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At the beginning all machines ran a single process. While running a program, it had an exclusive use of all resources of the computer. Later things moved on. The concept of multiple threads of execution first appeared with time sharing systems where more than one person could be logged into a central mainframe computer at once. It was important to ensure that the processing time of the machine was fairly divided between all users, and the operating systems of the time made use of the „process“ and „thread“ concepts. Early DOS and Windows systems were single tasking. The program ran exclusively on the machine or not at all. With increasingly sophisticated applications and an increasing demand for personal computers, especially with respect to high performance in the graphics and networking areas, multiprocess and multithread operating systems are now commonplace. Multithreading on PCs has been mainly driven by the need for better performance and usability. Threads are useful doing lengthy processing, background processing, I/O work and making use of multiprocessor systems. The usage of threads raises additional challenges such as synchronization of threads and deadlock prevention. These problems can be solved by using „Critical Sections“, appropriate functions and other techniques.
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The report presents the results of the fourth edition of a study concerning the awareness and economic maturity of children and young people. The study was carried out, like in case of previous editions, in the form of an anonymous survey whose respondents were the pupils of elementary schools and lower secondary schools who participate the programs of non-formal education, namely the Children's University of Economics (EUD) and the Academy of Young Economist (AME). The survey has been constructed in such a way that allows for obtaining information in three main study areas: knowledge, skills and economic approaches as well as finances and entrepreneurship.
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Extended summary of thr article (in English).
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„La buona figliuola” („The Accomplish’d Maid”) is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni and Carlo Goldoni. The librettist based his text on Samuel Richardson’s novel „Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”. It was performed for the first time at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome on 6th February 1760 with an all male cast. It was a big success and „La buona figliuola” took Europe by storm. Every European opera house had this opera in its repertoire. The performances were in: Barcelona, Prague, Vien, Dresden, London, Berlin, Mannheim and Paris. This opera was probably performed even in Beijing by Jesuits in 1778. „La buona figliuola” was so popular in Europe that Stanisław August Poniatowski, the King of Poland, wished it for his coronation ceremony. The performance took place at the National Theatre on 7th August 1765, just five years after the world premiere. This opera was also very popular in Warsaw. People loved the story of a simple and good maid Cecchina. Seventeen years later, Wojciech Bogusławski, the director of the National Theater, translated and adapted Goldoni’s opera and named it „Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka” („Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”). He performed it in 1782 with big success. First of all, the article describes the historical context of the creation of libretto – the Carlo Goldoni’s biography. Next, it presents the story of maid Cecchina and the phenomenon of the description of the Polish theories of translation from the 18th century, the Polish version of the opera – „Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”, is presented. Finally, two versions of the libretto – the Goldoni’s and the Bogusławski’s, are compared.
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