçektir. Müslümanların geleneğinde, imam, cami ve cemaat birbirinden ayrı düşünülemeyen bir üçlüdür. Medine Mescidi’nin kurulma-sından sonra Müslümanların bireysel dinî meselelerini ve sosyal hayata dair hemen her şeylerini camide konuşup müzakere etmeye ve ona göre yaşantılarına yön vermeye başladıkları görülmektedir. O zamandan günümüze ka-dar İslam’ın ulaştığı her yerde dindarlığın, cami merkezli olarak şekillendiği, geliştiği ve devamlılık sağladığı söylenebilir.

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İsveç’te Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Arif Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç ve daha da özelde dış göç olgusu, özellikle XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından günümüze uzanan tarihi süreç içerisinde Türkiye’nin sosyokültürel ve dinî hayatı açısından tahminlerin üzerinde hayati bir öneme kavuşmuştur. Gerçekten de ‘dış göç’ olgusu, özellikle 1960’lı yıllardan başlayarak Türkiye’den başta Almanya olmak üzere Batı Avrupa ülkelerine önemli bir nüfus kayması sürecini beraberinde getirmiş olup, bunun göçmen işçi toplulukları ve hatta genel olarak Türk toplumunda kültür, gelenek, din ve değişme ilişkileri ve etkileşimi bağlamındaki yansımalarının sosyolojik analizi oldukça tipik, ancak bir o kadar da karmaşık sorunları karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Öyle ki, yarım yüzyıl önce pek az Müslüman Türk’e rastlanan Batı Avrupa’da bugün çeşitli ülke, bölge ve yerleşim birimlerine serpili yaklaşık 4 milyon dolayında bir Müslüman Türk göçmen kitlesinin varlığı söz konusu olup bu durum yepyeni çevre ve şartlarda çok önemli sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel sorunları beraberinde getirmiş bulunmakta; bunun din alanındaki yansımaları da oldukça tipik ve ilgi çekici oluşum ve gelişmelerle sürüp gitmektedir (Günay, 2003: 35). Batı Avrupa’ya göç eden Türklerin büyük bölümü Almanya’da bulunmakta, onu Fransa, Hollanda ve Avusturya takip etmekte, yine İsviçre, İngiltere, Belçika, İsveç, Danimarka ve diğer bazı Batı Avrupa ülkelerinde sayıları az da olsa Türk göçmenler bulunmaktadır. Bu durumda, Avrupa Türkleriyle ilgilenen araştırmacıların daha çok Almanya, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi Türklerin görece yoğun olduğu ülkelere yönelmeleri beklenen bir gelişmedir. Ne var ki bu yoğunlaşma Türk göç literatüründe İsveç, Norveç gibi bazı ülkeler aleyhine gedikler oluşmasına da yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma da “İsveç’teki Türkler ve dinî yapılanmaları” hakkında bazı tanıtıcı bilgilere yer verilecektir.

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Norveç’te Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Recep Önal / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Küreselleşen dünyanın adeta küçük bir köy haline gelmesi çeşitli din, mezhep, inanç, kültür ve medeniyetlerin bir araya gelmesine, sosyal hayatta bir arada yaşamasına ve bu doğrultuda çeşitli boyutlarda birbirleriyle karşılıklı etkileşimine neden olmuştur. Diğer taraftan son yüzyıllarda iletişim ve ulaşım imkânlarının artması ile ülkeler arasındaki geçişler kolaylaşmış ve göçler çoğalmıştır. Tüm bu gelişmelere paralel olarak farklı din, inanç, ideoloji ve kültür mensupları, sınır ve bariyerleri aşarak bir arada yaşamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu nedenle içinde yaşadığımız 21. yüzyıl, farklı din, inanç, ideoloji ve kültürlerin birlikte bir arada, iç içe yaşadığı, karşılıklı etkileşimlerin kaçınılmaz olduğu, bu anlamda insanlık tarihinin en renkli, en yoğun ve en karmaşık dönemlerinden birini oluşturmuştur. Aynı zamanda bu yüzyıl Doğu’dan Batı’ya bir diğer ifadeyle İslam dünyasından çeşitli Batı ülkelerine siyasî, sosyal, kültürel, eğitim, ekonomik ve dinî sebeplerle işçi, iltica ve mülteci statüsü altında yoğun dış göçlerin yaşandığı geçişken bir dönem olmuştur. Türkiye’den Batı’ya olan ilk göç hareketi ise 1950’lerin sonlarından itibaren işçi statüsüyle Almanya’ya gerçekleşmiştir (Pew Araştırma Merkezi, 2009).Daha sonra bunu Hollanda, Fransa, Avusturya, Belçika, İngiltere, İsviçre, Danimarka ve İsveç gibi diğer Avrupa ülkeleri takip etmiştir. Bu göçlerin son ayağını ise İskandinavya ülkesi olarak bilinen Norveç oluşturmuştur (Manco, 2007).

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İngiltere’de Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İngiltere, birçok dini, ırkı ve kültürü bir arada barındıran bir Avrupa ülkesidir. Dünyanın her yerinden insanlar, farklı itme-çekme faktörlerinin etkisiyle İngiltere’ye göç etmiş ve İngiliz sosyo-kültürel hayatında çok-etnikli ve çok-kültürlü bir yapının oluşmasını sağlamıştır.

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