Risks and Problems of Lower Oil Prices in Preparing the General Budget of Iraq and the Necessity of Activating Sources of NonOil Income

Author(s): Alhusseinawi Latfe,Ileana Ashrafzade,Zaid Alajwadee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of the decrease in oil prices on the general budget of Iraq and to raise awareness over the importance of activating non-oil income sources in order to provide resources for the budget. The study reached several conclusions from which the most important was that the volatility of oil prices between 1921 and 2012 generated a lot of confusion regarding public budgets of Iraq, as well as real challenges, such as budget surplus or deficit. The research concludes that it is necessary to activate alternative sources of income, or non-oil resources, for financing the general budget in Iraq, especially taxes, in addition to the development of productive and service sectors.

Spiritual Intelligence Paradigm – Formative Values and Targets for Teachers-to-Be

Author(s): Florentina Bucuroiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the results of a psychological and pedagogical study meant to reveal the importance and the shaping value of the spiritual intelligence on the formation/development of the human personality. The theoretical part of the paper presents scientific bases, significations, meanings and orientations regarding the status and structure of the spiritual intelligence. The practical part of the research pursued two objectives: - a survey of the teachers-to-be` perceptions on the personalized understanding of the concept, of their own explorative and self-reflexive behavior generated consequent to applying the Fr. Vaugham questionnaire - which is designed to identify the coefficient of spiritual intelligence; the discussions were also focused on those ways of the spiritual intelligence defined by Zohar and Marshall; - analysis of the reflections of those students participating into this study, on the qualities associated with spiritual intelligence in relation to age, gender, level of education and culture, spiritual maturity, personal experiences, and their opinions on the formative strategies that contributed, on different stages of life, to valuing some transpersonal ways and to understanding the extent to which spiritual intelligence manifests itself in everyone's life. The conclusions of this report highlight the theoretical and explanatory aspects with regard to understanding spiritual intelligence, characteristics and areas of positive forming and development, spiritual paths that have personalized relevance for the young students who took part into our research. The reflections of the respondents and their analysis – that was made together with experts - outline different perspectives on the internalizing of some spiritual values, and on the understanding of the personal experiences, of their own life style, reactions and behaviors, emotions, as well as the great influence of the interpersonal relationships on acquiring higher degrees of spiritual maturity etc

Control and Planning in the Development of Female Gymnasts’ Complex of Motor Skills within a Training Macro-cycle

Author(s): Victor Buftea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims at monitoring the integral training through an efficient control and planning in the development of the female gymnasts’ motor skills complex within a training macro-cycle. For this purpose, an experimental ascertaining study was carried out throughout a training macro-cycle of the Olympic cycle 2013-2016, with a group of 20 athletes (n=10 – experimental group and n=10 – control group) belonging to women’s artistic gymnastics national team of the Republic of Moldova. The following methods were used: bibliographic study; pedagogical observation; method of specific tests; pedagogic experiment, statistical-mathematical method and method of graphical representation of data. In order to determine gymnasts’ motor training, 14 parameters were tested, highlighting the level of complex motricity needed to reach elite sports performances in women’s artistic gymnastics. Insignificant differences were revealed in the experimental group based on the results obtained and compared with each other during the 1st training macro-cycle. Following these results, some models and strategies meant to improve the control and planning system were proposed to the experimental group subjects. The implementation of the control and planning system of the activities for motor skills development provided useful information for the efficient monitoring of the full training of the female gymnasts under research.Keywords: Gymnastics

Quantitative Study on the Usefulness of Homework in Primary Education

Author(s): Horatiu Catalano,Cristina Catalano / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A Pragmatic Approach towards the Presidential Address for the New Year

Author(s): Valentina Ciumacenco / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper outlines the distinctive attributes of some presidential addresses offered on the occasion of New Year’s Eve. The article contains both theoretical and empirical parts. First we enumerate a number of general aspects that are characteristic to any political speech broadly speaking, then we contrast these with the results obtained from our discourses analysis applied to Romanian and Moldovan presidential speeches. A special focus has been placed on the argumentative structure, lexical traits, and the use of various types of modalization/modulation.

