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„EXAMENUL DE STAT” ȘI PROIECTUL DE DIPLOMĂ ÎN ȘCOALA ROMÂNEASCĂ DE ARHITECTURĂ A ANILOR 50

Author(s): Ana-Maria Vesa Dobre / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 8/2016

The fifteen post-war years of the Romanian School of Architecture are a time of deep quest, as well as of confusion and loss. They are the sad paradox of both the innovations and education reforms that will eventually warp the School on its whole, shaping it in tune with the newly set up political ideology. The short history of the School, cast during the early 20th century and the inter-war period, becomes more and more scattered in the 50’s; its curriculum is gradually shaped after the Soviet paradigm, discharging important traditional lectures, such as Art History, History of World Architecture, Byzantine Architecture etc., while focusing instead on the industrial, agrarian and massive urban planning programmes. In the same time, the academic curriculum is shaped into 6 years of study (12 semesters) and finals get a new structure, that include the Final Exam (or State Exam) and the Diploma project – the latter being developed during the whole last year of study. Every detailed aspect, of economic and social context, is directly applied into any diploma project, thus having a strong effect on the students’ mindset as well as the profession’s, in general, while the ideological restraints place them in a convergent perspective. The general compulsory rule of the Socialist Realist, official architecture is adopted, yet absurd and all the more so imperative in deployment. The individuality, original ity or innovation – as essential qualities as they are in the evolution of this artistic field are strictly cancelled and any means of their further occurrence will be taken as a straight injury towards the system. The experiment, the idealistic-utopia or innovation within the projects is progressively diluted into the “realism” of the socialism building. Until 1947, the Romanian architect could still enjoy a liberal practice, either as a freelancer or as a principal of an architectural bureau. In the post-Stalinist era (1953) though, his professional private practice is forbidden. In the meanwhile, the building regulations become strict and compulsory applied into the architectural design and urban planning, while indirectly they also infuse the architectural education system. Consequently, the study of the 50’s tries to discover the various aspects of both the Romanian architectural practice and the School of that time – by analysing its Diploma Project, as well as its Final Exam, developed as significant and meaningful pieces of this very process.

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„Gdyby opatrzność dała mi kilka lat czasu,bezsprzecznie uczyniłbym z Paryża stolicę świata ”Paryż w czasach Napoleona

Author(s): Kamil Szadkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 108/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze the changes that took place in the urban fabric of Paris during the times of Napoleon (consulate and empire). So these will be buildings, monuments erected by Bonaparte himself, which were to serve the glory of his Grand Army, his own, but also Parisians, i.e. his subjects. Famous Parisian buildings will be discussed, such as: Triumphal Arch at Place de l’Étoile, Triumphal Arch at Place du Carrousel, church of St. Mary Magdalene, the Louvre, the Column on the Place Vendôme, Rue de Rivoli, three bridges built during his reign, etc. The article is divided into two main parts, the first of which focuses on the aforementioned discussion of buildings and their brief characteristics, the second part is devoted to Parisians – their numbers, their professions, etc. A specific epilogue touches on two other important places related to Napoleon, and they are Château de Malmaison and Les Invalides, which had and are so obviously related to the Emperor.

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„Gotyk jakby z koronki dziergany”. Recepcja „stylu wiślano-bałtyckiego” w twórczości radomskich architektów przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Jakub Frejtag / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The turn of the 19th century throughout Polish territories was the period of an intense search for 'native' architectural forms. One of the most popular stylistic creations of the time in the Congress Kingdom of Poland was the so-called Vistula-Baltic style. It was the output of Józef Pius Dziekoński that substantially contributed to popularizing it. Thanks to him, a number of localities of the Kingdom were adorned with the silhouettes of those 'Gothic', 'as if lace-knitted' churches. One of them was the Church of the Protection of Our Lady designed for Radom. The present paper depicts the impact the Gothic Revival church's emergence within Radom's space had on the oeuvre of the local architects who by using the stylistic forms popularized by Dziekoński introduced them permanently into the architectural panorama of the city.

