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FOR COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH OF TRUSO VALLEY

FOR COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH OF TRUSO VALLEY

Author(s): Lia Akhaladze,Nino Shiolashvili,Tamar Pkhaladze,Gvantsa Burduli,Gela Kistauri / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

Mountanious Truso valley represents a border region with Russia, which in times past, belonged to Dvaleti, historical-ethnographic region of Georgia and was inhabited by Georgian ethnic group – Dvalis. Some part of Dvali population became assimilated into Ossetian population migrated in the XVII-XVIII centuries, while the remaining segment was forcibly relocated to other historical regions of Georgia. Ossetians, settled in the Truso Valley, in turn, adopted many traditions of local Georgian population, as evidenced by synthetic architecture, ritual rules, oral patterns, etc. All told, with its historical past, socio-economic and political significance, population lifestyle, material or spiritual cultural development, Truso Valley appears to be a quite rich and diverse land of the country. Georgian narrative, documentary and epigraphic literary monuments contain important information for the overall study of historical-geographical side of Truso: (Dzegli Eristavta – Chronicle of Princes (ძეგლი ერისთავთა);“Chronicle of Gergeti”(გერგეთის სულთა მატიანე), Introduction Book on faulty acts of Samtavisi Flock („სამთავისის სამწყსოს დრამისა და შესავლის წიგნი“), findings by Vakhushti Batonishvili, Papuna Orbeliani, etc), archival material, XVIII century census data, certificates issued by royal government, information provided by XVIII-XIX-century-foreign-travelers (Guldenstedt, Aikhwald, Rainex, etc.), Georgian scientific literature (N. Berdzenishvili, V. Gamrekeli, B. Gamkrelidze, G. Chikovani, V. Itonishvili, R. Topchishvili, etc).

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Între hotare. Influențe din sudul și nordul Carpaților în arhitectura Branului de Sus

Între hotare. Influențe din sudul și nordul Carpaților în arhitectura Branului de Sus

Author(s): Ana Jantea,Ștefan Bâlici / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

For almost 150 years the Upper Bran area found itself between the boundaries of Valahia and Habsburg Empire. The urbarial rules, introduced together with the integration of Transylvania into the Empire (1691) divide the villages from Bran area into two subunits: underneath the customs (Sohodol, Predeal and Poarta) and from upside the customs (Moieciu Inferior, Moieciu Superior, Șimon, Șirnea and Peștera). This division is a consequence of the border guarding on a lower alignment, with customs point at Bran, and not on the official line, fixed on the watershed of the Carpathians. Hence, the Upper Bran freedom in relation with the authority led to influences in architecture, customs and traditions from the Habsburg Empire as well as from the Valachian part.

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Socialist Realism: An Instrument of Class Struggle in Ukrainian Fine Arts and Architecture

Socialist Realism: An Instrument of Class Struggle in Ukrainian Fine Arts and Architecture

Author(s): Oleksii Oleksiyovych Rohotchenko,Tetiana Zuziak,Andrii Markovskyi,Olga Lagutenko,Oksana Marushchak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The article contains the conceptual vision of socialist realism as one of the key characteristics of art, transformed in the postmodern cultural era. Social realism is a cultural manifestation of the historical development of Soviet republics, including the Ukrainian SSR. The essence of socialist realism is seen as a manifestation of ideology in the Soviet conditions. Besides, the article considers the phenomenon in the context of postmodernism, relying on the findings of various scholars, and describes the interaction between postmodernism and socialist realism. Despite the general view that postmodernism (literally “coming after modernism”) emerged in the United States and Western Europe in the 1960s-1970s, there could be another way this movement evolved in fine art and architecture. The fact that the artists from the post-Soviet space managed to adapt to the global cultural field of postmodernism so swiftly proves that the totalitarian system failed to eliminate the plurality of opinions. A post-Soviet variant of postmodernism was largely defined by the influence of socialist realism. The recently proclaimed era of post-truth that allegedly started after the new millennium produced fascinating political and artistic experiments in the post-Soviet space. Hence, it would be logical to assume that some previously developed mechanisms were activated there. Post-truth as an instrument of politics in that sense resonates with the socialist realism used as an instrument of class struggle. Research methods include description, synthesis and analysis.

