The Habsburg Monarchy and Serbs in the Ottoman Empire up until the Congress of Vienna (1739–1815)

Author(s): Slaviša Nedeljković,Miloš Đorđević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The principal objective of this article is to demonstrate some key segments in the development of political relations between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Serbian population in the Ottoman Empire up until the Congress of Vienna in 1815. During the 18th century, the Monarchy played an active role in the instigation of Serbs to become involved in Austro–Turkish wars and to form strong liberation movements. The Ottoman feudal system was confronted with the developments that deeply disturbed the entire legal and socio-economic structure of the Empire. Their consequences within the territory of the Belgrade pashaluk struck the subservient Serbian Christian population, so called ‘rayah’, through exposure to ‘chiflik’ system, terror by authorities, forced migrations, epidemics and starvation. The movements which were most prominent in the territory of the Belgrade pashaluk led towards great liberation rebellion of the Serbs known as the Serbian Uprising of 1804.

PRIVREMENA UREDBA O UPRAVI VAKUFA U KRALJEVSTVU SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA, SEM BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE IZ 1919. GODINE, DOGAĐAJI KOJI SU JOJ PRETHODILI I POSLJEDICE KOJE JE IZAZVALA

Author(s): Adnan Prekic / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 33-34/2006

Vakufi su vjerske zadužbine zasnovane na propisima šerijatskog prava, kao institucija utemeljeni kada i Islam, i predstavljaju bitnu kariku u tradiciji islamskog društva. Vakuf doslovno znači zadržavanje novca, zadužbina pobožnih ili fond za dobrotvorne svrhe. U suštini, vakuf je zemlja ili neki drugi izvor prihoda koji se zavještava kao neotuđivo dobro u vjerske i dobrotvorne svrhe. Širenjem Osmanskog carstva osnivaju se vakufi i na našim prostorima, tako se prvi javljaju početkom XV vijeka i imaju prije svega vjersko- prosvjetni karakter (džamije i vjerske škole). O važnoj ulozi vakufa u Osmanskoj državi govori i podatak da je postojala nezvanična podjela nadležnosti između države i vakufa. Država se brinula o izdržavanju vojske, uprave i sudova, a vakufi o izdržavanju vjerskih, prosvjetnih i socijalnih ustanova.

Suruç Kazası Şeyh Müslim Zaviyesi Mütevelli Ailesine Ait Belgeler Üzerine

Author(s): Alpay Bizbirlik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2015

Cahit Telci, İzmir ve Yöresi Tarihinin Kaynakları: Halil Beğ Defteri (1425-1430)

Author(s): Melek Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2015

Review of: Cahit Telci, İzmir ve Yöresi Tarihinin Kaynakları: Halil Beğ Defteri (1425-1430), İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Yayını, İzmir, Şubat 2015, 253 shf, ISBN 978-605-84722-0-4

Ocak 1918 Tarihli Rapora Göre Dobruca’nın İdari, Siyasi ve Demografik Yapısı

Author(s): Süleyman Özbek,Tekin Önal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2017

Starting from the beginning of the ninetieth century, the Ottoman State officials prepared reports on the regions, where there’s need, regarding their geographical constriction, population movements (migration) and settlement status, and implemented new policies in line with these reports. Because of its strategic location and the Muslim population is a place to live in, so Dobruja is one of the geographical regions where these policies are applied. While numerous reports were filed on Dobruja in different periods, the number of these reports increased during the World War I. Just as Romania or Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire was also spending effort to have authority on Dobruja, while these efforts were intensified in 1918. One of the studies carried out within the scope of these efforts is the report named “Dobruca Kıt’asının Ahvâl-i İdariyye ve İçtimaiyyesi” (The Administrative and Social Status of Dobruja Land), which was published by the military publishing house in 1334 (1918) and is preserved in Library of the Department of Ottoman Archives. While the report describes the Romanians’ forcing the Muslim population to migrate on one hand, and Bulgarians’ desires of being settled in Dobruja on the other hand, the given statistics regarding the population draws attention. Dobruja’s becoming an important front during the War, its occupation by the allied countries, establishment of various administrative organizations are also demonstrated important information described. The most important factor that caused the preparation of the Report was determining the structure of the administrative organization to be settled here, regarding the possibility of Dobruja’s being left to Ottoman State again.

