Avaliku ruumi mõiste areng ja tähendusväljad

Author(s): Antti Roose,Helen Sooväli-Sepping,Anni Müüripeal / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 8-9/2020

Over the last five years, the Estonian society has begun to pay more attention to the environment we live, work and relax in. The use of the concept of ‘space’ and its association with the word ‘public’ is a practical problem on the way to a common understanding of space and its use. The ambiguity of the concept of space must be taken into account, both in everyday language and in scientific language. The concept of ‘public space’ is a rapidly developing concept in various fields in the Estonian language, yet in today’s legislation this is not legally covered. There is no well-established definition of ‘public space’ in Estonia. In mapping the use of ‘public space’, this article is confined to geographical sciences, urbanism and architecture. We cover the concept of ‘public space’ in the spatial sciences and discuss its social significance, analysing the semantic fields of the term and describing the contexts of its use. The article does not claim to invent a grand narrative of ‘public space’, but rather draws attention to the diversity and richness of the concept in academic discourse in general and in the Estonian context in particular. These ambiguities open up the possibility of innovating the concept and creatively using it in practice.

Valea Arieșului

Author(s): Adina Dobrotă,Ana Maria Zahariade / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

”What do you mean when you say you’re looking at an ancient village, […] why are you calling it ancient? What does that mean, ancient? We have our plots for about thirty years, it that what ancient means to you? Did you see that hundreds of years have passed over us and the world is changing and we were the only ones left behind by the wooden plow? Where have you seen ancient village?” (Marin Preda, ”Moromeții”)

Școli de Vară în regiunea Dunării: proiecte ale studenților ca mijloace de dezvoltare în zonele depopulate

Author(s): Meinhard Breiling,Marius Voica / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The paper describes process and progress during an international summer school in Dealu Frumos/ Schönberg during May and October 2018. First there is a magnificent, underused landscape full of outstanding cultural heritage that abruptly lost important parts of its population at the end of last century and could not yet recover from that loss. Second there were 25 international students developing project ideas on how to promote development by tourism, agriculture or to improve infrastructure. Third there were supportive people, locals in Dealu Frumos, members of institutions in Sibiu County, academic and administrative staff of several universities, artists and freelancers that helped to create a good productive atmosphere. Several project ideas were born, all of them suited to improve life for resident people and to generate more income for locals. The costs to organize the summer school were reasonable as many of the resources needed were made available at limited costs. We propose to organize similar summer schools in other scarcely populated, rural areas of the Danube Region as a cost efficient means of rural and regional development.

Înapoi la peisaj pentru un proiect arhitectural contemporan

Author(s): Silviu Preda / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Starting from a text written by Sebastien Marot, philosopher and architecture critic, we began this study with the wish to ask some questions to our profession in the our age context. As the author explains, landscape architects had an essential role during culturally prosperous times and we can evoke some important historical examples in chronological order: Villa Hadrian – Tivoli, Italy, Santa Maria de Poblet Monastery, Spain, Villa Lante – Italy or the imperial gardens of Versailles – the latter generating major transformations at thinking level of architectural spaces, principles afterwards applied to the urbanization of Paris through the project proposed by Baron Haussmann.

Bucureștiul teritorial

Author(s): Ștefan Simion,Emil Burbea-Milescu,Cristian Borcan / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Northeast of Bucharest there is a row of lakes and the largest forest patch remaining in the immediate vicinity of the capital city. Like an XXL urban form, 11 villages (from Tunari to Fundeni) are set onto this series of ponds which are well-known to fishermen. Forming an infrastructural landscape, these small lakes are separated by a series of crossings: for cars and for pedestrians, but also land strips that help regulate water levels and divide the breeding areas of the fish. The Territorial Bucharest project’ goal is to build a set of interventions along these narrow strips of land to speculate the physical situation of the place (the meeting point between natural and built environment) on which to propose various public and community programs and functions: Library, Pub, Pontoon for fishermen, Swimming pool, simple Pavilion pointing a walk in the territory, and so on.