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ULOGA GOSTA RADINA BUTKOVIĆA U IZGRADNJI FORTIFIKACIJA NA LOKALITETU STAROG MOSTA (uz osvrt na početak urbanizacije Mostara)

ULOGA GOSTA RADINA BUTKOVIĆA U IZGRADNJI FORTIFIKACIJA NA LOKALITETU STAROG MOSTA (uz osvrt na početak urbanizacije Mostara)

Author(s): Adis Zilić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2022

his article uses a comparative method to verify the authenticity of data of Dubrovnik chroniclers Orbini and Luccari on the role of guest Radin Butković in building fortiications at the strategic crossing over the Neretva River, where the nucleus of Mostar was formed. In doing so, the prominent political position held by this dignitary of the Bosnian Church in the service of Grand Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača is taken into account. Although he is a religious minister and a person of spiritual vocation, his all-round engagement in secular afairs has been manifested in numerous recorded activities in international diplomacy. he data from the chronicles are placed in the historical context of Radin’s diplomatic engagements, recorded in the original material of the irst order, and are compared with the results obtained based on the use of modern methods in processing artifacts found during detailed archaeological excavations at the Old Bridge site. he immediate beginning of the formation of the urban core of Mostar is also traced chronologically. Urbanization within the Mostar valley is connected with the planned construction activities of the Ottoman Sanjak-bey Sinan Borovinić, a descendant of a prominent noble family from the time of the Kingdom of Bosnia.

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Vechi case, conace și curți boierești din ținutul Romanului în epoca modernă

Author(s): Georgiana Mădălina Mihai / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

This paper brings forward the boyar manors and palaces from Roman County, which were built between the 17th and 19th centuries. Circumstantial or historical phenomena, the foreign travels, the contact with the great European dynasties influence the behavior, the way of life, the preferences and attitudes of the Romanian boyars, who begin to be drawn by prestige and by political and economic power. All these are reflected in the characteristics of the boyar residence which evolves from a house built of wood and timber-framed to the stone constructions of the 17th century, and to the manors and palaces of thick stone or brick masonry, of impressive dimension, in classical, neoclassical, neogothic or eclectic style. Characterized by eclectic architecture and by large dendrological parks designed nearby, the boyar residences constituted administrative centres of huge land properties ruled by old noble families of Romanian, Greek or Armenian origin. Sturdza Palace at Miclăușeni, the residences Bogdan in Gâdinți, Styrcea in Văleni, the ones in Trifești, Bozieni, Budești and Climești (Făurei), the manor house Catargi-Zarifopol in Cârligi-Filipești or Alecsandri House in Mircești, found today on the territory of Neamț, Iași or Bacău Counties, represent real landmarks for the cultural, social, economic and political history of the place.

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NEKOLIKO NOVIH PODATAKA O SULTAN SELIMOVOJ DŽAMIJI I HUSEIN-PAŠINOM HANU U STOCU
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NEKOLIKO NOVIH PODATAKA O SULTAN SELIMOVOJ DŽAMIJI I HUSEIN-PAŠINOM HANU U STOCU

Author(s): Alija Dilberović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2021

This paper presents some new information on the Sultan Selim Mosque in Stolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was built at the beginning of the 16th century, and on the han or inn of Silahdar Hussein Pasha built in the 17th century. The Sultan Selim’s or Emperor’s Mosque is the oldest mosque in Stolac, whose construction marked the beginning of the urban formation of Stolac, and the inn built by Hussein Pasha is considered one of the most important waqfs that influenced the development of the city of Stolac. The source of new information are two documents from the 17th century and a waqfnama from the second half of the 18th century. These data can contribute to the study of the history of these two important buildings, but also of the city of Stolac itself.

