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Krusevac has emerged as the market is probably around year 1200. Around this time he got his first church, which was located in the present ports, around the monument to Prince Lazar. As in the Middle Ages was the custom only market town developed around the church. Knez Lazar is close to the old church, probably 1377/8. the court's built a new church. Stefan known as Lazarica. It is not clear whether the old church was already demolished or later during the Ottoman rule. Ottomans Lazarica used as a warehouse but is not transformed into a mosque. Kruševac at the time of liberation in 1806 had two churches - Lazarica and the other was located in today's barracks Cara Lazara. According to tradition, this second church was destroyed by Serbian rebels because it contained a tomb with the inscription Vuk but they thought it was a Vuk Brankovic. The iconostasis and other trappings of the church were transferred to Lazarica, which had not previously been in operation although there is the possibility that renewed in 1804. During the period from 1806 to 1813 the church was probably slightly renovated and has got a bell, cast in Belgrade Foundry that she was giving himself Karađorđe. Although there were attempts to empower the church for the service immediately after the liberation of the last days of 1832, the church was arranged only in the spring of 1833 and consecrated in early summer 1833. According to the observations of Mikhail Valtrovića Lazarica was probably painted in the Middle Ages because he was in 1888 discovered the remains of old murals in the dome part. New paintings he did Zivko Pavlovic 1843, just before the 1844 finished the iconostasis in the same church.
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U našim pravnim naukama ustavna istorija predstavlja nedovoljno proučeno područje. Moderna ustavnost počinje raspadom feudalne države, a u razvoju te iste države postojalo je dosta dokumenata koji se mogu nazvati klicama moderne državnosti čije je upoznavanje preduslov razumijevanja prvih pisanih ustava. Prvi i najpoznatiji od ovih dokumenata je Magna Carte libertatum (Velika povelja o slobodama) od 15. juna 1215. donijeta u borbi između engleskih feudalaca i njihovog vladara Jovana »bez zemlje«, koja se odnosila na jedan sloj engleskog plemstva-barone i zato je u prvim godinama svog važenja i nazvana i nazvana »Carta Baronum«. Ona je svakom slobodnom čovjeku garantovala izvjestan stepen zaštite protiv zloupotrebe kraljeve vlasti, što je u to vrijeme bio samo baron. U 63 paragrafa Magna Carta posebno ograničava sudske prerogative kralja, propisujući zakonitost u lišavanju slobode i pravo na zakonito suđenje. Baronima je priznato i pravo na pobunu protiv vladara u slučaju da se ne pridržava obaveza propisanih Poveljom.
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Periodicals have an important place in the development of our literature, ideas and our culture lives. They should be reviewed carefully to prepare a complete study not only in literature, but also history, sociology, and archeology. Each library hasn’t prepared a periodicals catalog or a database, and this is the main problem encountered in the studies including those resources. İzmir National Library is one of the libraries that does not have periodicals catalog or database. In this study a literature periodicals catalog in the period of Atatürk (1923-1938), which the periodicals publications began to accelarate, in İzmir National Library. The aim of this study is to make the researchers in the field of literature get the benefit of this catalog in their scientific studies.
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Basra territory is under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for a long time. Because of geo-strategic value of Basra territory, each period it witnesses important events. In the 19th century, Ottoman military and political powers start to decline, developments in the Ottoman Middle East concern to especially Britain, Russia, Germany and Persia. Due to British colonies in India, Basra territory is crucial for British Empire. In the first three quarter of 19th century, Britain protects Ottoman territorial integrity against Russia and Germany for own economic benefit and strategies about India colonies. However, after the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, Britain gives up this policy due to changed situations and balanced elements. Anglo-Ottoman relations are subject to many researches and works. In this study, Anglo-Ottoman relations specific to Basra territory and subject briefly evaluated with different perspective. In the light of the Ottoman archival documents, British activities of two periods, British protective policy period and give up this policy period, will be described. In the 19th century Anglo-Ottoman relations are increased. These relations include economic, commercial, political and diplomatic dimensions. In this study, firstly, Basra territory’s situation in the pre-19th century briefly overviewed then British activities for penetration in Basra territory in the 19th century examined in detail.
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The slavery which has deep roots as much as the war itself in the history, exists in the every known society from the beginning to the 19th century. In fact although it is not very understandable from nowadays perspective that human beings diminish to do statue of property when they lose their freedom, under the harsh conditions of the past societies without technology it is impossible to improve develop without intensive use of manpower. Beside the employment of prisoners offers chances to live for enemy and extra man force for masters. Not only for prisoner but also for ordinary people slavery was a way to compensate to their depths in return of their lifetime labor. Of course the economic dimensions of the slavery is not limited with that legally or illegally slavery market trade of manpower were seen as a source of income for rulers, traders and ordinary folk.The valueless ones is usually ignored by the history. Because of this it is hard to find evidences about the daily life of slaves. The direct evidences from the slaves itself is also limited. However their position as property paradoxically made them as the subject of legal documents. In this study via this documents there would be evaluation on the slavery and emancipation methods in the Ottoman Empire.
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This study was made to determine some common narrative features that Ottoman Miniature and Documentary cinema as two art areas produced in the different ages and understandings have .With this study, It is expected to contribute to be determined basic narrative features for documentary art type. The basic common narrative features of the art areas documentary value have are; to emphasize the events and knowledge related to real life, to have the epic features at the content and format, to make up the content with the format plan , to move away from dramatic narrative structure, to give place to several themes and topics in the same scene , to be organized with aesthetic value and fictional view, the narrator's precense and alienation, the audience to be the observer . It can be studied with the experts from the different disciplines for determining documentary value of the art work. Getting documentary art literacy knowledge and skill for general audience is a very important issue.
