Cephe Tasarımında Sembolizm ve İsmailiye Sarayı Cephesindeki Değişim Süreci

Author(s): Didem Erten Bilgiç,Zeyneb Tahirli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Symbolism, used in all areas of life, is preeminent in architecture. This study elucidates the use of symbolism in facade design, which is one of the most important parts of a building. The correlation between the political and religious influences along with symbolism in the pre and post-restoration of the Ismailiye Palace's facade, amongst the significant structures in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, has been examined. The purpose of the study is to analyze the traces of symbolism present in the facade design of the Ismailiye Palace by providing exemplars. In this regard, the reflections of symbolism in facade design on the architectural design through exemplars have been demonstrated. Ismailliyya Palace, which was built by Musa Nagiyev between 1908-1913, has witnessed various historical events. The building, which was looted and set on fire by the Armenians during the events of March 1918, was almost destroyed. Although the USSR decided to demolish the building a few years later, restoration was commenced due to the objection of locals. The Soviet government has restored the building, however made changes in the palace by leaving their trace. In the study, the situation of the building before the fire was compared with its situation after the fire and was examined using the quantitative comparison method, a quantitative-scientific research method. This article regards how the facade of the Ismailiye Building has changed during history on political and religious aspects, with comparative drawings and pictures. Consequently, it is possible to see how effective symbolism is in architecture.

ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ MEKÂN TASARIMINDA TEKSTİL MALZEMELERİNİN KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Nuray Öz CEVİZ,Umay Yılmaz ARER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 82/2021

The advances and developments that appeared with the Industrial Revolution have accelerated with the independence of the countries, and the synergy between the craftsmanship and machinery had become a power factor. Particularly the concept of textile has become an inseparable part of the word “art” in the 21st century with the influence of Bauhaus. The use of textile products in interior design as spatial elements made the disciplines of textile and architecture an integral whole. In the article, textile as one of the architectural elements was analyzed for the period where postwar Turkey was in her infancy and trying to rapidly recover, and artistic movements as well as architectural identities, investments and developments that impacted the process were examined. In addition, the power of England’s influence that emerged during 1920s in shaping the world’s textile market and her interactions are examined in the article with various examples. In this context, the concepts of space and textile in Early Republican Era’s Turkey are discussed both as an interior architecture decoration element and as one of the elements in the country’s progress. In this way, the study aims to demonstrate how the history of textile design has evolved through unique trends of each era; the designs, designers and institutions that shape the society and the varying role of textile in space design.

A city at a turning point

Author(s): Klemen Senica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Matjaž Uršič and Heide Imai, Creativity in Tokyo: Revitalizing a mature city, Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020, 248 pages. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6687-5 Reviewed by: Klemen Senica.

Mesto na prelomnici

Author(s): Klemen Senica / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Matjaž Uršič and Heide Imai, Creativity in Tokyo: Revitalizing a mature city, Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020, 248 pages. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6687-5 Reviewed by: Klemen Senica.

Spatial accessibility as a driver to build an inclusive and proactive city

Author(s): Elena Marchigiani,Barbara Chiarelli,Ilaria Garofolo / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2021

Providing the largest number of persons the possibility to actively move and contribute to their own well-being also depends on the spatial accessibility to urban environment. From this perspective, the present article addresses two main questions: to what extent can the physical arrangement of public spaces play a key role in enabling individuals' capabilities to lead a healthy life, and how can accessibility affect urban regeneration. Accessibility is here understood as a fundamental right of citizenship and as a prompt to set the reflection on sensorial/cognitive/motor disabilities within a broader frame, covering many fields of urban agendas: social justice and health, sustainable mobility and Universal Design, and nature-based solutions. COVID-19 distancing measures have further emphasized the importance of these issues, stressing the need to make urban spaces walkable and usable for the most vulnerable citizens. The research Proactive City, developed at the University of Trieste (IT), offers input into this debate. The outcomes of design workshops in the Italian region Friuli Venezia Giulia, as well as of collaboration activities with the Regional Administration, provide technical and methodological recommendations to rethink “accessibility for all”, not as synonymous with special solutions addressed to persons with disabilities but as an overall approach to envisaging any urban transformation and policy.