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PRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU BAROKNE FAZE CRKVE SV. LOVRE U POŽEGI

PRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU BAROKNE FAZE CRKVE SV. LOVRE U POŽEGI

Author(s): Dora Novak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 22/2022

The aim of this paper is to present the least researched stylistic period of originally medieval church of St. Lawrence in Požega – baroque. Church of St. Lawrence was donated by the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia Leopold I of Habsburg to the Society of Jesus at the end of the 17th century. The church was rebuilt in the spirit of post-Tridentine rebuilding. Interventions were carried out on the architecture of the church according to the instructions of Charles Borromeo, followed by the purchase of art equipment according to the guidelines of the last 25th convocation of the Council of Trent held in the year 1563. The church was decorated with the main illusionist altar with the altarpiece of St. Lawrence, the altars of the main nave dedicated to St. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier, altar of St. Cross in the side nave erected by the Brotherhood of St. Cross and the altar of St. Aloysius Gonzaga leaned against one of the arcade logs between the mane and side nave. To this day, only the altars of St. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier and the sculptural group from the altar of St. Cross were preserved as they were, after the abolition of the Jesuit order, transferred to the parish church of St. Mary Magdalene in Bebrina. Altar paintings of St. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier were replaced by sculptures of St. Joseph and the cave of Our Lady of Lourdes in the first half of the 20th century. As in most Jesuit churches throughout Croatia and the rest of Europe, St. Lawrence church in Požega had a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto (the first chapel of Our Lady of Loreto in the Kingdom of Slavonia) which was demolished during the restoration of the church in the first half of the 19th century. In addition to the illusionist painting of the Loreto Chapel and the main altar of the church, the ceiling of the main nave of the church was also painted with scenes of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence and an illusionist dome (which marked the first appearance of illusionist painting in Croatia) modeled on that of the Jesuit church in Vienna by the famous Italian painter of the time Andrea Pozzo. The illusionist dome was unfortunately removed during later renovations of the church, so that only remaining relics of the Jesuit period are the sculpture of the so-called „Thallerova Gospa“ and the tombstone of Franjo Ksaver Pejačević. After the abolition of the Jesuit order in 1773, the Jesuits left Požega, and St. Lawrence church passed into the hands of the Pauline order from Lepoglava when its gradual decline began until the neo-Gothic restoration during the 19th and 20th century, and a complete renovation at the end of the 20th century after which the church of St. Lawrence became the Episcopal Chapel.

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Liminality as an Autopoietic Process within Spatial Identity

Liminality as an Autopoietic Process within Spatial Identity

Author(s): Katarina Bošnjak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Spatial identity surpasses geographical boundaries of a certain space, and denotes not only physical characteristics of space, but its meaning to people that use it, as well as their intercommunication, which produces new social and spatial meaning. Unless there is an abrupt change in social structure or formal/functional transformation of (un)built environment, we perceive spatial identity as something almost permanent. However, it is in a constant state of change, existing in a present state that relies on our past experiences and contains projections of our future, maintained through constant background processes of disorganization and concomitant organization – in other words, identity is in the state of (perpetual) liminality. Liminality is the product, as well as the initiator of autopoietic processes within identity, which leads to the main premise of this article – (spatial) identity is an autopoietic system. This is analyzed through three chosen aspects of place attachment: ritual, memory and architecture.

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Būsto modernėjimas ir urbanistinis planavimas Vilniuje 1919-1943 metais

Būsto modernėjimas ir urbanistinis planavimas Vilniuje 1919-1943 metais

Author(s): Marija Drėmaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 50/2022

Housing modernization played a key role in interwar European urban planning, as it was used to build a new type of healthy and comfortable residential area. This question is also relevant in the case of the city of Vilnius, since from 1919 to 1939 the area of the city did not increase – its limits covered an area of 10 400 hectares, which was approved in 1919. This means that the modernization of housing and related urban planning in Vilnius had to take place in a different way than it had in the rapidly growing cities of East Central Europe, where the growth of a city’s area was stimulated by newly built residential suburbs. In this paper, residential architecture of Vilnius in 1919–1943 is studied based on the theory of housing-based urban planning formulated by Yael Alweill and Noa Zemer. Through an examination of how the Greater Vilnius Master Plan (1936–1939) was prepared, the research follows how the construction of modern housing affected urban planning and functional zoning.