Forme și conținuturi baroce în arhitectura religioasă din Timișoara

Author(s): Mihaela Vlăsceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

The study reveals a world of shapes and contents manifested in the field of religious architecture of Timișoara in the 18th Century with particularities specific to the medium of its creators and connotations reflecting the change of history. These shapes and contents of religious and imperial authority are descifred underlining the European descent of Baroque architecture by the use of structural analysis. The historical monuments investigated represent a clear interpretation of late Baroque formal expressions with central European stylistical traits, reflecting a set of Christian values metamorphoses dispatched from the center. Underlined by a series of metamorphoses, the style evolution finds French, Italian and German influences according to the author’s origin and experience. The Catholic orders (Jesuits, Franciscans, and Brethren of Mercy) set the stage for a new religious architecture shaped in content and symbolism by the Council of Trento (1545-1563). The common language for the art they promoted finnaly subsumed under the Baroque style that became a universal language in celebrating Catholic renewal of faith and devotion.

Zaboravljeni hramovi boga Marsa: arheologija Velikog rata na primjeru austrougarskih rovova u Senju

Author(s): Pio Domines Peter / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

In the shadow of numerous works that investigate the history of Senj in the 20th century stands the fact that the period of the First World War has remained a relatively neglected and poorly treated topic that has not yet sparked historiographic interest to a satisfactory level. The lack of local archival materials and insufficiently studied and published other sources stand out as fundamental problems that a researcher of this period is faced with. However, although wars as an indispensable part of history are continuously documented in historical sources, an important part of the information that was not written down on paper has remained stored in material traces, the correct interpretation of which through the discourse of relevant theoretical frameworks can offer an important contribution to the analysis and reconstruction of various aspects of war and warfare. Modern archaeological discipline that is focused on the study of the material remains from a conflict, developing new research methods that allow a better understanding of war events, is called conflict archaeology. An important part of the focus of conflict archaeology is represented by the remains of fortifications whose appearance is not exclusively related to battlefields. The paper presents a hitherto unknown segment of Senj’s military heritage, which refers to the trenches that the Austro-Hungarian army built during the First World War in the Park of Senj Writers, in the area of St Ambrose and around the tennis court on Nehaj hill. On the basis of field prospecting, the processing of written data and consideration of similar examples, the historical, spatial and chronological context of the creation of fortifications is discussed, and on the example of the trench in the Park of Senj Writers, its cultural and historical importance is evaluated as the last and excellently preserved example of military architecture of the First World War in Senj. Consequently, the need to preserve and protect the building is highlighted and a dialogue is opened about the possibilities and requirements of its restoration and valorisation.

Translating Architecture of Walls into the Architecture of Words

Author(s): Mirjana Daničić,Milan Radojević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The authors begin this research with the story of the Tower of Babel, taking it not as a narrative demonstrating a divide, but as a parable of a modern construction project where people work together in a universal language with the aim to build a massive structure. While the mythological story sets the foundations for the rise of multilingualism, from the architectural point of view, it explains the incessant desire of the human kind to construct projects that will last forever. Building on George Steiner’s argument stated in his seminal work After Babel (1975) that “even substantive remains such as buildings and historical sites must be ‘read’, i.e. located in a context of verbal recognition and placement, before they assume real presence”, the authors embark on the exploration of literary works (such as The Bridge on the Drina by Ivo Andrić, a Nobel laureate, or A Gentleman in Moscow by Amor Towles) which translate the architecture of bridges or walls into the architecture of words. The foundation for this kind of study is set in Paul Ricoeur’s essay Architecture and Narrative, in which he compares “the configuration of time in literary narrative” to “the configuration of space by the architectural project.” The authors investigate the ways in which writing stories in time overlaps with building stories in space.