Exploring Beirut’s instability through its informal mobility

Author(s): Christine Mady / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2021

The present article addresses the transformations of Beirut, Lebanon’s public transport system from its establishment in the 1890s until its disruption during the Lebanese civil war of 1975–1989. The civil war left the country with a weak state, weak planning, and ongoing implications including the emergence of informal mobility. Although informal mobility is a global phenomenon, Beirut provides an opportunity for its study in the context of instability, with implications for riders’ spatial experiences. Within the framework of the mobility turn and mobility experiences, the present article explores the impact of the war-time divides on mobility in Beirut and the transition from a system operated under the auspices of the Ministry of Transportation and Public Works to one operated by private entities with politico-sectarian support. The article analyses the contextually embedded informal framework in terms of regulations, operations, negotiations, and Beirut’s road infrastructure. To this end, the methodology comprises literature review, analysis of the available bus map, interviews with the Riders Rights NGO, and observations along selected bus routes. The article the basis for further exploring how the spatial experiences of riders in this informal system are affected by Beirut’s post-war, divided configuration and securitization. The purpose of the article is to establish a basis for further investigating the system’s potential for social integration within Beirut’s fragmented and unstable context.

Transformation towards sustainability: public space in the city centres of Varaždin and Ivanić-grad

Author(s): Lea Petrović Krajnik,Damir Krajnik,Lea Kunek / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2021

The aim of the present article is to show how spatial, morphological, and functional transformation of public space contributes to aspects of sustainability. Research methodology encompasses two levels of urban structure consideration. The first level refers to the area of the city centre, and the second level refers to selected public area in the city centre. Criteria and indicators for the evaluation of planned interventions in public spaces were set and divided into topics of traffic, landscape, facilities, and urban equipment. The relationship between the research project results and the principles of sustainability stated in the Basque Declaration was analysed in order to confirm the hypothesis and possible impact of interventions in the context of achieving sustainability and sustainable development on the local level. It can be concluded that planned activities of transformation and contemporary design of public spaces on the local level have multiple positive effects and add to well-being in the wider spatial context of the city, thus also contributing to the global issue of sustainability.

Re-claiming space for public life: messages from the northwestern periphery of Sofia

Author(s): Milena Tasheva-Petrova,Elena Dimitrova,Angel Burov,Irina Mutafchiiska / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2021

A case-study based qualitative research on public space and public life in four housing estates in the north-western periphery of Sofia provides the basis for re-thinking urban legacy and the Modernist concept of public interest, once placed in the core of urban planning. The expert estimation of the current physical state and functioning of open public space in the housing estates, initially developed from the 1960s to 1980s, is compared to current inhabitants’ estimations of the potential of public space to respond to their needs and visions regarding its quality. The capacity and limitations of local inhabitants to articulate a common vision of public space in dialogue with experts and authorities are discussed. The authors claim that further urban research is needed to conceptualize present visions for public interest, public life, and public space in the transforming housing estates in Central and Eastern Europe in order to enhance the effectiveness of inclusive planning approaches for urban regeneration.

BRUSA BEZISTAN

Author(s): Adnan Muftarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2010

This splendid building, erected in 1551 by Rustem pasha, Grand Vizier to Suleyman the Magnificent, was used to sell the silk that Rustem pasha made in Bursa. It is rectangular in plan, with sides of 29.5 and 20.5 m, and is built of stone, with six main domes and two smaller ones. The substantial piers inside the bezistan, which are structural, are topped by small domes where archive documents and sidžils (court records) were stored. The Brusa bezistan was damaged during the 1992-1995 siege of Sarajevo. Following extensive repair works, it now houses the Sarajevo Museum’s permanent collection entitled “The Development of Sarajevo from Prehistory to the Austro-Hungarian period.”

SVRZINA KUĆA

Author(s): Amra Madžarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2010

Svrzo’s House, a dependency of the Museum of Sarajevo, is an example of Ottoman-period residential architecture in Sarajevo and of the lifestyle of a Muslim family in the late 18th and throughout the 19th century. It consists of a group of buildings forming a single complex, built in stages, with the oldest part dating from the late 18th century. It was built by the upper-class Glođo family, but when the family was left without a male heir, it passed by marriage to another old Sarajevo family, the Svrzos, who were merchants. Members of the Glođo family are known for their erudition, but also for leading the struggle for Bosnian autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. The house has some features of Ottoman residential architecture, but differs from those in other regions of the Empire by virtue of its adaptation to the climate and the steep hillsides of Sarajevo. Unlike the symmetrical layout of the houses of less hilly regions, therefore, it is extremely asymmetrical. The complex consists of the selamluk or public areas of the house, commonly known as the men’s quarters, and the haremluk or private family areas, popularly known as the women’s quarters. Normal family life took place in the haremluk, while the selamluk was used by the male members of the family to receive guests and conduct their business affairs. The complex has two courtyards and two gardens, as well as two outdoor fountains with running water. The house is furnished and equipped with original articles, some of which belonged to the family from whom it was purchased, while others came from other, similar houses of the period.

