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RESTAURATORSKI PROCES SA REVALORIZACIJOM I REVERZIBILNOŠĆU NA PRIMJERU HISTORIJSKE GRAĐEVINE KINO CENTAR U TUZLI

Author(s): Nela Arapčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2022

The restoration process as a measure of architectural heritage protection is based on a clearly defined methodology whose goal is to document, protect, use and present the protected property. This work includes recording and documenting the state of the Kino Centar facility in Tuzla, analysis in terms of revaluation and reversibility, and a proposal for measures to protect the facility in accordance with the principles of the conservation-restoration process as well as legal provisions in this area. In 2015, the Kino Centar facility was declared a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has not been in use since the beginning of the 1990s and, due to various factors, it has been brought to a bad and partially dilapidated state. Kino Centar is characterized by the memory and spirit of the place ("genius loci"), which still arouse emotions among older residents, while this relationship with the younger generations is impossible due to the lack of visual and physical contact with the object. The project envisages "protection before protection", i.e. rehabilitation with reinforcements as well as protection of the historical "shell" of the building. and after that, the adaptation and organization of the building in such a way as to return it to its original purpose, but also to enable its use for other appropriate purposes, which would make maximum use of the facility's capabilities and enrich the offer of cultural content in the inner city core. Previously, for the purposes of the project, historical sources were researched and documented, testifying to the authenticity of the object and its importance in the context of the development of the city.

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Doktorantų mokykla „Pokario masinė gyvenamoji statyba kaip paveldo objektas“ Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos fakultete

Author(s): Ineta Šuopytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 50/2022

Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos fakultetas 2022 m. birželio 8–10 d. organizavo doktorantų mokyklą „Post-War Mass Housing as Heritage Site“, kurios metu kvietė kultūros istorikus ir architektus svarstyti masinės statybos gyvenamųjų rajonų vertę ir galimybes juos išsaugoti. Mokykla yra COST tinklo programos „European Middle Class Mass Housing“ (CA18137 MCMH) dalis. Ją koordinavo Vilniaus universiteto (VU) Istorijos fakulteto profesorė Marija Drėmaitė. Iš įvairių Europos kampelių – Italijos, Belgijos, Prancūzijos, Lenkijos, Rumunijos, Serbijos, Makedonijos, Izraelio, susirinkę masinės architektūros tyrėjai kartu su vietiniais tyrėjais bandė įsigilinti į sovietmečiu išdygusių Vilniaus gyvenamųjų rajonų planavimo, statybos, istorinio konteksto, gyventojų buities specifiką. Kaip konkretus analizės atvejis pasirinktas Lazdynų gyvenamasis rajonas.

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The Motive of the Ram in the Architectural Decoration of the Christian Churches in Caucasus between the 10th - 14th Centuries

Author(s): Ekaterina Endoltseva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article deals with the motive of the ram’s head in the Christian art of Caucasus. The origins of iconography have been traced back to the ancient local archaeological cultures (Coban-Colchis) in Caucasus and in the Mediterranean region to the Neolithic period. This motif is among the most ancient sacral signs still in use in the traditional culture of the region. It appears on the façades of the Christian churches between the 10th -14th centuries due to the influence of the traditional culture. Represented on the façades of the churches, it has attained protective and apotropaic functions.

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KOSOVA CUMHURİYETİ’NDEKİ OSMANLI DÖNEMİ CAMİ ANA GİRİŞLERİNİN TESPİTİ VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Author(s): Buket İLTER ALPER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 100/2022

Ottomans had left numerous valuable works of architecture on the lands within the borders of todays’ “Republic of Kosovo” in Balkans. Many of these works had either been destroyed or demolished, while some others could survive to the present day. This paper aims to introduce the main entrances of mosques from the Ottoman period (15th-20th centuries) in the cities of Prishtina, Prizren, Gjakova and Peja in the Republic of Kosovo. Our objective is to document and evaluate these entrances within the realm of portals in Ottoman art and architecture. Portals which are emphasized either with a frame or other decorative means on the facade have been selected and evaluated by means of their location on the facade, architectural form, material, ornamentation, and the elements they consist of. The courtyard or garden gates of the mosques are excluded from the scope of the research, only the main entrances providing access to the prayer halls have been considered within the scope of this study. Most of the portals at the mosques are located on the same surface with the façade and have a frame marked with profiles. The main entrances are considered modest in terms of the ornamentation program. The main decorative feature on the portal is the plastic effect of the profiles. Paper also aims to study these main entrances as artefacts produced in the periphery of the Ottoman Empire and compare them to Anatolian examples. In this context, portals in Kosovo are studied, whether they contain similar architectural elements as Anatolian examples, and how these elements evolved over time.