Експозиционният дизайн и съвременният музей

Author(s): Ivo Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2021

TRABZON VAZELON MANASTIRI PEYGAMBER İLYAS ŞAPELİ DUVAR RESİMLERİ

Author(s): A. Nazlı Soykan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 75/2022

Trabzon, which has hosted many civilizations in history, is one of the most important cities of the Eastern Black Sea Region. It was possibly a turning point for the architecture of the Eastern Black Sea Region when the Crusaders deviated from their original purpose and occupied Constantinople during the IV. Crusade which was organized to recapture the holy lands. From the establishment of the Trabzon Greek Empire in 1204 to its collapse in 1261, many monasteries and churches were built in the region. It is observed that additions were made within different periods in monastries and other structures of this period under the rule of Komnenos dynasty. The works of different masters in different time periods in the buildings allowed the local traditions of both Constantinople and the region to coexist. The focus of the study is the architecture and wall paintings of the Vazelon Monastery Prophet Elijah Chapel, located on the slopes of Zavulon Mountain, 45 km southwest of Trabzon, 14 km southwest of Maçka, 5 km west of Kiremitli District. During the research, architectural drawings of the building were made, its current state was documented with photographs and the building was evaluated comparatively with similar examples in the region. Wall paintings as one of the main subjects of the study were also drawn, their current status was documented with photographs, their iconography was discussed, their stylistic features were discussed and compared with their similar features both inside and outside the region.

TUNA BULGAR KENT MİMARİSİ: PLİSKA (681-893)

Author(s): Meltem AKINCI / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 76/2022

The Great Bulgar Khaganate became a state in the north of the Black Sea in the first half of the 8th century. Its collapse during the second half of the same century, caused the heirs of the Khaganate to migrate to all directions. One such migration began with the aim of finding a new homeland. Therefore, they looked westbound towards the Balkans, under the leadership of Asparuh Kagan. The Bulgars had already been organized along the southern border of the Lower Danube. They had ruled over that geography for two centuries and were the architects behind Bulgaria’s transformation – which had included the tribe union, to the name of the country. Pliska bears distinct traces of the nomadic Turkish culture in the Balkans and was first established as a Bulglar military in the 680s. It eventually became a capital city later on. Archaeologists had pinpointed the probable location of Pliska during excavation work in the 19th century, near the village of Aboba (eastern Bulgaria). Over time, further archaeological digs have revealed that Pliska had architecture, administrative and military buildings, and economic vitality (as a producer of commercial goods, crafts, agricultural tools, and equipment). Bringing Saltovo-Mayaki cultural elements – including ancient beliefs – to the region they migrated to, the Bulgars succeeded in creating an urban culture that included the settled peoples of the Balkans.

MİMARİDE DİKROİK CAM KULLANIMI

Author(s): Ayla Birinci,Tuğrul Emre Feyzoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2022

Since its discovery, glass has existed in many areas of life with its diversity of materials. It has advanced thanks to the developing technology day by day and has become a material that makes a difference with its use between disciplines and sometimes becomes iconic. Its use in architecture has an important place in gaining an artistic dimension in terms of the effect it creates. Dichroic glass, as a material, has enabled the use of glass, such as transparency, permeability, brightness and color, as well as the effects of color changing according to daylight, in architecture. Dichroic glass dating back to the 4th century AD is evaluated in a wide range of history, from coloring a mug with gold and silver powders to its use in architecture. Within the scope of this study, the effective preference of dichroic glass in material selection, the reasons for preference and artistic usage examples are presented. The subject was evaluated by referring to the similar points and differences between the samples.