TAŠLIHAN - ZAŠTITNO ARHEOLOŠKO ISTRAŽIVANJE (2007.)

Author(s): Adnan Muftarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2008

Project Tašlihan is important piece in mosaic of developing life in the area of today's Sarajevo. Also it is very important in discovery and presenting the way of living before the ruling of Austro Hungary in this area. Tashlihan confirms the continuity of locality from 16. ct. to 20. ct. After the archaeological excavations and certain consecvationists trappings were complited, locality was temporarily enclosed.

UNIŠTAVANJE ZNAČAJNIH OBJEKATA U SARAJEVU U VRIJEME AGRESIJE 1992-1996.

Author(s): Zilha Mastalić-Košuta / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2008

Sarajevo je grad koji datira iz osmanskog perioda gradnje u čije su vrijeme izgrađena mnoga zdanja od neprocjenjive važnosti, naročito od vremena namjesništva Gazi Husrev-bega. Značajne građevine su nastale i u periodu austrougarske vladavine. Osmanski i austrougarski period primjetan je u ovom gradu i danas. Period između dva svjetska rata nije dao mnogo vrijednih građevina dok se u periodu poslije Drugog svjetskog rata pažnja malo više okreće na kolektivnu stambenu izgradnju urbanih kvartova. Sve što se stoljećima gradilo je u periodu agresije, od 1992. do 1996., nemilosrdno uništavano. Uništavano je sve stoje ovom gradu davalo ljepotu i značaj. Uništavan je jedan evropski grad koji je predstavljao simbol civilizacije i tolerancije, te zajedničkog suživota više različitih naroda, religija i kultura.

SARAJEVSKE BAŠČE I AVLIJE

Author(s): Zorica Černjavski-Janjić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 4/1974

Les fleurs et les jardins n’attiraient que rarement l’attention des historiens de culture, d’auteurs de récits de voyages et d’experts, et l'auteur a cherché à remplir ce vide, considérant la végétation près des maisons comme partie intégrale de la culture d’habitation de l’ancienne ville de Sarajevo, à laquelle elle donne cette note délicate et finale. Combinant des sources écrites et orales, ainsi que des recherhes personnelles, le thème est développé dans le cadre des caractéristiques architectoniques et de la fonction des maisons typiques de Sarajevo et encore plus en largeur — des particularités d’ambiance et d’urbanisme de la ville, accentuant des différences des époques: jadis et à présent. La longue période de la domination turque (quatre siècles) a rendu possible le style typique des habitations, c’est-à-dire des maisons, sur lesquelles se reflète une certaine profusion orientale dans l’espace du logement, et encore davantage dans des cours spacieuses, plantées de fleurs, des jardins, des vergers pleins de fruits et de légumes comme »économie accessoire« des ménages. De nombreux mots turcs datent de cette période dans la terminologie de la végétation entorant l’habitation, de l’usage et des moeurs liés avec eux, et quelques-uns d’eux continuent d’exister jusqu’à nos jours, avec de certaines différences parmi: Les Musulmans, les Serbes, les Croates et les Juifs. Une période un peu plus courte apporte des influences et des termes européens, surtout dès la présence de l’administration austrohongroise en Bosnie, vers la fin du siècle dernier, de corte que de nouvelles cultures s'acclimatent, ce qui se reflète, entre autres choses, dans les menus plus variés des habitants de Sarajevo. La variété de la terminologie est complétée par les termes provenant d’autres régions de Yougoslavie en dehors de la Bosnie, surtout de la Dalmatie (du littoral), ce qui résulte par un mélange, et par des voyages touristiques de nos habitants, surtout après la deuxième guerre mondiale. Dans l’exposé entier aux caractéristiques botaniques de la végétation sont préférés des caractéristiques ethnographiques, qui sont curieusement nombreuses. Ne mentionnons que les plus frappantes: divers moeurs, les croyances, la médecine populaire, la littérature, les professions, l’alimentation, les toponymes locaux, les noms de famille, etc. Le travail à ce sujet a montré à l’auteur qu ’il existe de grandes lacunes dans la littérature du pays, et qui sont surtout visibles au point de vue de l’origine et de l’histoire des espèces de plantes chez nous, et uniquement la linguistique comparée serait capable d’éclaircir le véritable conglomérat de la terminilogie qui règne dans ce domaine encore aujourd’hui.