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Mariana Celac şi „inefabila solitudine a disidenţei”

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Mariana Celac şi „inefabila solitudine a disidenţei”

Author(s): Ana-Maria Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2022

Review of: the special issue of the journal Secolul XX. Mariana Celac. Contemporanul nostru, I, „Secolul 21”, nr. 10-12/2020; 1-3/2021, număr realizat de Alina Ledeanu, 370 p.

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Диахронический взгляд на зарождение милитаризации на Южном Кавказе

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Диахронический взгляд на зарождение милитаризации на Южном Кавказе

Author(s): Andrea Cesaretti,Roberto Dan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

This contribution instead aims at a precise investigation of the archaeological evidence relating to war and the aspects of militarisation associated with the communities that lived in these territories between the Early Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The picture that emerges according to our reconstruction hypothesis differs significantly from what has been proposed and accepted by a large part of the academic community, especially as regards the methods and timing of the onset of militarisation processes. In fact, we think that the Middle Bronze Age played a much more important role in these processes than has been generally believed to date. Militarisation, from the data presented, would no longer seem to have been a sporadic and rather random process but rather a gradual and constant development that reached its peak, in the time frame examined, with the birth of the state of Urartu.

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Polityka fundacyjna podskarbich koronnych w XVI i XVII wieku. Analiza wybranych przykładów

Author(s): Piotr Gryglewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2022

In the system of rule of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crown Treasurer was one of the most important central ministerial offices. The dignitaries holding this function were in charge of the state’s incomes and expenses, reporting directly to the Seym. Undoubtedly, the achievement of such dignity was an exceptional ennoblement for representatives of individual families of old Poland. In the text analyzing selected career paths of the treasurers from the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, two questions were raised. First, whether and how the office translated into the foundation policy? The second issue concerns the specificity of the said dignity and its potential impact on the founding activities and strengthening the family. This text is an attempt to compile and compare selected figures of the Crown Treasury from the times of Sigismund III and Władysław IV. During this period, the office was held by, inter alia, representatives of the Firlej, Warszycki, Ligęz and Daniłłowicz families. The proposed method of analysis concerns two levels of activity of dignitaries. On the one hand, it focuses on their career paths, and on the other hand, it compares them with the foundation’s activities, mainly in the field of architecture. An important factor characterizing this office was the emolument of the dignitary with royal goods, which indispensably secured his financial tasks. This was the case with wealthy Jan Firlej. In other cases, the royal salary preceded promotion to office. Daniłłowicze had a unique position in this respect. The appearance of the Treasury Office in the history of the family on the one hand could be a sign of the position achieved, in other cases it only accelerated such promotion. Architectural foundations – residential or religious – were a material sign of building of one’s position. There is no doubt that each of the characters analyzed clearly activated their foundation activities during their term of office. Topographically focusing his attention on the family goods, but also trying to maintain a connection with the court and the administered royal lands. Another, interesting supplement to the possibilities offered by the office of treasurer was the right to place the family coat of arms on coins.

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Abordări tehnice și artistico-plastice în creația arhitectului Alexandru Bernardazzi

Author(s): Rodica Ursachi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The evolution of the architecture of the city of Chisinau from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century was conditioned by different historical, political, economic factors, etc., which imposed on it a certain stylistic typology of an eclectic nature. The development of industry in European countries and Russia contributes to the widespread use of new technologies and materials in construction. In architecture, the design process is divided into two aspects: 1) technical-constructive and 2) artistic-decorative. There is also a change in the relationship between the two related specialties in the field – engineer and architect. The construction engineer focuses on the construction of roads, bridges, industrial and military edifices, and the activity of architects is limited to the construction of civil and religious edifices with an emphasis on the aesthetic side. One of the architects with engineering training and broad knowledge in architecture is Alexandru Bernardazzi. Its activity includes „technical” constructions (roads, bridges, railway stations, water towers, etc.) and edifices made in various styles (classical, gothic, eclectic, etc.) (City Duma Building, Girls’ High School „Princess Natalia Dadiani”, the Water Tower, etc.).