Архитектура интернационалног модернизма у контексту репозиционирања социјалистичке Југославије на међународној сцени

Author(s): Rade Mrlješ / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

The changing international alliances of socialist Yugoslavia in the second half of the twentieth century caused widely different political interpretations of architecture that emerged in that period. At the same time, its ethnic, cultural, and religious heterogeneity made these interpretations even more complex. Competing concepts of modernism and socialist realism and modernization and conservatism in different relationships between the aesthetics and political meanings of architecture point to the divergent international politics of socialist Yugoslavia during the Cold War, which confirms the discursiveness of architecture as an ideological instrument. The temporal scope of the subject research is conditioned by the key points of change that, in the time range from the early fifties to the early seventies of the twentieth century, define three basic paradigmatic changes that determine the movements of the modern direction in the architecture and urban planning of socialist Yugoslavia: (1) Existentialism during the fifties as a period of analyticity; (2) Dichotomy during the sixties to the beginning of the seventies as a period of reconciliation between rationalism and humanism; and (3) Polyvalence as the end of rationalism in architecture and the emergence of an economic and political paradigm. Yugoslavia disrupted the clean stylistic division between East and West through its own version of socialist modernism, which emphasized the country’s independence from any bloc. This indicates that the architecture of Yugoslav modernism was not geographically determined, nor was it a passive product, but an active participant in modernization, part of an ideology based on the middle path, that is, on the policy of inclusion and joining the world divided into Eastern and Western blocs. The entire construction of that period in the context of international modernity represents a logic of reconciliation between conservative essentialism (which still believes in creative identity, creative authority and advocates for cultural equality) and progressive deconstructionism (which believes in the identity of socio-cultural construction and advocates for constructed universality and globality). The constructive ideology of late international modernity emerges from this universality and essential conservatism.

АКТУАЛЬНІ НАПРЯМКИ У ФОРМУВАННІ СУЧАСНОГО ОБРАЗУ АРХІТЕКТУРИ ІНТЕР'ЄРІВ

Author(s): Mekuria Kelkay Demessie / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 41/2022

The purpose of the study is to identify current and perspective directions in the formation of modern interior design in a rapidly changing trend in a developing society. Research methodology. In the study of current and perspective directions in the formation of modern interiors was applied general scientific research methods, in particular, analysis of literature data, scientific articles, normative documents and design projects on the topic of research and systematization, as well as generalization the results obtained during the study of this topic. The main methodological approach during the study was the analysis of the main principles of formation of a modern interior and identification of current trends and perspective directions of development of modern interior. Scientific novelty. Identifying current directions of artistic and spacious organization of modern interiors, characterizing hybrid styles (combination of styles - modern, classic and ethnic), namely, a minimum of decor and only the most necessary items, emphasis on functionality, Home office (home mini-office) , zoning, not division of premises, introduction of the "smart home" system, use of 3D-panels made of natural materials, adding natural components (living plants) to the interior, popularization of the philosophy of minimalism. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of normative documents, literature sources and design solutions are established, that the current directions in the formation of interior design are focused on the providing of the most comfortable and practical environment. Its elements must provide convenience and comfort for everyday human life in the premises. In doing so, important aspects are such as ecological compatibility of the premises, harmoniousness, functionality and individuality in today's society, rationality is valued, that is a highly functional interior, which often has no extra elements. Modern interior design is characterized by maximum fullness of the interior architectural space with technical devices, special equipment and approach to nature, the inclusion of natural components in the interior. The dominant directions in the design of modern interiors are considered stylistic trends in which the harmonization of the interior architectural environment is happening due to the merging into a single compositional integrity of the objects of filling and decor. At the same time, ideas and trends for interior design are flowing from one year to another, undergoing some changes, now interior design is based on the principles of functionality and restraint with the use of new and hybrid trends.