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ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНЕ НАРОДНЕ ЕКОНОМСКЕ ЗГРАДЕ НА ПЛАНИНИ ТАРИ

Author(s): Miloš Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 177/2021

Traditional folk architecture on Tara mountain, generally speaking, belongs to cultural areal of traditional building of dinarska brvnara type, i.e. building made of wood. In direct connection with Zlatibor mountain, where we can find some of the best examples of vernacular architecture, traditional building on Tara mountain does not show any specificity but at the same time does not lag behind comparison with other regions with the same type of building. In this paper we are presenting results of ethnographic field research in traditional folk construction of economic buildings. The field research was accomplished during years 2015 and 2016 in villages on Tara. The emphasis is on the economic buildings which are directly derived from structure of economic activities of rural population and we are taking into account both traditional and contemporary economic buildings. In this paper basic forms of organisation of space in households are presented as well. Preliminary analysis of the economic buildings on Tara shows that they clearly follow needs of traditional economy, needs which are determined with the culture of social organization as well as with the structure of economic organization. Construction and architecture of economic buildings also points out that they are on high utilitarian level and that they can represent relations between some economic activities.

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Традиционално сеоско неимарство у културном пејзажу Мачве, Посавине и Поцерине

Author(s): Ljiljana Grčić,Mirko Grčić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

Cultural landscape of Macva, Pocerina and Posavina (western parts of Serbia) is transforming during the process of village urbanization. Within our sight, valuable and old objects of cultural inheritance are disappearing. Perception of cultural values of these objects, their preservation and protection are the fundament of mental identity as well as tourist development.

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Традиції і пошуки в галузі архітектоніки Yкраїнського книжкового мистецтва

Author(s): Veronica Zaitseva / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 36/2016

Research of the book culture field is an important factor in modern plastic art. The concept of «book art» covers a big area of belles-lettres and professional publishing. Any publication is a specific spatial system with its own laws of internal organization. The concept of «architectonics» reveals correlation of book elements into their logic and meaningful relations. The plastic system of a work of art is essentially the whole complex of its expressive means, united by its inner style, rhythm and colouring. In short, the plastic approach of literary images does not mean their mechanical reproduction on papers but involves the entire sophisticated system of artistic thinking in terms of images and means of expression. Therefore, the personal tastes and predilections of the graphic artist play an especially important role. The great importance of them is research and analysis of kinship illustrations and text in the publication. Compositionally combined, they create in our imagination the image is not visual and not verbal, and embodied, separated from both its media constructed at some distance from the artistic nature and specific means of art. It is in its relative autonomy and integrity - meaning the creation of architectonics edition. The principles of composite construction steel tool organizing temporal and spatial characteristics to create a new work. It is well known that our perception of reality as well as works of art, takes place in time. We do not take large items or surfaces once and a while it gradually moves to look first and see them vividly, generally, and only then consider in detail, in parts. It is very important for composite construction elements group, symmetry, proportion, rhythm, and other organizing base. Spread compositional requirements of balance, unity, contrast and nuance, proportion and scale, texture and color, material and design, clarity, volume-spatial relations are more confirmed as a necessity of modern scientific research. Book composition also formed all the listed facilities. Publishing art has long been confident in their performance. The concept of «architectonic edition» aims to reveal the relationship of elements in their publications logically meaningful communication. But the concept of «design edition» line reflects the functional and utilitarian relations. The concept of composition books logically fits into the definition of different elements into a single art form. A book art form involves parallel of the challenges figurative spatial-plastic, material, functional and decorative contents. As a result, the reader can perceive the book as a whole object from an artistic point of view and content. Using the artistic means realizing harmonious relations elements of any composition, symmetry and asymmetry are statics and dynamics, meter and rhythm, contrast and nuance, proportion and scale, texture and colour, material and design. The term «design» line reflects the functional and utilitarian relations. That text edition is not formless content arbitrarily squeezed into the appropriate cover and real structural basis of the body edition, largely determines its dynamic rhythm and book building space. Semantic text design must receive expression in the spatial composition of the publication. From the design and structure of the publication is the first general emotional idea that appears when you view the publication to read, sets the (happy, pathetic, lyrical) mood. Along with the signs, lines, spots, and other graphical forms, a major role in the publication of figurative elements play a row – illustration. Even through such simple means as placement and font figurative elements in the format specified proportions, the composition is capable of transmitting edition features style literary work, its emotional structure. Illustration is not only a graphic object as integral shaped model of a certain art world. It explains not only text, but also the reader asks a rather difficult task his decoding and reading, its relation to the text turns away ambiguous. The composition is primarily the spokesman’ harmonious combination of elements in the book and cannot be abstracted from the content and functional relationships. Retreat, space, drop cap are the signal to change the rhythm; heading, footnote, header are a signal to search and orientation in the middle of the publication. In fact, all compositional elements of the book are linked and form a single functional system. Thus, investigating and analysing of the interaction of the book composition are the coherent unity, which is the overall spatial and expressive figurative composition book ensemble