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Distanța și distanțarea în spațiile urbane publice în perioada pandemiei de Covid-19

Author(s): Angelica Ionela Stan,Andra Panait / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 14/2022

Distance has insinuated itself into our lives and has turned into a very present “character” of the times we live in. We have become not only more suspicious but also more cautious with regard to consumption, occupancy, and communication in public spaces, viewing them through the filter of distancing. The transformations of the physical and mental distance imposed at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic are correlated with those induced by the widespread use of communication technology and geospatial location. Cities are now “impregnated” with a new behavioural dimension in relation to distance, which seems to be the same for all, but is in fact unique to each of us.A new type of relationship is developing from the way in which multiple hybrid forms of distance are appearing between the social distancing imposed by the authorities to limit the spread of the pandemic and the mental, escapist distance facilitated by the permanent use of technology. For architecture, distance is a foundation both for the conception and for the design of urban space. However, distance is also one of the factors that decisively influence the experience of urban space, and the pandemic has made even more obvious the fact that architecture does not exist in the absence of perception and of its direct use by humans. This paper shows the architects’ reaction to the reigning spatial dystopia and the way in which a new type of “distance-behaviour-proximity” acts through different instances as an active multi-layered ingredient of everyday urban life that influences its quality. The main landmarks of the new spatial language of distance and distancing in cities are presented, showing that distancing as a postpandemic phenomenon has affected and continues to affect people’s behaviour and perceptions and that it also influences architects in reconsidering distance as a conceptual tool in the design of the built environment.

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Doğu Karadeniz Halk Yapı Sanatından Bir Örnek: Polatlar Serenderi (Çamlıhemşin)

Author(s): Suat İSKENDER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

Serender (granary, store building) is one of the important buildings of the vernacular architectural products are not built anymore in Eastern Black Sea region. These are basically buildings consisting of a ambar (a breathable storage room; main space in serender) and a sofa (balcony area) on wooden pillars. These structures ensure that the food to be stored for a long time is kept in an airy place and out of reach of harmful animals. Especially in the ambar, wood masonry construction technique is widely used. In this study, one of these buildings, located 13 kilometers away from Çamlıhemşin, is reviewed. In order to place the traditional buildings on the ground in the region, a leveled area is generally prepared by digging with hand tools on the slope land and this floor is built with stone walls that form the foundation. Thus, the part of the building that comes into contact with the soil is made of stone, which is a moisture-resistant material. Especially in this part of the Eastern Black Sea region, it is common to build such a stone section under the serender building. This part of this structure, which was created by building a stone wall, was converted into a separate space and used as a guest room for those who came to the neighborhood from outside. Besides, the technique of placing serenders on a stone-built space that also serves as a foundation, which is a common practice especially in this part of the region, was also applied in this serender. Especially the arrangement of this place as a living space is one of the most typical features of this serender. At the present time, one of the typical example of these buildings which are in the process vanish from the surrounding of Rize province has been studied as a documentation work. In this context, it has been tried to determine in terms of the layout of space and structural features of this serender, and the ornamental elements that can be seen much more intensely in the form of chip carvings in some serenders in other parts of the region, but which are not found much in this serender.

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Jadwiga Gwizdałówna, Architektura Wawelu w czasie okupacji niemieckiej 1939–1945

Author(s): Mikołaj Getka-Kenig / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Jadwiga Gwizdałówna, Architektura Wawelu w czasie okupacji niemieckiej 1939–1945, Zamek Królewski na Wawelu, Kraków 2019

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Remapping the Political Terrain of Baltic Medieval Studies

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Remapping the Political Terrain of Baltic Medieval Studies

Author(s): Harriet M. Sonne de Torrens / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02/2023

Review of: Kersti Markus. Visual Culture and Politics in the Baltic Sea Region, 1100−1250. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Volume 63. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020, 430 pages.

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ION D. BERINDEI, 150 DE ANI DE LA NAŞTERE

Author(s): Radu Moţoc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2022

the article presents the work of the Romanian architect Ion D. Berindei (1871-1928), describes the postage stamps put into circulation by ROMFILATELIE in honor of the commemoration of 150 years since the birth of this famous personality.