O podrijetlu i šibenskoj rodbini prvoga kliškog sandžakbega Murat-beg Gajdića

Author(s): Kristijan Juran / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 66/2017

This paper uses primary sources, archives of and related to Šibenik, to present new information on the background and the relatives of the local commander (ćehaja) serving under Gazi Husref Bey, the administrator of Bosnia, and the first sanjakbey of Klis, known in previous sources as Murat Bey Tardić. It has been established that his family name was Gajdić rather than Tardić, and that his father Mihat and his grandfather Toma moved in the late 15th century from their village of Mokra, in the Gornje Polje plateau near Šibenik, to Šibenik proper, fleeing the imminent threat of Ottoman incursions. The paper emphasizes the well-established facts about cross-border meetings and close ties between Murat Bey and his brother Juraj, a canon and an abbot in Šibenik – a likely source of influence over the resolution of border disputes on the Šibenik section of the Venetian-ottoman Border in the 1520s and 1530s.

Klasik Osmanlı Döneminde Üretilmiş Bardak Biçimleri Ve Bu Biçimlerin Kökenlerinin Araştırılması

Author(s): Azize Melek Önder / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2017

The ceramic art, which started to be produced in İznik during the establishment period of the Ottoman state, lived the golden age in the 15th and 17th centuries. This period has developed with the exodus of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror and the taking of Istanbul. This development is reflected not only in composition but also in container forms in ceramics. Many ceramics produced in this period are among rare and precious works in terms of ornamentation and form. However, the form in which these forms were formed, how they came about and what they were made for is not taken much seriously.The purpose of the study is to determine what types of forms form the cup shapes that emerged during the Classical period of the Ottoman State, to determine what purposes, what cultures or shapes might be influenced. This study aims to analyze the classical Ottoman ceramics cups that develop in the historical process and have an important place in terms of Turkish art and to analyze the form and to determine the place of these ceramics within themselves and in the art of Ottoman Ceramics.

III. SELİM DÖNEMİ’NDE ENDERUN-İ HÜMAYUN MEKTEPLERİNDE OKUTULAN MÜZİK RİSALESİNİN MEŞK YÖNTEMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Nilgün Sazak,Emel Demirgen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2014

15th training century palace of the Ottoman Empire, which generates high levels of Enderun-i Humayun education, government administrators and artists of music education at the school dovey management training based on Enderun Schools. Schools were instructed in writing in the form of books, risale, and there are only one example of Enderun libraries. This musical treatises content, outlines of music education at that time. In this study, the treasure of the Topkapı Palace Museum in Safety, Enderun School of Sultan Selim III in two risale dovey method is a traditional method of music education will be examined. In this respect, the quality of the research in question is a documentary of scan. This study, Ottoman music education system on behalf of the methodology seems important to unroll the content of a textbook.

Побуне и покрети против реформи у Скопском пашалуку деценијама XIX века (до 1844. Године)

Author(s): Slaviša Nedeljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2016

The strength of Ottoman Empire was weakening in the first decades of the nineteenth century in the Balkans. Except for territorial losses that occurred as result of Serbian and Greek uprisings, Ottoman state was influenced as well by the mutinies of local feudal masters which were causing a lot of trouble to central authorities. Political power weakening within the Ottoman Empire was eating out the Ottoman Empire traditional structure. Weakness and inability of state authorities was reflected in all the instances of state authorities within the Ottoman Empire. Owing to that, the idea on preserving and reviving military and economic strength of the Empire became the main striving of political cream in the Ottoman Empire. Gulhane Hatisheriff presented the first act drawn up by the authorities that was declaring equality and legality for all Turkish subjects regardless of their confession on the model of Western-European liberal ideas. Gulhane Hatisheriff envisaged state centralization and power strengthening, combat against corruption, fiscal system reorganization, Europeanisation of judiciary and education as well as compulsory military service. Promulgation of Gulhane Hatisheriff provoked serious bitterness of Muslims throughout the Ottoman Empire, primarily in border eyalets closer to Serbia, Montenegro and Austria. Anti-reform propaganda was present in all layers of Muslim society, who were blaming primarily Christians for newly established situation because of which, as they spoke, reforms had been undertaken in the first place. As a general consequence of the above-mentioned, grave persecutions and pressures on Christian citizens ensued. Instead of developing and progressive era within the Ottoman Empire, 1839 presented the year when mutinies, uprisings and anarchy commenced. This was particularly manifested in the territory of Skopje eyalet that became the ring of fierce conflicts between anti-reform forces and central powers.