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Транснационални наследства: селският дом и историята в Югоизточна Европа

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Транснационални наследства: селският дом и историята в Югоизточна Европа

Author(s): François Ruegg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

Paradoxically enough, our present times combine conservation with the destruction of architectural heritage. The preservation of this heritage is closely related to the foundation of the nation state and serves to show the “national genius” embodied by the peasant. Simultaneously, the different disciplines that study the issues of architectural heritage show that there is a tendency of mutual disregard. Nevertheless, the transnational concept of the rural home in Southeast Europe (mainly Romania and former Yugoslavia) which I have studied and documented in the 1970-s, displays similar features in close geographical zones, and also in zones that are marked by the culture and history of imperial colonization: Austrian in the first case and Ottoman in the second. The perspective from the point of view of regional heritage makes possible to apply a trans-border approach in order to reveal connections of kinship between neighboring villages separated by political boundaries. In the article, the differences between certain cultural areas are explained with the support of history.

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ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЈА НА КУЛТУРНАТА МЕМОРИЈА ПРЕКУ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНАТА АРХИТЕКТУРА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА

Author(s): Petar Namichev,Ekaterina Namicheva Todorovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

The transformation of the image of the city or village where human memory is increasingly changing and needs to be adapted to the modern needs and the concept of living. The dynamics of cultural memory in a different context transforms the familiar and beloved buildings in symbols in the context of everyday life. It is necessary to consider the basic elements for the analysis of the transformation of the image of the city and rural areas within the traditional architecture in Macedonia. Through specific examples of the chronology of traditional buildings and historic cores in Macedonia as transformed images of cultural memory, we acknowledge our particular values of the memory image. Thus we find examples where the image of the city is preserved to a greater extent or where the image of the city or rural settlement is completely changed. The guidelines for preserving the optimal level of cultural memory within the traditional architecture are moving towards raising the public awareness, development of cultural policy, modernization of legislation, adapting to urban and spatial planning, development of cultural and rural tourism and inter disciplinary approach for protection of architectural heritage.

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ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЈАТА НА КУЛТУРОЛОШКИОТ ПРОЦЕС ПОВРЗАН СО ТРЕТМАНОТ НА ИСТОРИСКИТЕ ОБЈЕКТИ ВО ГРАДОТ

Author(s): Ekaterina Namicheva Todorovska,Petar Namichev / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 3/2017

The impact of the cultural process is very important regarding the development of awareness of the authenticity of the buildings and historical ambient values of the population. The development of the protection of historic buildings and their treatment by the community can significantly be improved and raised on the level of the cultural process. The safety net interventions of monuments can be applied as a full adaptation, partial adaptation of space, preserved authentic purpose or partial external restoration of the façade surfaces. The increase of the tourist offer is directly linked to the historical monuments in the form of their use as part of an active space with modern purpose or as part of passive- authentic cultural highlight of the space. The transformation of the treatment of historic buildings affects the cultural tourism offer thus transforming it through higher quality impact.