ODGOVOR ARHITEKATA JUGOSLAVIJE NA ZDRAVSTVENE IZAZOVE I KRIZE 1918−1941

Author(s): Vladana Putnik Prica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

The interwar period in Yugoslavia was marked by the economy and health crisis, which had significant influence on the quality of life and social development. Yugoslav architects were not immune to this situation, and many of them turned towards ideas that were presented by European Modernists. Some of them even participated in international congresses dedicated to the different social aspects of contemporary architecture. Many were engaged in social and medical aspects of architecture through theoretical and practical work. They wrote about the necessity of taking responsibility and designing architecture that would improve social situation and this did not apply only on hospitals and medical centres, but also on housing and school architecture. After the First World War Yugoslav cities were severely lacking modern medical and health infrastructure but also quality housing and schools. In this effort Modern architecture proved to be a good choice with its functional design. In 1926 The School of national health was founded in Zagreb, where many architects specialized in designing hospitals and medical centres. Artistic group “Zemlja” (Land) was also engaged in social change through art and architecture with Drago Ibler in charge of the architectural section. During the interwar period a significant number of competitions was held for hospital design. Two of the most significant were for the Foundation and Jewish Hospital in Zagreb in 1930 and 1931. Apart from hospitals, Centres for workers’ insurance played an important role in improving the health of the working class. This was also the period of first kindergartens and modern standardized schools. Certain experiments regarding open space schools in the nature were also realized. The state invested in new buildings, especially for treating tuberculosis, but was lacking in initiative for building public housing. Since there were not enough affordable apartments that would meet the hygienic standards, the poor often lived in illegal unhygienic slums. However, the new contemporary hospital buildings managed to improve the health condition of Yugoslav citizens. The role of architects in this effort to end the health crisis is significant and many of them continued their mission after the Second World War under a new political system.

De la Argeș la Târgoviște. Aspecte controversate ale mutării reședinței domnești

Author(s): Radu Carciumaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

The move of the princely residence from Argeș to Târgoviște remains a historiographical problem, but for which few solutions have been proposed. The analysis of the testimony of the squire Johann Schiltberger, who crossed Wallachia in two moments and two completely different contexts, represents only a starting point with wide ramifications, both historically and archaeologically. In the file of displacement, the princely residences, arguments that can be extracted from later events, such as the conflict that raged the 15th century, between the Danes and Dracules parties, were easily overlooked. Equally, other lines of research were only mentioned, not explored. We focused on the observation that in the first centuries after the emergence of Wallachia, the attribute of a princely seat is used only sporadically, the documents thus tilting the balance in favor of Argeș. The reign of Alexandru Aldea represents, from our point of view, the turning point. The documents preserved from his reign are written, for the most part, from Târgoviște, starting with the one of November 17, 1431 and ending with the one of June 25, 1436, where an edifying mention appears in the eschatocol, namely that the document was written in this royal court, Târgoviște. Obviously, we cannot declare such research finished as long as there are still enough pieces to be placed in this veritable puzzle. This is the reason why we considered that a short fragment of historian P.P. Panaitescu can play the role of conclusion: ‘These movements of the royal courts made some historians conclude that we did not have stable capitals, that our lords, just like the patriarchal kings, moved from place to place. However, it was not noticed that among the princely courts, only one was the real centre of the reign’.

ILUSTRIRANA STUDIJA O TRADICIONALNOJ BOSANSKOJ MUSLIMANSKOJ KUĆI

Author(s): Mato Zovkić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Rasim Ibrović, Kuća Sabura: čitanje bosanske kuće, Sarajevo: 2022., 201 str. sa 117 ilustracija