Legal Notions of Contract. Fundamental Doctrines in Continental Law and Common Law

Author(s): Codrin Codrea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The contract seems to be one of those self-explanatory legal notions, heavily relying on common-sense knowledge of everyday people involved in whirling spirals of polymorphic agreements, in both continental and common law legal systems. For a legal comparative endeavour, however, it is a dangerous pitfall, since it points to a misleading starting point – the common, practical understanding of contract is probably an effect of similar legal notions, and this may constitute a valid tertium comparationis. In spite of its intuitively powerful and broad everyday use, the contract is, nevertheless, a complex legal notion with detailed juridical articulations. It is from this specific legal angle of each continental and common-law legal family that the unifying common-sense understanding of the contract shows a pluralistic and at times irreconcilably divergent legal understanding of the very notion of contract. It is not the convergence of the legal doctrines of the continental and common-law legal families that this article intends to analyze, convergences which may very well be deducted from the common use of the notion and which find anytime support in most of everyday practice, but the specific differences in the two legal families which destabilize a potential unifying legal notion of contract. The article does not intend to refute nor correct the common European understanding of a contract, but merely to investigate the fact that, although there is a common everyday understanding of what a contract is, and although different legal systems get to similar results, it is not necessarily because identical legal notions are employed.

Stipulatio Alteri – the Roman law Construction and the Contemporary Structure in European Legal Systems

Author(s): Codrin Codrea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Roman law institution stipulatio alteri, introduced as an exception to the unyielding contractual principle Res inter alios acta, aliis nec prodesse, nec obesse potest, can be found in most of the contemporary European legal systems, in the same legal position, as an exception to the principle of contracts taking effects only between parties. This principle, which takes its unaltered substance from the Roman law, is differently referred to in continental and common law legal systems – if in the first legal family it is referred to as the relativity of contracts, the equivalent notion applied in common law legal systems is the privity of contracts. All contemporary European legal systems, however, recognize both the overarching principle of contracts producing binding effects only between the parties and the exception to this principle, the contract in favour of third parties, as it is provided in the French Code Napoleon of 1804 and in its Romanian acculturation, the 1864 Civil Code, just as it is in the contemporary French and Romanian Civil codes, articles 1121, respectively articles 1284-1288, in the Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch, the German private law code, § 328 I, and in common law legal systems as jus quaesitum tertio. This article investigates the structure stipulatio alteri had in Roman law, the arguments and debates surrounding this institution as an exception to the inter partes effects of contracts, and the legal configuration it has in some contemporary European legal systems.

Evaluation of Risk Behaviors of Medical Students of Republic of Moldova

Author(s): Catalina Croitoru,Elena Ciobanu,Virginia Salaru,Angela Cazacu-Stratu,Natalia Bivol / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Background: To reduce behavioral risk factors is a priority of health policies in the Republic of Moldova. However, the promotion of health is a prerogative of the health system and less in educational activities in schools or universities.The aim: to identify medical students’ behavioral risks and their perception in health promotion.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using the CORT questionnaire (elaborated and validated at UMF “V. Babeş”, Timişoara, Romania). Data on demographic and socio-economic characteristics and student’s behaviors were collected: dietary habits, drugs, smoking, family and school environment etc. A structured interview with 473 students was performed. This study was conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration (1996) and approval of the Nicolae Testemitanu SUMPh ethics committee no.16 from 14.11.2016.Results: There were 473 students integrated into the study, including 359 (75.9%) females and 114 (24.1%) males, mean age 20.42±1.57 years old. The anthropometric indices showed that the average height was 1.69±0.09m and the body mass was 61.31±0.53kg (σ=0.089). The nutritional status with a deficit is 16.1%, the surplus status is 25.2%. Non-smokers – 59.1%, who do not consume alcohol – 28.8%, who do not consume drugs – 95.1%.Conclusion: Our results require us to develop measures to reduce and, in some cases, eliminate health problems, students’ negative behavioral attitudes and risk factors responsible for the health condition, mental health and health culture.