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Трансформация идеологии Неманичей в памятниках эпохи Милутина (1282–1321) на завоеванных македонских территориях

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrovna Nemykina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (28)/2020

This article is devoted to the problem of the influence of ideological attitudes on the iconographic programs of the medieval Macedonian monuments at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. This period is associated with the reign of the Serbian king Milutin (1282–1321), who conquered a number of Macedonian territories from Byzantium and married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328). Close kinship with the imperial family and Milutin’s active policy towards Byzantium become the key factors for the reorientation of Serbian ideology from a national platform to an imperial one. The process of «byzantinization» affects all the areas of the life of the Serbian kingdom, including art. Establishing his presence in Macedonia, Milutin, with the help of the Greek masters, actively builds and restores churches, rebuilds the Greek buildings and invites the Greek artists, Michael and Eutychios, belonging to the progressive artistic movement to paint churches. Thus, the architectural and pictorial ensembles of this time arise within the framework of the Byzantine artistic tradition and correspond to the main currents of the Byzantine art. Fresco paintings are created in accordance with the stylistic principles of the advanced trends of the Paleologian Renaissance and are replete with fresh iconographic solutions, new semantic accents and compositions. Good preservation of the most of Milutin’s monuments ensured close attention of the researchers. However, with a thorough study of the Byzantine traditions in the Serbian cultural paradigm, the fact of embedding national specifics into the Byzantine imperial theme remained unnoticed, as evidenced by a number of the iconographic features of the monumental paintings considered in this article.

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Трудности при архитектурното изразяване на новите технологични възможности

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Трудности при архитектурното изразяване на новите технологични възможности

Author(s): Aneta Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

A study of the influence of new technologies on architectural expressiveness shows that the comprehensive technological progress in conditions of everincreasing competition poses a challenge, but is also a hindrance by opening entirely new unexplored areas of architecture. The collaborations between science, technologies and architecture stemming form the necessity of liquid modernity to renovate, enhance architectural expressiveness, which ranges even over the characteristics of the physical space and increases its aesthetical potential. The expressiveness searches its transformations in the vein of the new era, but finds it difficult to integrate into and thoroughly comprehend the new spatial models and characteristics.

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Трудности советской урбанизации и создания «социалистического города» на мультикультурной периферии: Казань 20-х годов XX века

Author(s): Thomas M. Bohn,Svetlana Yu. Malysheva,Alla Arkadevna Salnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

Based on the example of Kazan in the 1920s, the difficulties and problems of implementing the Soviet policy of urbanization and “socialist city” construction in cities with a nationally and religiously heterogeneous population are shown. This policy and the related processes of rural-urban migration, “indigenization”, “apartment redistribution”, and development of the urban outskirts at the expense of the former “bourgeois” center destroyed, deliberately and purposefully, the urban culture that had previously prevailed here and changed the social and national composition of the urban population. Therefore, they can be regarded as the tools of “positive discrimination”. The “positive discrimination” of the formerly dominant urban Russian culture in favor of the developing Tatar culture, mostly in its rural variant, manifested itself very clearly in education, namely in the content and design of the Soviet Tatar alphabet (alifba). However, the practice of granting preferences to the previously discriminated strata turned out to be short-term, tooled for the tasks of immediate strengthening of the social base of the Soviet power, and designed to destroy the former society and culture. These practices of dealing with multiculturalism became less popular by the late 1920s–early 1930s, as the Bolshevik power stabilized and “state-oriented” and unifying tendencies in the power policy increased.

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Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)

Author(s): Olga V. Dyakova,Vladislav V. Shevchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors offer a classification and analysis of the fortifications of the Middle Amur area, which were built in the Mongol Yuan dynasty period. It is established that the period was characterized by a single type of fortifications – the valley ones, subdivided into two varieties as to the rampart plane geometry: square and irregular (broken) ones. It seems that the smaller square hillforts belonged to the Mongol-speaking Daurs relocated in this region. Larger irregular-shaped fortifications, most likely, remained in the possession of the Jurchens, who controlled their tribal lands. The large square hillforts with complex fortifications apparently served as military and administrative centers of the Mongols, who controlled the territory and collected tribute. No clear distinctions between them have been tracked, but it is important that the valley hillforts belonging to two varieties simultaneously functioned on the same territory and each type of fortification fulfilled its own function.