HRONOLOŠKI PREGLED SVIH OBJAVLJENIH RADOVA

Author(s): Dušan Grabarijan / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3/1970

ARHITEKTURA NADOHVAT ČOVJEČJE RUKE

Author(s): Dušan Grabarijan / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3/1970

Pogledamo li Sarajevo s Trebevića, vidimo dvije formacije: istočni i zapadni grad - grad pored grada. Istočni grad tvore kućice između vrtova, niske, ljupke, pitome kućice - monotoniju prekidaju amo-tamo kubeta i munare džamija, tj. jedna naslagana formacija poput škriljevca kamena. Sve je tu lijepo, homogeno držano zajedno: odraz jedne staložene kulture. Odmah do tog grada nalazi se drugi, zapadni dio grada, koji je haotičan, fragmentaran, bez reda i mjerila, izuzev možda jedne trase i jedne dispozicije: keja i logora - tragova jedne početne civilizacije!

GRABARIJAN ET SARAJEVO

Author(s): Dušan Grabarijan / Language(s): French Issue: 3/1970

Dušan Grabrijan oecupe une place specifique parmi les architectes, d’ailleurs peu nombreux, qui avaient developpe leur activite a Sarajevo la veille de la Deuxieme guerre monđiale. A cette epoque-la ii etait le seul architecte a s’occuper presque exclusivement de travail theorique et pedagogique. Les idees auxquelles ii aboutit temoignent un style qui suggere, qui choque meme, qui invite a la polemique.

Palatul Şcolii Comerciale „Alexandru Ioan I”, visul împlinit al negustorilor gălățeni

Author(s): Marius Mitrof / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2021

The general law of instruction from 1864 provided for the establishment, in Romania, of the commercial schools in Bucharest, Iași, Galați, Brăila, Ploiești, Craiova and Turnu Severin but the financial means of the state were not so sufficient for the concomitant establishment of these educational units. Of these cities, Galați was the only and the first that, on October 26, 1864, put into practice the intention of the legislator, proving, through the income with which he contributed to Romaniaʼs trade (second after Bucharest) that he met better and more completely all the required conditions to become the headquarters of a business school. Thus, the first commercial school in the country was founded in Galați, receiving the name of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, in honour of the reforming ruler, but also of the one who spent part of his life on the lands of Galați. Later, such schools appeared in other cities in the country.Since its establishment, for 20 years, the school has operated in the cells of St. Georgeʼs Church, which does not exist today. From 1885 to 1893, the school operated on Mavramol Street (Nicolae Bălcescu Street, today) near the Post Office building today.The law of Petre P. Carp from 1893, demotes the Superior Commercial School from Galați to the level of First-Degree Commercial School, superior trade schools operating only in Bucharest and Iași. The city of Galați received a cruel and undeserved blow, the reaction of the political and administrative persons from Galați not being expected even from the draft phase of the law. However, in Galați, the former Higher Commercial School was forced to demote. The ʽpoliticianʼ again took revenge on the ʽeconomyʼ as a professor from Galați wrote at the time, although official statistics showed that the commercial revenues of the ports of Galați and Brăila far exceeded the trade of the four cities with commercial schools in the country: Bucharest, Iași, Craiova and Ploiești. Recognizing the error committed, on September 15, 1898, the Second-Degree Commercial School was established in Galați, with courses lasting three years. By the Spiru Haret Law of 1899, implemented with the school year 1903–1904, the Second Grade Commercial School from Galați, is transformed into a Higher Commercial School with four years of study. However, the First Grade Business School is also maintained.The Superior Commercial School operated on Egalității Street, corner with Lepădatu Street, in a building that was just demolished today, and the First Grade Commercial School operated on Foti Street at no. 3-5, the rents being borne equally by both the City Hall and the Chamber of Commerce.The growing number of students, the inappropriate, cramped premises, determined those who led the Chamber of Commerce of Galați to request funds and land for the construction of a single building to house both the Superior Commercial School and the First Grade Commercial School.Only in 1922, following the steps taken by Alfons Dall'Orso, president of the Galați Chamber of Commerce, Galați City Hall, through Ioan Prodrom, donated half of the vacant land on Lascăr Catargiu street (today Gării street) corner with The Hospital street (today Dr. Alexandru Carnabel Street) to the Chamber of Commerce of Galați provided that, within a year, it builds the building of the new school, otherwise, the land belonged to the City Hall. The conditional donation was accepted.A monography of the Superior Commercial School from Galați mentions as the year of the beginning of the construction, the year 1922, but the efforts to discover the building permit, the plans or any edifying documents from the archive, were doomed to failure. It is difficult to assume that such a building, with its size, could be designed and built in a single year. Thus, we cannot say with certainty whether, in the end, the condition of the donation was respected. However, by 1926, the building was ready. In 1932, the wing parallel to Carnabel Street was completed. Since 1936, the institution becomes the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Commercial High School.The imposing, monumental palace was designed on three levels, with elements specific to the neo-Romanian school of architecture, the Venetian influence being obvious. It had 90 rooms, of which 60 were occupied by the Boysʼ High School, the rest being occupied by the Girlsʼ High School. The wide, high halls impressed through the arcade suite. But the most beautiful room is the huge amphitheatre, on two levels, the most imposing in the city at that time. A marble plaque, attached to the façade from Gării Street, mentions as architect-builder Guido P. Marion and A. Romano, both of Italian origin, settled in Galați. Today, the imposing building houses the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of the “Dunărea de Jos” University.