Athletes Personality and Psychological Dimensions

Author(s): Teodora Dominteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The psychology of physical culture and sports highlights contemporary claims that there is a correlation between personality and model athlete model society among economic, cultural, social and attitudes of character and athletic ability. Understanding personality sportsman as a product of interaction with the environment but also as a system of values which allow the trading athlete to impose and contribute creatively to its development opposes both exaggerated the role of heredity in defining the personality of the athlete, and the attempts to reduce the level determining personality traits of behavior. Temperamental peculiarities sportsman is an important prerequisite for the formation of sports. There aren’t temperaments favorable or unfavorable, because each type of temperament has positive aspects and without to orient ourselves towards change temperamental traits less favorable (which is impossible, because of their hereditary) effectively monetise traits of temperament and level negatives. To this end, physical culture and sports psychology studies the ways of influencing humanly favorable in terms of bio-psycho-social attitudes and using a systematic exercise and sports. Thus, by studying sporty highlights the influence of sports on mental qualities in athletes, are specific mental peculiarities and formative forms and characteristics of sport.

Strengthening the Partnership between the University and Graduates: Realities and Challenges

Author(s): Viorel DORGAN,Viorica Calugher,Ecaterina Lungu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The degree of graduates’ employability in the labour market is one of the main criteria, according to which shall be evaluated and assessed a university. It is basically a criterion as important as local or international accreditation agency. Unfortunately, higher education in Moldova has no tradition and practice of development the relations between the graduate and the university after his departure from academic medium, tradition very well developed in other states. It is important to know the career development of graduates through the active involvement of the university in this process. The State University of Physical Education and Sport operates a system of mechanisms that monitor the careers of its graduates. The analysis of the results of this action reflects several important issues for the University, such as: the level of employability of its graduates; the market need for qualified specialists in the fields of training of the University; identify problems in the study programs of the University; satisfaction degree of former university students on the quality of education; teachers who provide quality implementation of the program; utility program for employment and career development etc. The success of this exercise depend on the degree of motivation and conviction of young people to get involved in the life of the graduated University and help to improve its activity. At the same time, the University wants to get the graduates involved, to come up with suggestions, with an objective assessment of the realities where they had studied, without fear of any consequences and propose ideas for continuous improvement of studies. Thus, by maintaining a working relationship with the University and even after studies, the graduate becomes an active partner in ensuring the quality of education at the University

Teachers’ Key Competences for Ensuring Inquiry-based Education

Author(s): Jiří Dostal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Inquiry-based education has long been used to teach science-based and technical subjects. However, problems often arise during the process of implementing this educational concept into school practice. One cause of this problem may be a lack of development of substantial competences: educational theory does not yet provide a generally valid competence framework, except in a few limited studies. This problem causes difficulties during teachers’ initial and life-long education and is the primary motivation for our research. Based on our results, we created a competence model for identifying the key competences for realizing inquiry-based education may be concluded. In the first phase, published research conclusions connected to the competences of teachers of science-based and technical subjects—accentuating inquiry-based education—were analysed. Accordingly, we conducted research that helped both to establish the importance of individual competences and (subsequently) to create the competence model. The Q-methodology was used for the purpose of obtaining data, and statistical methods (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha, split half, chi squared and Spearman’s correlation coefficient) were used for the purpose of evaluating that data. The research took place in the Olomouc region of the Czech Republic, with 54 expert teachers (from basic schools) participating.Keywords: Teacher’s competences, inquiry-based education, constructivism, science education, Q-methodology.

Milos Island as an Example of Sustainable Development

Author(s): Artemiy Kurbanov,Inna Vershinina / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sustainable development is the harmonization of the interests of the economy, local communities, and environment. Case study of Milos Island is an example of combination of economic and environmental interests of the local population in terms of the model of sustainable development. Milos Island belongs to the Cycladic islands in the Aegean Sea. Milos is of volcanic origin and therefore the mining industry is on the island. The island has bentonite, barrit, kaolin and others minerals. On the other hand, the island is a popular destination for domestic and international tourism. Milos also has cultural and religious significance: as a place of discovery of the statue of Aphrodite (Venus) of Milos and the place of early Christian catacombs location. The largest mining company in the island – S&B – cooperates with the Municipality in order to sustainable development on the island. The mining company helps to maintain employment of the local population, which is especially important in a situation of economic crisis in Greece. But it also tries to save the unique nature of the island. The western part of the island and its coast are included in the list of “Special Zone Reservation” in the framework of the European project “Natura 2000”.