RESTAURATORSKI PROCES SA REVALORIZACIJOM I REVERZIBILNOŠĆU NA PRIMJERU HISTORIJSKE GRAĐEVINE KINO CENTAR U TUZLI

Author(s): Nela Arapčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2022

The restoration process as a measure of architectural heritage protection is based on a clearly defined methodology whose goal is to document, protect, use and present the protected property. This work includes recording and documenting the state of the Kino Centar facility in Tuzla, analysis in terms of revaluation and reversibility, and a proposal for measures to protect the facility in accordance with the principles of the conservation-restoration process as well as legal provisions in this area. In 2015, the Kino Centar facility was declared a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has not been in use since the beginning of the 1990s and, due to various factors, it has been brought to a bad and partially dilapidated state. Kino Centar is characterized by the memory and spirit of the place ("genius loci"), which still arouse emotions among older residents, while this relationship with the younger generations is impossible due to the lack of visual and physical contact with the object. The project envisages "protection before protection", i.e. rehabilitation with reinforcements as well as protection of the historical "shell" of the building. and after that, the adaptation and organization of the building in such a way as to return it to its original purpose, but also to enable its use for other appropriate purposes, which would make maximum use of the facility's capabilities and enrich the offer of cultural content in the inner city core. Previously, for the purposes of the project, historical sources were researched and documented, testifying to the authenticity of the object and its importance in the context of the development of the city.

ZGRADA STARE PEKARE U LUKAVCU – VALORIZACIJA, ZAŠTITA I KORIŠTENJE DOBRA KULTURNO-HISTORIJSKE BAŠTINE

Author(s): Dželila Begić,Semir Hadžimusić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2022

With the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, accelerated urbanization continues in previously formed settlements, while, on the other hand, completely new settlements are formed in suitable places that are always conditioned by the proximity of necessary raw materials. Although it is true that the existence of Gornji and Donji Lukavac dates back to the medieval period, industrial development at a slightly more distant location began with the construction of an ammonia soda factory in 1893, whichbecame the generator of the development of a new part of the city. Simultaneouslywith the construction of the factory, various housing facilities were built for the workers, depending on the hierarchical position, and not long after, the factory also financed the construction of public and residential-business facilities that enabled a much more comfortable and socially fulfilling life. The topic of the research is based on the definition of the ambient whole of the old city core of Lukavac from the Austro-Hungarian period and in it the settlements for factory masters, the so called "Maister haus", which has been degraded to a greater extent. Considering that it is a settlement where factory masters lived together with their families, the residential buildings that appear in it have a much lower level of comfort. Such a modest spatial organization was automatically reflected on the exterior, where the buildings were completely devoid of decorations. In that environment, on the very corner, there are two distinctly decorated buildings that, obviously, represent the total opposite of everything previously mentioned and become the subject of more detailed research. Their purpose is residential and commercial, in the ground floor of which, in the first period after construction, the old bakery and post office were located, and where the buildings, due to their partial commercial purpose, had characteristic, richly decorated facades. It is a combination of art nouveau and folklore-romantic motifs that made the buildings stand out from their immediate surroundings. Today, they are degraded to a greater extent, both due to the process of natural decay that occurs as a result of lack of maintenance, as well as due to inadequate interventions and subsequent additions by former/current owners.

Doktorantų mokykla „Pokario masinė gyvenamoji statyba kaip paveldo objektas“ Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos fakultete

Author(s): Ineta Šuopytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 50/2022

Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos fakultetas 2022 m. birželio 8–10 d. organizavo doktorantų mokyklą „Post-War Mass Housing as Heritage Site“, kurios metu kvietė kultūros istorikus ir architektus svarstyti masinės statybos gyvenamųjų rajonų vertę ir galimybes juos išsaugoti. Mokykla yra COST tinklo programos „European Middle Class Mass Housing“ (CA18137 MCMH) dalis. Ją koordinavo Vilniaus universiteto (VU) Istorijos fakulteto profesorė Marija Drėmaitė. Iš įvairių Europos kampelių – Italijos, Belgijos, Prancūzijos, Lenkijos, Rumunijos, Serbijos, Makedonijos, Izraelio, susirinkę masinės architektūros tyrėjai kartu su vietiniais tyrėjais bandė įsigilinti į sovietmečiu išdygusių Vilniaus gyvenamųjų rajonų planavimo, statybos, istorinio konteksto, gyventojų buities specifiką. Kaip konkretus analizės atvejis pasirinktas Lazdynų gyvenamasis rajonas.