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Wrocławska fontanna Neptuna - przyczynek do dziejów i symboliki monumentu w świetle najnowszych odkryć

Wrocławska fontanna Neptuna - przyczynek do dziejów i symboliki monumentu w świetle najnowszych odkryć

Author(s): Tomasz Sielicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Neptune’s Fountain, standing on Nowy Targ Square (before 1945 Neumarkt) since 1732, was unquestionably one of the most important symbols of pre-war Wroclaw (before 1945 Breslau), and was destroyed in 1945 due to the siege of the city. It occupied a special place in the consciousness of former inhabitants of the city, not only as a monument. The figure of Neptune, nicknamed Gabeljerge (Gabeljürge, George with a pitchfork) in the Wroclaw dialect, was deeply rooted in local culture. It is surprising that until now, no comprehensive study of the history of this unique fountain has been published. The author aims to fill this gap with this article, presenting the history of this artwork, as well as pointing out its momentous role in the traditions of the pre-war inhabitants of Wroclaw. In particular, he focuses on the renovation of the fountain carried out in 1874. This thread, as it turns out, led to a sensational discovery, which fundamentally changes previous knowledge of the artwork. During the restoration work, the original Baroque sculpture of Neptune was replaced with a new one made by Albert Rachner. It was this artwork that was destroyed during World War II. In turn, the history of the older statue was unknown until now. It ended up in a private garden (formerly a palace park) a few dozen kilometers from Wroclaw. More importantly, this sculpture has been largely preserved to the present day.

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Arts, crafts and industrial design in Silesia in the first globalization and their non-obvious genres, media and practices

Arts, crafts and industrial design in Silesia in the first globalization and their non-obvious genres, media and practices

Author(s): Ksenia Stanicka-Brzezicka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This paper aims to outline the processes of formation of industrial design on a concrete example of the art and industrial landscape of Silesia, with particular regard to the role played by non-obvious genres, media and practices. It is about processes of developing of instances of pluralism and areas of “non-obviousness” at the interface of artistic, economic and social aspects, i.e. areas and phenomena that overlapped or were only vaguely defined, in the late 19th and turn of the 20th century. It is reflected as a result of many developments that began during the industrial revolution and are still affecting the world today, politically, economically, socially and culturally.

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„La difesa del ciel vince ogni sforza“ Symbolical Presentation of the Habsburgs’ Dynastic Situation in the Operas Il fuoco eterno custodito dalle Vestali (1674) and Costanza e Fortezza (1723)

„La difesa del ciel vince ogni sforza“ Symbolical Presentation of the Habsburgs’ Dynastic Situation in the Operas Il fuoco eterno custodito dalle Vestali (1674) and Costanza e Fortezza (1723)

Author(s): Irena Veselá / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The subject of this study is a comparison of the symbolic messages of two festive court musical dramatic works. The first of these was performed in 1674 at the wedding of the Habsburg emperor Leopold I and his second wife Claudia Felicitas of Tyrol, and the second in 1723 at the Bohemian coronation of his son, Emperor Charles VI. The reason for the comparison of these two operas is the fact that both originated in times of an absence of male successors, when there was a real danger of the extinction of the Habsburg dynasty in the male line. The author believes that because of this fact, the two rulers abandoned the demonstration of strength and power and deliberately did not depict themselves on a symbolic level as gods of antiquity (Jupiter or Apollo) or as absolute rulers of the ancient Roman empire. On the contrary, the plot takes place in both operas in the period of the ancient Roman republic, which its citizens protect from enemy invasion. However, they can do this only through the intervention of the gods and the practice of virtues, not by force. The third common feature of both works is the rejection of offers of politically-motivated marriages between the Romans and enemy dynasties to maintain and protect the Roman state. Despite these common dynastic-political messages in both operas, each of the two monarchs presents a different solution to the unfavourable situation at a symbolic level: while Leopold I declares hope for the early arrival of male offspring, Charles VI, on the other hand, defends the Pragmatic Sanction.