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Туристичка валоризација архитектонског културног наслеђа Шапца

Author(s): Ljiljana Grčić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2009

Sabac is an important centre in the cultural geography of Serbia. A great number of architectural buildings that are listed in cultural-historic heritage of national interest were built in the city. The goal of this work is to note and highlight the values of architectural cultural heritage of Sabac, which can be valorized for the purpose of tourism. The restoration, protection and inclusion of architectural values in the tourist offer of Sabac, combined with the other types of city tourism such as the event and cultural tourism, contribute to the affirmation of this city as a tourist centre of West Serbia.

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Туристичка валоризација римског царског града Феликс Ромулијана

Author(s): Nemanja Tomić,Anđelija Ivkov-Džigurski,Dejan Berić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2012

The tourism industry is a great potential for the development of Serbia. The main characteristics of the existing and potential tourist offer of Serbia are interesting and diverse natural resources and cultural and historical heritage. Felix Romuliana, established palace of the Roman emperor Galerius, is located in the valley of the Black Timok, near Zaječar and the village of Gamzigrad in eastern Serbia. The palace was built in the late third and early fourth century, as a testamentary construction. This is where the Roman emperor was buried and included among the gods. It is the best preserved example of Roman palatial architecture which in 2007 was added to the List of World Heritage of UNESCO. One of the key tasks of this paper is to point out ways of promoting and popularizing this tourism potential that can be used as a resource for the development of cultural tourism and as such strengthen the position of Serbia''s tourist offer in Europe. The aim of this paper is contained in the presentation of the site Felix Romuliana and extraction of the most important attractiveness through valorization, which on the bases of historical and cultural significance may be activated for tourism purposes. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 176020]

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Туристичка валоризација старог градског језгра Новог Сада по моделу Х. Ду Kрос

Author(s): Jovan Romelić,Tatjana Pivac,Kristina T. Košić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2006

Cities are ambiental, but also complex cultural tourist motifs. Different elements are combined in them, such as: attractiveness of arhitecture, modern accomplishments, centers of cultural, artistic and sports life etc. Old city centers play an important role in cultural, tourist movements and they are unavoidable when visiting a city. They are complement ambiental motifs, extremely important as elements of attractiveness and complex motifs and therefore in the policy of tourist development they should be given special attention. Example tourist valorization of the old city centre of Novi Sad has been conducted according to the Hillary du Cros model, i.e. the applicability of the market appeal/robusticity matrix on cultural tourism development has been estimated.

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У стегама федерализације: Александар Дероко и историја архитектуре у средњовековној Србији (други део)

Author(s): Aleksandar Ignjatović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

There is no doubt that one of the most influential synthetic works of Serbian architectural history written after WWII is Monumentalna i dekorativna arhitektura u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji (Monumental and Decorative Architecture in Medieval Serbia). Its three successive editions (1953, 1962, 1985) represent not only a historiographical enterprise of kinds, but also a narrative which conspicuously demonstrates some of the preoccupations of Serbian architectural history in socialist Yugoslavia. The real effect of Deroko’s monograph can only be understood in a wider social and ideological context of the 1950s-1980s, in which medieval monuments were appropriated, becoming closely interrelated with the questions of the Yugoslav nations’ historicity and identity. This article is a second part of the study which explores how Deroko’s own work, as part of Serbian architectural historiography, became simultaneously adapted to and dissent from the principle of federalist competence. It is only through the comprehension of slight differences in various editions of Monumentalna i dekorativna arhitektura that one can apprehend the key ideological importance of medieva monuments both for cultural legitimization and delegitimization of the federalist paradigm, which otherwise sharply marked the national question in socialist Yugoslavia.