For a Paradigm of Spiritual Education

Author(s): Emil Lazar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The spiritual paradigm is considered a “key-concept, with clarifying potential”. It can also be “candidate paradigm”, as it has to create itself a field/ a domain, to transit towards maturity. We can also speak of a “model, frame” which are/is subject to the articulation and specifications, in the new or more stringent conditions. This approach tries to reinforce the existence and implications of a psychology of spiritual education, by the argumentation coming through spiritual anthropology, given the close proximity of “spiritual psychology” and “spiritual anthropology”

The New Trends in Medicine and Trust

Author(s): Anna Liadova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ever the last years, the Russian National Health Care System has undergone a number of great changes. These reforms are motivated by the whole transformation of medicine as a social institute. As it showed by the numerous studies, under the process of the globalization and new technologies the clinical practice has been changed. The high technologies in medicine have incorporated new trends in practice and lead to use exactly hard evidence for diagnosis and treatment. But spending on new health technology increases healthcare costs.  Now the main trend is the standardization of practice, that is relied on evidence-based medicine as it reduces costs. The great damage to the physician-patient relationship in these movements is that the patient is considered secondary, without attention to his individual characteristics and needs. It ignores the individuality and leads to the uniformity. It affects the doctor-patient relationship. As it well known, trust is a keystone of effective doctor-patient relationship. It may be considered as a belief of an individual that trustee will care of his (a patient’s) needs and interests. But, under the modern trends in medicine, there has been changed the doctor-patient relationship. The paternalistic model has been evolved into the new form based on a personal informed consent. And now the question is that what role trust plays now? Based on the data of the sociological research, it was revealed, that over last years, the public trust to doctors and the national health care system has been unsatisfied and unstable. So, it may be pointed out, that the informed consent could not be only legal compulsion and defence for doctors in case of adverse treatment outcome. It is also an ethical obligation as no consent could not be an insurance for doctors to avoid legal liability. So, mutual trust as a keystone of doctor-patient relationship has been still actual for the current concept of the social interaction in medical practice.

How Attendant is the Theory of Inter-Civilisational Clashes within the  EU Eastern Neighbourhood?

Author(s): Eugen Lungu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Utilized as an ideological tool by state leaders, within the latest couple of decades, for the establishment of important action strategies, within the international arena, disavowed by impoartant representatives of the academia, Samuel Hungtington`s thesis about the clash between civilizations remains one noteworthy theoretical milestone in the realm of the security and geopolitical analyses. The Ukrainian conflict, through its confessional and ethnical structure of the diverging sides, has reopened, for the International Relations analysts, the debate regarding the accuracy of the thesis of the renowned political scientist. The article aims to analyze the degree in which the Ukrainian people, and other Eastern Neighbourhood people as well, through its cultural, religious and ethnic traits, is confronted with, or can be confronted with, in the forthcomming futurem with an inter-civilizational conflict, from the standpoint of Hungtington`s theory.

The Role of the Formative Dancesport of the Extracurricular Activities in Gymnasium

Author(s): Viorica Mindrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Rhetoric of Alterity in the Contemporary French Political Discourse|

Author(s): Eleonora Mihaila / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The political argumentation, born in reaction to the difference of opinions (ex superficie) and interests (ex profundis) in the fields of politics, is of dialogical nature by its essence. The alterity is a discoursive product, as it is constructed and deconstructed by means of the language. Which are the ways of discoursive representation of The Other – the political opponent, along with its system of ideas, values, objectives, strategies – throughout the act of argumentation in the political discourse? Given the dialogical nature of the argumentation, the alterity finds its expression depending on the pragmatic roles it assumes in the process of argumentation, such as: subject, object, recipient. In order to understand the ways of discoursive expression of the alterity, we hereby propose an inter-disciplinary research – positioned at the crossroads of the theory of argumentation and semiotics with elements of anthropological study. The empirical part consists in the application of a bi-model treatment pattern so as to identify and analyse the discoursive forms of alterity in two speeches delivered by Emmanuel Macron and Marine le Pen during the French presidential election campaign 2017. Understanding the discoursive essence of the alterity and of the ways of expression of such conceptual disjunction stands as a guarantor for the understanding of the roots of the political dissent and the canalization of such dissent towards a constructive path in a climate of clarity, transparency, tolerance and willingness to identify solutions.Keywords: Political discourse, argumentation, alterity, opponent, difference.