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PARTICULARITIES OF THE WOODEN CHURCHES IN MARAMUREȘ FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Author(s): Mihaela Alieta Petrovan (Mircea) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2019

The study focused on the documentary research in the field of Maramureş wood churches, supplemented by archival studies and the researchers' contributions to the outline and promotion of the classification and typology of these monuments of Maramures, analyzing the constructive unit of these places of worship, planimetry, interior decoration and compartmentalization of their liturgical space. The constructive unity of these monuments of popular architecture should not be understood as uniformity, but on the contrary, a unity in diversity, unity in the fundamental elements and a variety of elements of constructive or decorative detail, according to the specificity of the area.

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УТИЦАЈ ДИЗАЈНА НА СПОРТСКЕ ОБЈЕКТЕ

Author(s): Sanja Krsmanović Veličković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

The exterior of the building expresses the visual representation, the experience and the sense of the visitor, and thus has the significance. Designers believe that the attractiveness of the decorated space provokes the desire, satisfaction and loyalty of visitors because they expect the unique feeling, surprise, as well as the harmony of colors, shapes and sizes. Today, design solutions shape the world's material culture in the battle for an advantage in the global marketplace. By influencing and changing our creative and consumer activities, needs, ideas and values, the design began to change our life experiences as well as seeing the world around us.

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Antonín Goller, Stephan Tragl, Johann Koch: Méně známí architekti ve službách severočeské a východočeské šlechty ve druhé polovině 19. století

Author(s): Lucie Neméthová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

In the second half of the 19th century, many architects worked for noble members of the house of Morzin and subsequently the house of Czernin-Morzin in Vrchlabí and other mansions in North Bohemia. Among these architects, famous names such as Achille Wolf or Josef Schulz can be found; this text, however, concerns itself with these lesserknown, namely Antonín Goller (1833–1880), Stephan Tragl (1845–1891), and Johann Koch (1850–1915). The main objective of this text is to give the most comprehensive view possible of the work and personalities of these three very diverse architects. The oldest of the three, Antonín Goller, was an active member of the Association of Architects and Engineers in the Kingdom of Bohemia and author of numerous conversions of aristocratic residences. Second architect, Stephan Tragl, established a successful architectural studio in Prague-Smíchov in the 1880s and was the author of many impressive buildings, among which excels a group of sacral buildings in neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque style. Unlike the previous two, the work of Johann Koch is, for the most part, concentrated abroad in Latvian Riga. Here he was an architect of many highly representative public buildings in Italian neo-Renaissance style and even today is highly appreciated.

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Arhitectură și tipologii spațiale în Țara Almăjului, jud. Caraș-Severin

Author(s): Bettina-Evelin Basarabă-Varga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2022

The study covers an ethnographic area in the Banat region of Romania, a culturally and ethnically unitary area but with a unique military history and a specific type of living and housing. The Land of Almăj is an area that has taken shape over the centuries both due to the isolating geographical conditions and due to the surrounding historical context. Due to these geographical conditions, to the exclusively rural developments, but also due to the isolated characteristic of the area, the preserving of certain specific authentic characteristics was made possible. This paper seeks to explore these phenomena, material and immaterial, focusing on the characteristics of the built heritage, starting from building materials and structural systems to decorative elements, analysing the phenomenon and dynamics of housing and the relationship between households and not lastly, the typology of households. The intermountain region in question has been inhabited since ancient times, due to the natural protection offered by the geographical conditions and the complex hydrographic system, and the availability of the rich and varied natural resources; this statement has been demonstrated by countless archaeological discoveries, cultural vestiges, materials and by phenomena reflected in the typology of living today that show the continuation of reminiscences, exercised more or less consciously by the local population. The villages of Almăj have a special typology of living, inheriting and integrating in the culture of living the successive layers of forms of organisation imposed by different authorities over the centuries. Thus, the 4th chapter takes us through the 4 main types of identified housing styles that take place in the village (4.a. - 4.d.) and the two types of seasonal/temporary housing styles that are placed either on the outskirts of the village (4.e.) or in the proximity of the forest (4.f.). The villages of Banat were deeply restructured and altered during the communist regime, when a large part of the rural population benefited from an increase in their financial situation, especially in areas where local natural resources allowed the development of prosperous industries. Thus, the currently existing built fund comes mainly from a moment of great transformation. It is clear that the repeated stages of patterning and uniformity are clearly felt in the morphology of the villages of Almăj. However, most of the settlements in Almăj are permanent, with the population living here all year round, only in certain cases moving for work outside the settlement. It should be noted that the specific type of housing in Almăj is a special one: even nowadays, a large part of the families carry out their main activity at the main house in the village, but with complementary activities occasionally carried out at the family hut, or at the dwellings placed near the forest.