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Увод у литургијско богословље наоса

Author(s): Ivica Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2018

The theme of this paper deals with an interdisciplinary study of the structure, dynamics and meaning of the central religious service intended for the Eucharistic assembly of laity and all the fullness of the Church. The primary subject of the analysis is the function of the nave, with the Eucharist as the starting point and the final indication. As the church is one of the ecclesiological paradigms of the Christian Church, so the nave is ecclesiological icon of “people of God”. The paper therefore wants to summarize in a concise form a multitude of aspects from which this complex problem can be perceived, and among other things analyzes the dynamic devotion of worship in the nave, given the posture and position of the body, the orientation, the direction, and the way of the participants in the worship service. In order to decode the liturgical-theological function of this place, this research is particularly studying the purified mathematical-architectural symbolism of the nave, understood as the “new creation in Christ. The author concludes that the harmonious proportions, the boldness of the construction and the experience of the volume of the nave with their beauty and richness of meaning, just as the iconography does, creates the liturgical ambience of an adequate transcendence of the Eucharistic symbol.

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УКРАЇНСЬКЕ НАРОДНЕ ЖИТЛО В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОБЛЕМИ СИНТЕЗУ МИСТЕЦТВ

Author(s): Irina Nesen / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 36/2019

The purpose of the article is a systematic analysis of people's housing as a holistic model, which combines the three most important factors - design, shape, and decoration. As well as to find out the most critical regional characteristics of such models. The methodology of the study is based on the combination of cross-cultural, typological, art-study approaches, and semiotic analysis. Scientific Novelty is to track the main trends and trends of regional change patterns of housing. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was discovered that the main factors of the style of the traditional house of Ukrainians are smart possession of a variety of techniques of materials processing, a saturation of the facade and interior by decorations, and artistic products — harmony of design, shape, and decoration. Each of the five regions described in the article had its image of housing, which varied from north to south on Ukrainian terrains. The monochrome interior and exterior characterize the northern (Polissian and Podlaski) types. The invoice of the facade was formed here by a log cabin of timber. The interior walls were washed or plastered by yellow clay. Western (Carpathian) type was characterized by the monochrome of the interior, enlivened by decorative accents (carved or burnt sarcophagus chests, tiled stoves, decorative fabric on a pole, and images). The central (forest-steppe) type had local features on the right bank and the left bank and represented a generalized ethnic type of housing for Ukrainians. The southern (steppe) type was characterized by a particular system of paintings and complicated housing plans. People's homes have existed for centuries as an efficient ecological system that was organically inscribed in the surrounding landscape, underlining, and developing it.

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Український іконостас: від функціональної конструкції до архітектурної рами

Author(s): Svitlana Valeriyivna Olianina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of the article is to determine the process of transformation of the medieval iconostasis with wall-to-wall horizontal beams as main structural/supporting elements to the new type – iconostasis as an architectural frame – which it becomes on the border of the 16–17th century. The research methodology is based on the iconological and comparative methods, which allow identifying the rules of construction, combinations, and relationships between the structural elements of the architectural frame of the XVII century Ukrainian iconostasis, to determine the ideological sources of the formation of such model of the iconostasis and disclose its meanings. The scientific novelty of the work is connected with the expansion of knowledge about the development of the Ukrainian iconostasis. Among the main sources that influenced the formation of the new image of the Ukrainian iconostasis were the Greek tradition of organizing sanctuary barriers and the Latin tradition of framing a religious image. Creating a new concept of the Ukrainian iconostasis at the junction of two traditions was a reaction to the social and political context of the period, which appeared in the Western European art of the Renaissance. Conclusions. Creating a new concept of the Ukrainian iconostasis at the junction of two traditions was a reaction to the social and political context of the period. The introduction to the Ukrainian iconostasis of the frames and its transformation at the beginning of the 17th century in an architectural frame gives the basis to consider this transformation as an ideological project. The new design of the Ukrainian iconostasis, due to the introduction of the blind arcade in the upper tier and the abundant decoration of all surfaces, referred to a similar device of the iconoscopes of the Balkans, and especially the iconostases of Athos. Under the conditions of the establishment of the Greek Catholic Church, such iconostasis construction was a visual marker of the confessional identity of an Orthodox Ukrainian church. At the same time, one of the goals of simultaneously increasing the spatial depth of the iconostasis could be the desire to strengthen the emotional impression of its new architectural image. The use of monumental volumetric structures to influence the consciousness of believers is a technique widely used by the Catholic the art of the time.

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