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The Death, Burial and Funeral Ceremonies of Margaret Theresa of Spain in the Augustinian Church in Vienna in 1673

The Death, Burial and Funeral Ceremonies of Margaret Theresa of Spain in the Augustinian Church in Vienna in 1673

Author(s): Rostislav Smíšek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article attempts to reconstruct the course of preparations for the death, funeral and funeral ceremonies organized from 19 to 21 April 1673 in the Augustinian church in Vienna for the deceased Empress Margaret Theresa of Spain. With the help of historical- anthropological approaches and concepts of symbolic communication, the author monitors the formation of the social body of the ruler at the moment of her premature death, the last farewell and the subsequent obsequies in Vienna. In its analysis, it draws on a varied range of material, iconographic and written sources preserved in various European archives and libraries, but in particular on detailed descriptions by direct participants in these events, reports by foreign ambassadors to the court of Vienna, and burial sermons which have survived.

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„Sonsten sind wir alle wohlauf und haben hauptschöne divertimenti.“ Mikulov jako dějiště oslav císařského dvora v 17. století

„Sonsten sind wir alle wohlauf und haben hauptschöne divertimenti.“ Mikulov jako dějiště oslav císařského dvora v 17. století

Author(s): Miroslav Lukáš,Christian Neuhuber / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

This study deals with three visits by members of the Habsburg family to the South Moravian town of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) in the second half of the 17th century. In 1672 Emperor Leopold I and his wife Margaret Theresa stayed here; in 1676 Archduchess Eleonore Maria, after a planned visit by the Emperor and his second wife Claudia Felicitas had been cancelled the previous year, and in 1691 the Emperor with his third wife Eleonore Magdalena. For these important visits Mikulov constituted an attractive place to stay not only because of its strategic location on the route from Vienna to Brno (Brünn), or because of the Habsburgs’ close ties with Dietrichstein, to whom the estate belonged, but above all because of the local pilgrimage tradition. All these visits were accompanied by lavish programmes of festivities. In the case of the imperial visits, musical-dramatic productions were also prepared. In 1672, the serenade Il nuovo Giardino delle Hesperidi was planned to be performed for the Empress’s name-day, and in 1691 the serenade Gli auguria veracemente interpretati, intended for the Emperor’s birthday, which made Mikulov the only Moravian town at that period to experience festivities of this kind.

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Directions of the Old Rus Church Architecture Development of the 12th – the first third of the 13th century

Directions of the Old Rus Church Architecture Development of the 12th – the first third of the 13th century

Author(s): Kateryna Mikheienko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article analyzes the process of development in the architecture of Old Rus on the basis of transplanted elements of the Byzantine cathedral construction of its own tradition, which is vividly embodied in the original forms of arch-gabled and pillar-shaped churches. The formation of the archgabled church took place in the second half of the 11th century in Kyiv, where in the early 12th century, it acquired finally completed forms. Almost simultaneously in Chernihiv and Novgorod in the first quarter of the 12th century, and later in other cultural centers, there appeared regional variants of arch-gabled church, of which the Chernihiv variant quickly became interregional, spreading in the south-western regions of Rus. The first signs of pillar compositions are recorded in the first decade of the 12th century also in Kyiv within the newly formed arch-gabled cathedral. In the middle of the 12th century in Polotsk there existed already a purposeful search for an aesthetic model of a pillar-shaped church, which in the 80’s of the 12th century moved to Smolensk. The crystallization of the completed forms of the vertically oriented composition occurred at the end of the 12th century, after which the pillar-shaped church took over the role of interregional type, displacing the arch-gabled cathedral, apparently completely until 1240, when the development of Old Rus architecture was interrupted by the Mongol invasion.