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Investigating the Impact of Educational Space Design in Fostering Social Distancing: A Case Study of the University of Technology Buildings, Iraq

Author(s): Ahmed M. Hameed Al-Delfi,Abdullah S. Salman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In the light of the ongoing outbreak of epidemics, the Iraqi government ordered the temporary closure of university buildings and explicit compliance with social distancing, fearing increased infection rates among the large numbers of students. This closure, and the fear of infection, acted as an obstacle for users of educational spaces. To overcome this challenge, the study aimed to investigate the impact of educational space design on the effectiveness of social distancing to reduce the spread of epidemics. The shape, area, and furniture arrangement pattern were determined in the study of educational spaces design as a spatial configuration through the level of wayfinding and permeability. To better understand the relationship between the design of the current educational spaces and the effectiveness of social distancing, this study used a visual survey, field visits, and a quantitative method using a space syntax analysis. And the analysis was carried out on various models of educational spaces design in three elected samples of the buildings of the Technological University Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis values were represented in quantitative tables to illustrate the values of the space syntax attributes and charts showing measures of permeability and wayfinding in all the analysed models. The study results show an impact and a close relationship between the elements of educational space design as a spatial composition and the effectiveness of social distancing. This relationship is formed by the effect of the shape, space, and furniture arrangement pattern in changing the values of spatial space relationships. Furthermore, permeability and wayfinding as spatial characteristics depend on those relationships and control users’ circulation within the educational space, which is essential in determining the effectiveness of social distancing.

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РУСКИТЕ АРХИТЕКТИ И ИНЖЕНЕРИ ОД ПОЧЕТОКОТ НА 20 ВЕК ВО СКОПЈЕ И НИВНОТО ВЛИЈАНИЕ ВРЗ УРБАНИОТ РАЗВОЈ

Author(s): Ekaterina Namicheva Todorovska,Petar Namichev / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 15/2023

In the years after the First World War, in the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the need to rebuild the destroyed architectural fund in the cities was necessary. The intensification of construction activities to restore the city from the consequences of the war, as well as the initiation of the social colonization policy of the state, which led to a rapid growth of the population in Skopje, led to bold investments and construction ventures. This increased the rise of the economic power of a certain part of the population, as one of the most social elements that provoked the need for the engagement of a large number of educated professionals, architects and engineers, who were generally lacking in the Kingdom, and especially in Skopje. Builders with academic qualifications were necessary for the creation of the new visual and functional aesthetics, expressed through academicism, immediately after 1918, because educated designers and authorized engineers were lacking in Skopje at that time. In the production of residential architecture in Skopje in the period from 1922-1941, the architects and engineers, emigrants from Russia, who settled in Skopje during 1919-1921, left a special mark on the city.

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“The Local People do not Favour Residing in Apartments”: Bauakademie’s UN HABITAT Seminars on Housing for the Global South, 1987–1989

Author(s): Jakob Marcks / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

East Germany has been a member of UN HABITAT/UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements) since the 1970s and used the organisation both as a political platform for global discussions on housing as well as to strengthen its business prospects in developing countries. From 1984, the East German delegation to HABITAT was led by Bauakademie (East Germany’s institute for architectural science). In the late 1980s, the Academy organised a seminar series under the roof of HABITAT, targeted at urban planning and architecture professionals from the Global South. Around twenty of them visited Berlin, Dessau and other cities in 1987, 1988 and 1989 and were acquainted with what was presented as achievements of the East German housing industry and policy. This article explores the rationale of the Academy as an organiser and juxtaposes its perspective with the participant’s view. Some of them openly countered the idea that East German housing and city planning practices were easily transferable to other world regions, thus challenging not only the seminar concept but also the Academy’s economic ambitions in the Global South and the underlying perceptions of progress and transferability.

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