Illness Perception and Ability for Physical Activity among Patients with Chronic Diseases

Author(s): Kremena Mineva,Miroslava Petkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Illness perception refers to patient’evaluation for his/her life with disease. According to the self-regulatory model (Leventhal, Brissette & Leventhal, 2003) the illness perception is subjective and is created by cognitive and emotional components. The unique combination between different parts of illness perception for every patient can predict the patient’s health behaviour including motivation and performing physical activity. The PURPOSE of this study is to examine the main predictors of illness perception and to evaluate the significance of ability for physical activity for construction of illness perceptions. METHODOLOGY: 237 patients with rheumatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 have been examined. Optimism and Negative expectancies Inventory (Velitchkov et al., 1993), Multidimensional Health Locus of control Scales (form C) (Wallston et al., 1994), Self Efficacy Chronic Disease Scales (Lorig, et al., 1996), Brief Illness perception Questionnaire (Broadbent, et al., 2006). OWN CONTRIBUTION AND RESULTS: The results of investigation supports the idea that the patients perception of illness controllability depends of health locus of control beliefs and self-efficacy for managing chronic illness. The most important are beliefs that illness depends on patients themselves and their confidence that they have ability at ones disposal to cope with everyday functioning and communicate with doctors. CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy for symptom management, Self-efficacy for physical activity and negative expectations are significant and strong predictors of illness perception among patients with chronic diseases and pain.

Dacian-Roman Cultural Personalities from Scythia Minor (4th-6th Centuries) and Their Contribution to the Affirmation and Promotion of a Humanistic-Christian Culture at European Level

Author(s): Cătălina Mititelu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this study, we have evoked the names of several personalities from the Proto-Romanian culture of Latin and Greek language, from the 4th-6th centuries, located in Scythia Minor (Romanian Dobrogea). Through their pastoral and canonical activities and works with a pronounced literary, historical, theological-philosophical and legal content, they contributed to the assertion of a humanistic Christian culture of ecumenical nature and to the promotion of “unitas in diversitas” (unity in diversity), in the cultural field, at European level. Thus, they played an important role in preparing the European unity of ecclesiastical and cultural-religious nature. Through their (theological, philosophical, historical, literary, juridical etc.) works, these scholars from the Roman province of Scythia Minor are also known in history as founders of the European Christian Culture of ecumenical nature. Finally, by their works, these Scholars from the Romanian Dobrogea of the 4th – 6th centuries promoted the cultural (material and spiritual) identity of the two worlds of the Roman Empire, i.e. “Pars Orientis” and “Pars Occidentis”, which underlay the cultural identity of today’s Europe.

Moral Particularism and Space Exploration

Author(s): Lucian Mocrei Rebrean / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Through human exploration the extraterrestrial space becomes more and more the subject of an anthropological debate. Regarding the rationality of moral actions related to space exploration, the purpose of this article is to compare two moral approaches: generalism and particularism.  Moral generalism claims that the rational authority of morality is founded on the affirmation that a moral principle exists in order to ensure that a moral reason in a particular case is automatically a reason in all future particular cases. If its mere application determines the moral statute of any conceivable action then it should be capable of functioning as an action guide in any new case. Unfortunately, ethical-regulative presumptions cannot explain the moral statute of any new action and especially cannot provide guidance in exceptional cases. This is precisely the peculiarity of the action of exploring. Instead, ethical particularism provides us with an alternative epistemological position: instead of conforming to a series of principles, our actions are justified by those moral aspects of a situation which are self-evident, aspects which do not possess the same moral importance in each new situation that may arise. Because of the multitude of morally relevant aspects of environmental action, in order to tackle complicated or completely new ethical issues we are more in need of actual moral discernment than of ethical-regulative presumptions. This kind of approach is more adapted to the extremely complex and unpredictable (from a normative and evaluative standpoint) character of the exploration and exploitation of outer space.