Printing Mushaf or Gaining Power and Authority over the Muslim World

Author(s): Necmettin Gökkır / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2018

In this article, Mushaf printings and their relation to international politics have been studied. Using historical materials like archive documents and newspapers, the article shows the role of Mushaf printings in the conflict among World powers, Europe and the Ottoman Empire. This study thereby focuses on three cases: The first case is the Mushaf-printings in Europe particularly in 1787 in Russia right after the Crimean War and in 1798 after the occupation of Egypt and in the 1830s during the invasions of Africa by France. Russia and France, as two European colonialist powers thereby tried to establish itself as the new patron for the colonised Muslims. The second case is the Mushaf-printing in Iran. Meanwhile printing of the Mushaf was printed by Iranians, Ottomans considers issue as that time must be defended the Qur’an from corruptions and changes by the hands of Non-Muslim and Non-Sunni communities. The most significant case is the third one: the British black propaganda against the Caliphate, Abdulhamid The Second, to trigger an uprising in Britishcolonised territories, like India. Ottomans made some policies against these printings by establishing print houses and control mechanism to make clear that they themselves are the real leaders of Muslims. As a conclusion, the article demonstrates how Mushaf printings were used to gain power and authority over Muslims during the clash among the Ottoman Empire, European powers and Iran.

Osmanlı Devleti’nde Yahudilik: Ebüzziya Tevfik’in Millet-i İsrailiye Kitabı

Author(s): Osman Özkul,Nadir Çomak,Hilal Uzun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 5/2019

In this paper “Antisemitism.” which is a different dimension of European influence on Ottoman thought, has been discussed. First, the emergence of Antisemitism in the Ottoman State and its general progress were emphasized. Then the work titled “Millet-i İsrailiye” written by Ebüzziya Tevfik, a prominent Ottoman thinker and journalist, is examined as the unique sample text, as it was the first work that carried the traces of anti-Semitic discourse towards the Jewish people in the Ottomans. At first the concept of Anti-Semitism is examined and in the context of the emergence and foundations of anti-Semitism, information about the European period of Jews is offered. Secondly, religious-based anti-Semitism in the Ottoman State has been handled as a separate title in the context of our study. The third chapter is devoted to Ebüzziya Tevfik, his views and his work “Millet-i İsrailiye” which is analyzed within the scope of our subject.The purpose of this paper is to explain the emergence of anti-Semitism in the Jewish history and its European-based manifestations in the Ottoman State. It is also intended to distinguish the attitude towards the Jewish people both before and after the emergence of anti-Semitic discourses with reference to the history of the Ottoman State and European Jewish history. The work of Ebüzziya Tevfik “Millet-i İsrailiye” offers us important information being the first work that carried the traces of anti-Semitic discourse towards the Jewish people in the Ottomans within the context of the European origins of anti-Semitism in Ottoman thought.

OSMANLI HADİS ÂLİMLERİNDEN BANDIRMALI KÜÇÜK HÂMİD EFENDİ’NİN (1111-1172/1699-1758 VEYA 1759) HAYATI VE ESERLERİ

Author(s): Abdullah Aydınlı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 8/2003

Al-Bandirmavî (1111/1699, Uskudar/Istanbul-1172/1758-59, Bandirma/Balikesir), connu sous le nom de Kuçuk Hamid Efendi, était un grand savant de hadith et aussi un mystique musulman. Après son enseignement, il fut nommé maître à Selami Ali Efendi Tekkesi. Il a écrit, selon sa déclaration, 80 livres, dont trois ou quatre livres seulement sont arrivés jusqu’à nos jours. C'est lui qui a écrit premièrement un dictonnaire de terme de la méthodologie du hadith. Il donnait l’importance à la qualité. C’est pourquoi qu’il cite dans ses œvres pour chaque renseignement, si court soit-il, toute ses sources.

Dukagjinët gjatë Mesjetës. Shtrirja gjeografike e trojeve dhe disa karakteristika

Author(s): Edmond Malaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

In this article we will try to give a general overview on the history of Dukagjinis which consisted of some families seemingly belonging to the same tribe and were part of the Albanian nobles in the Middle Ages. Dukagjinis show up many a time in documents and they were an important factor in the occurrences taking place in Albania in the Middle Ages, especially during Skanderbeg’s period. Besides the expansion of their prevalence in North Albanian regions and their distribution into some European countries after the Ottoman occupation they result to be present even among noble Albanian families with the highest duration until they died out in the 17th century. In this paper besides the historical data about them in Albanian territories you will also find information on their presence in Italy, Istria and Ottoman Empire.