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Medieval Art, National Architectural Heritage and Museums in Late 19th Century Romania

Medieval Art, National Architectural Heritage and Museums in Late 19th Century Romania

Author(s): Cosmin Minea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article describes how the material heritage was given new shape and meaning in the context of the new nation-state of Romania. It starts by looking at the history of the first public museum in Romania, namely the Museum of Natural History and Antiquities in Bucharest and also at the broader interest in the Roman antiquities in 19th century Romania. It then focuses on the first restoration of historical monuments and the initiatives of two of the most well-known architects at the time to establish museums of religious art: André Lecomte du Noüy (1844-1914) and Ion Mincu (1852- 1912). The process of creating a national heritage for Romania has led to the design of valuable new buildings and was underpinned by a powerful will to modernise the country. At the same time, it has represented a destructive force. The built fabric of historical sites and historical artefacts were reshaped, rebuilt, given new meanings and context, so that to fit into the political objectives of the new nation-state. The article will balance and analyse the significance of these various efforts to restore historical monuments and establish the first museums of Romanian heritage.

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The Totalitarian Architecture
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The Totalitarian Architecture

Author(s): Sorin Vasilescu / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/1997

The concept of totalitarianism belongs to Mussolini who, in 1925 has begun to speak about the “totalitarian will” of the revolutionary Fascism. The philosopher Gentile has taken over the term, giving it a new significance, related to “The State” that, unlike the one of the bourgeois democracies, is not subject to “become estranged” from society. The dual significance of the Mussolini’s revolutionary totalitarianism and Gentile’s philosophic “state” concept has been taken over and adapted by Germans. Ernst Jünger, as well as Mussolini, has given this concept a dynamic significance, speaking of the “total war and total call to arms”, while the most well known German law theorist, Carl Schmidt, has developed this concept in a gentilian spiritualism by defining the fundamental political relationships between “friends and foes”, in which he inserts, as a historical antithesis to liberal State pluralism, the notion of “total identity between state and society”. The English - Saxon world, following the German - Soviet pact Ribbentrop-Molotov, has included bolshevism in the concept of totalitarianism.

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Ideologia “Restructurării urbane” 1944-1972, I
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Ideologia “Restructurării urbane” 1944-1972, I

Author(s): Oliver Velescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/1997

This is a chronological study of the way the ideas of “urban restructuring” were “implemented” and of the indoctrination conducted for two decades (1950-1970) on several generations of architects, using the principles of “socialist urban planning.” The city as a “weapon of the bourgeoisie” and the “reconstruction of cities as an expression of the class struggle” are the main landmarks of the socialist urban planning ideology.

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LA GÉOMETRIE, LA SPIRALE ‘AL-HALAZUN’ ET LA GLORIFICATION DE LA NATURE POUR L’AMOUR DIVIN

LA GÉOMETRIE, LA SPIRALE ‘AL-HALAZUN’ ET LA GLORIFICATION DE LA NATURE POUR L’AMOUR DIVIN

Author(s): Sofia TABARI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Without orthogonality and without visible axiality, in appearance the garden of Algiers of the Ottoman period does not follow any geometry, it presents itself on a sloping ground with grass, flowers and fruit trees following the logic of the cultivator who has respected the movement of the sun, the cultivation techniques and the irrigation system. It seems like a natural landscape whose vegetable, ornamental and medicinal plants, coexist by means of highly developed cultivation techniques. The absence of apparent geometry certainly gives a natural character to the garden and a great feeling of pleasure. However, it is on the basis of a circular and spiral geometry that a spatial hierarchy of the garden is ordered to give a spiritual and mystical meaning to the garden. Thus, it is from the forest towards the orchard, then towards the courtyard and finally towards the patio that the passage from nature to culture is felt. This garden, described as picturesque by historians, travelers and painters of the modern era, tells of the love of man for his creator, a relationship that the poets and painters of medieval and modern Islamic times have admirably represented. This paper contains a cross-reading of the medieval Islamic painting and of the architecture of the Ottoman Garden of Algiers, which represent depictions of the love of man towards his creator through the geometry of the spiral, a geometry that is both cultural and natural.

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Arhitectura totalitară II
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Arhitectura totalitară II

Author(s): Sorin Vasilescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/1995

The author pursues the presentation of the architecture in the totalitarian regimes. He demonstrates the characteristics of the architecture in fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and U.S.S.R., where architecture appears as a state art governed by party aesthetics. The article includes relevant photos from the author’s personal archive.

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