TARİHİ YAPILARIN YENİDEN İŞLEVLENDİRİLME SÜRECİNDE CAM KULLANIMI: TRABZON KIZLAR MANASTIRI ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): İzzettin Kutlu,İrem Bekar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2021

Developing technological data in our era also affects the field of building materials and the emerging high-tech materials provide great opportunities to the designer. In this context, different contemporary building materials have started to be used in the restoration processes of historical buildings. Contemporary glass material discussed in this study is a transparent and fragile building material that is often used with traditional materials in historical building restorations. Glass is a material that does not prevent original materials, can adapt to the original condition of the buildings thanks to its transparent feature, and can be recycled according to its use and it has an important place in terms of its potential to be used as a restorative material in the preservation of historical buildings. In this study, it is aimed to determine the architectural compatibility of the glass used in the restoration of historical buildings and to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the use of glass. In this scope was discussed the Kizlar Monastery, located within the borders of Trabzon province in the Eastern Black Sea region. The study consists of three stages. In the first stage, a theoretical framework on the subject was formed through literature research. In the second stage, the data related to the study area were obtained and the current situation features of the buildings were examined with the field studies and archive documents. In the third stage, glass usage areas were analyzed in the restoration and re-using process in the Kizlar Monastery and processed on plan, sections, elevation and 3D models. The research can be considered as an archival document for the Kizlar Monastery, which has important historical values, and as a contribution to the field of impact assessment of the cultural heritage. In the findings of the study, it was seen that the interventions made for the Kizlar Monastery to connect the past and the future of the building greatly contributed to the original value of the building. As a result, it has been determined that the interventions made by taking care to preserve and maintain the original space flow of historical buildings contribute to the preservation and sustainability of the values contained in the structure.

19. YÜZYIL SAVUNMA YAPILARI: TRABZON TABYALARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2021

Trabzon maintained its importance and strategy throughout history because of its geographical position and harbour. The defense of the city against attacks and threats has been an important issue since it is an important location of Silk Road trade, which serves as a gateway to Europe and Russia by sea and a passageway to the inner parts of Anatolia, Caucasus and Iran. The city has witnessed the construction of a bastion which has changed the military architecture with the invention of firearms and emerged as a new type of building. The spatial organization of the local, which is now Kalepark/Ganita, has brought the castle to the fore and it became the military committee and command center. Trabzon and Çömlekçi bastions were built to protect especially harbors, coasts and regions where is concentrated active trade, including the main bastion in Güzelhisar. Hagia Sophia, which is the most important structure of the city and has many ideological and symbolic meanings, is located quite far from the city walls so it had to be defended against the attacks and dangers from the sea. For this reason, a bastion was built in front of Hagia Sophia. Also, another basiton was built in Polathane Harbour. Polathane Harbour, which was used in both commercial and military purposes, had been a strategic point especially in the 19th centruy as it was the first defence point in the sea aganist to Trabzon. So there were built Kireçhane and Sargana bastions due to Russian invasion to protect for harbour in the 19th centruy. Within the scope of the current study, a research was carried out regarding the bastions situated in Trabzon, and their importance was explained. This research employs archival material from Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives - Ottoman State Archives and Ottoman and French maps and plans. Bastionss are discussed in the light of archive documents in the context of repairs and reconstructions, budgets, construction decisions and architectures. Some financial difficulties in the construction of the buildings, have security problems caused by the location of bastions and sent from the central authority in the organization of the construction works and assist the city administrators were determined in the study.

Przedept przez wielki plan. Architektura władzy Deyana Sudjica

Author(s): Paweł Starzec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020