Përpjekja e Perandorisë Osmane për të stabilizuar situatën në viset shqiptare: Komisioni i reformave i Haxhi Adil Beut (shkurt-prill 1912)

Author(s): Paulin Marku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

After the Parliament was dismissed in January 1912, the cabinet of Said Pasha was reconstructed. Part of it were people of great authority in the “Committee for Union and Prosperity” which got the support of the government and its press. The goal of the government was to strengthen its administrative and military position and to extinguish the conflicts within the Ottoman Empire. The appointment of Haxhi Adil Bey in the position of the Minster of Interior elicited credibility and optimism. He was entrusted and given full competence in directing the Reforms Commission in Albanian territories. There were quite a few discontents among the people and they became even more profound when the leaders took their place at the head of the Albanian movement after the Parliament’s dismissal. The government had information on the upheaval movement that was being lead by Albanian deputies. It was sure that the Committee with the Minister of Interior Haxhi Adil Bey at the head together with the foreign and Ottoman experts would calm down the discontents in the territories of Rumelia. The sending of the Minister from Istanbul found great echo even among diplomatic circles which expressed their skepticism about the success of this commission. During the journey they were confronted with difficulties where even physical assaults by Albanian rebels were not to be missed. The meetings he held in Albanian vilayets result to have encountered a cold welcome and indifference by the people, even though Haxhi Adil Bey tried to tempt them by many promises, he dealt out a considerable amount of money so that they did not rebel against the government and invited them to support the “Committee for Union and Prosperity” during the elections of spring 1912. Also part of his mission was to enforce the army and the gendarmerie and to make changes within the administration. The efforts of the Minister of Interior to regain the trust of Albanians, to stop the national development and the armed resistance failed. Finally Haxhi Adil Bey couldn’t make it to prevent the upheaval movement of Albanians and his mission resulted as unsuccessful.

Ballkani në projektet antiosmane të fuqive evropiane gjatë shekullit XVII

Author(s): Muhamet Mala / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Tradita e bashkimit në luftë dhe e organizimit politik të popujve ballkanikë kundër Perandorisë Osmane, nuk kishte shpëtuar pa u vërejtur nga fuqitë evropiane. Këto fuqi në konflikt me osmanët në plan të parë llogaritnin forcën konkrete të ballkanasve si mënyrë për t’i larguar osmanët nga Evropa Juglindore. Pamundësia e ndonjë organizimi të popujve ballkanikë në qendra urbane në shek. XVII diktoi forcimin e unitetit dhe organizimit politik në zonat malore, ku ndikimi osman ishte i paktë. Në këto zona organizimi politik u shpreh në formën e kuvendeve. Në rrethana të okupimit kuvendet u bënë forma më e lartë e organizimit politik nga të cilat doli një bërthamë e kancelarisë shtetërore që përcillte shkresa dhe memorialë të pajisur me vula në të cilën shprehej karakteri shtetëror dhe institucional i popujve të ndryshëm ballkanikë. [...]

Die spätosmanische Melâmiyye als Förderin einer westlich-liberalen Gesinnung: Untersuchung eines Narrativs

Author(s): Cüneyd Yıldırım / Language(s): German Issue: 19/2019

The history of Sufism is in a way a history of the type of charisma that the famous German sociologist Max Weber described. Viewed in this light, it is possible to understand the involvement of many Sufis in political power, which is well known from different epochs in the history. Concerning the Late Ottoman Empire, some sources speak of Malami Sufis from the territory of present-day Macedonia who participated energetically in the Young Turk Revolution in favor of the liberal and westernized elites. Trying to explain this coalition, some scholars tend to see a tie between the teachings of the Malamiyya and non-conformist attitudes. This paper examines the sources that are accessible regarding the political commitment of Malami Sufis around 1900 and later to check the nonconformity thesis.

TAPU VE KADASTRO GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ARŞİVİ'NDE YER ALAN I. AHMED TUĞRASININ TEZYİNİ AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Pınar Toktaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2019

Tughrahs, which are a kind of signature of Ottoman Sultans, states the orders of the Sultan as they are documents written in Divan-u Hümayun (Imperial Council). In earlier times, placed at the top of the documents such as firman, berat (certificate), waqfeyah, tughrahs extended their use of fields in time and they started to be printed on seals, coins, stamps and inscriptions. As time passed, its use was liked and they were used as basmalah, ayah, hadith and names as well. While the earlier forms were horizontal and wider, the tuğ (flagstaff) and zülfe (the shape of a fringe) were extended upward; they were even formed as triangles, they formed the shape of cypress tree and were decorated. There became additions to the texts in tughrahs in time and they were decorated in line with the artistic style, motive and composition feature of the era. The Tughra of Ahmed I, which is the subject matter of the current study, in the Kuyud-u Kadime Archive of the General Directorate of Land Registers was investigated in terms of its decoration. The motive and composition features of the tughrah, the colors used, the technique used and the current position were determined and drawings were made. At the end of the study, it was found that the current position of the Tugrah of Ahmed I was good and that there were no falls in the gold and colors used and there became no stain or tearing on the paper. The negative technique, Haliç work technique, free Roumi branch composition, three thread Roumi composition and needle glazing was applied on the tughrah. It reflects the characteristics of the era in terms of its decoration.

PRAGMATIČKA ANALIZA KASIDA SABITA UŽIČANINA: ZAHVALE

Author(s): Alena Ćatović,Sabina Bakšić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 68/2019

This paper focuseson the two qasidas written in Ottoman Turkish by Bosnalı Alaeddin Sabit, a 17thcentury-poet from Užice in Ottoman Bosnia. A pragmatic analysis of these qasidas reveals that the poems refer to an extralinguistic reality, i.e. the relationship between the poet and his patron, the grand vizier. Since these qasidas have only two chapters dedicated to laudation (medhiye) and prayer (dua), this distinguishes them from the classical Ottoman qasida form. Couplets in Sabit’s qasidas include indirect expressions of gratitude to his benefactor and thus bring to light this relation of patronage. Historical pragmatics was used as the theoretical framework for this paper since it deals with texts from the past and approaches them through speech act theory.

PREDAJA O OSVOJENJU JAJCA U JEDNOJ OSMANSKOJ MEDŽMUI IZ DRUGE POLOVINE 17. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Emina Mostić,Amer Maslo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 68/2019

After the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom under Ottoman rule in 1463, the territory of today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina continued to be a place of frequent clashes where Ottoman, Hungarian and Venetian influences intertwined. A prominent scene for these events was the town of Jajce, which the Ottomans tried to occupy on several occasions after 1463. The focus of this paper is an account of the Jajce conquest preserved in a mecmua from the second half of the 17th century. This paper contains information about the mecmua not considered in previous academic research, about its author and content, in addition to a specific focus on the Jajce conquest. Moreover, appendices to this paper feature both a transcription and a translation of the manuscript related to the siege and later conquest of this royal city. This manuscript also gives valuable insights for toponymical studies of the Bosnia and Herzegovina region.

18. Yüzyılın Ortalarında Erzurum’da Güvenlik Meselesi (H. 1155-1162/M. 1742-1749 Tarihli 1 Numaralı Erzurum Ahkâm Defteri’ne Göre)

Author(s): Yılmaz Karadeniz,Feyzanur SUSAM / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

In the years when the Ottoman Empire left behind the rise and followed the developments around it, it is not very bright and the problems are increasing. As in every society, the turmoil caused an increase in the rate of crime in the Ottoman society, and many of the problems encountered in daily life were related to security weaknesses. The bandit publicly started to usurp the money and valuables of the people living in the countryside, and unjustified intervention on the trowel and land had increased. The cases of theft increased in the same way, depending on the conditions of the people began to be indispensable or arbitrary robberies. Even if the stolen state and the animals stolen from valuable goods and goods threatened them with deterrent penalties, the crime rate did not decrease significantly, but the books of grievances were getting worse every day. Criminals, rowing, exile and fine was not enough to intimidate. Nevertheless, the state has always maintained its justice system and has not tolerated the injustice that has tried to implement it in every field. He has always attached great importance to being with the right and compensating the loss of the people who have been wronged. Decisions to repay the stolen goods, to pay the diet in case of any murder, to prevent the intervention in the land and property are proof of this.