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Historical roots of the genocide against the Bosniaks can be found in the attitudes of Austria, Venice and Russia to the Muslims, particularly the Bosniaks, during the wars with the Ottoman State. Unlike the Ottoman Muslim State, in which the Koranic principle „La ikrahe fi ddini“ (There is no forcing in faith) was respected, the Christian states applied the medieval principle „Cuius regio, illius religio“ (Religion is of those who are in power). Abiding by that principle, the Christian states destroyed Muslims if they refused to accept Christianity. This was particularly revealed during the so-called Great War (1683–1699) when many a Muslim, Bosniak first of all, was killed; many were captured, women and children particulaly, and forcibly christened. That practice existed all the time until the war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire (1788–1790), when the enlightened Emperor Joseph II of Austria promised the Bosniaks, if they were peaceful, their personal security and the security of their property. Thus, for the first time, the equality of Islam with other religions was promised and even salaries for the religious officials from the national treasury. But, this did not stop the genocide against the Bosniaks as the role was taken over by the Bosniaks’ neighbours – Serbs and Montenegrins, who have been until the present day committing genocide against the Bosniaks in the cruelest manner, unseen in the history of mankind.
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Kadı and naipler are the basic elements of the Ottoman state and judicial system. Dursun Fakih, who was appointed to Karacahisar by Osman Gazi in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, who regarded the justice state as a base, stood diligently on the cultivation of the kadi and naipler.
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With a supposed duration of six months, the 1440 siege of the castle of Belgrade has long been regarded as the longest military event in the history of Ottoman–Hungarian warfare. The present paper argues, however, that it probably lasted for some weeks only. It demonstrates that the main source of the traditional view, the narrative of the contemporary Polish chronicler Jan Długosz, cannot be used for determining either the beginning or the duration of the siege. Upon the analysis of the other surviving evidence, the paper concludes that the siege probably started late in May or early June, and was certainly over before the end of June.
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The present study attempts to shed light on an issue that has not been researched in depth in the field of Cantemirology, and mainly the analysis of the relationship between the two prominent politicians of the 18th centurythe rulers of the Moldavian and Wallachian Principalities, Dimitrie Cantemir and Constantin Brâncoveanu. Based on newly discovered archival documents, along with documental publications and particular research, the author attempts to fill in the gaps and eliminate inconsistencies that are occasionally facing the surface in publications dedicated to their relations. Moreover, there was an attempt of answering the question of this relationship’s characteristic - an enmity or rather a rivalry.
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Shihāb al-Dīn al-Hafāğī (b. 1571), writer, qadi and an Egyptian military judge wrote a maqāma entitled al-Maqāma al-Rūmiyya ridiculing the Sheikh al-Islam Zekeriyazade Yahya- effendi for preventing al-Hafāğī’s promotion in service and degrading him to the position of an ordinary judge in Egypt. At the same time, in this maqāma al-Hafāğī riduculed the overall situation in the Ottoman Empire, primarily in Istanbul. An unknown author provided a commentary to the maqāma, trying to alter the meaning of the text by al-Hafāğī and present the ridicule directed at Sheikh al-Islam as an attempt to ridicule all religious scholars, religion and the state.
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Shadow theater as a form present even in ancient Greece, where he was transferred to Byzantium and the Turks have accepted the conquest of space, and distributed over a wide geographic area of their domination. This popular form of drama presentation reached its culmination, in its development, during the Ottoman Empire, but similar to the elaboration of thematic units is present in earlier writing texts, which bind even from the second century BCE, in what is today Syria. He performed during King Antiosa, who owned his own theater "of playing dolls."
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The 1877-1878 war, known as 93 war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia was ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. After that war the Treaty of Berlin was signed. The European states put a clause into the Berlin Treaty related to the Armenian nation living in the Ottoman geography. Thus, the Armenian question became an international problem. It was used as an excuse by the great states to intervene in the internal affairs of the Ottoman State. After this date, the Armenians increased their revolt and revolutions against the Ottoman State. European States supported these uprisings politically, financially and morally. The Armenians had dreamed that as a result of these uprisings, European states would send military troops to the Ottoman State and with the help of these powers an independent Armenian state would be established. For these aims, the Armenians started to organize committees for the rebellion against the Ottoman State. One of the places where the Armenian revolution committees were active was Sanjak of Mush which was belonging to Bitlis Province. In Sanjak of Mush, the Armenian revolutionaries first started their rebellion with economic excuses in 1885. There was a big rebellion in Sanjak of Mush and Town of Sason in 1894. In these periods, great massacres were carried out by the Armenian revolutionaries in the Sanjak of Mush and its environment. Armenian revolutionaries carried out massacres against not only to the Muslim people but also to the Armenians who did not support the rebellion movement and who were loyal to the state in Sanjak center of Mush and its‟ periphery. Armenian rebels burned houses, schools and churches belonging to Armenians in villages that did not support the rebellion. Armenian rebels burned the houses, schools and churches of the Armenians who did not support the rebellion. On the other hand, Armenian revolutionary organizations wanted to accuse the Muslim people of the persecution of the Armenian people. They made propaganda in this direction. However, as a result of the investigation, it was determined that the events were carried out by the members of the Armenian Revolutionary Committee.
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Bâbur Empire is an important Turkish state founded by Bâbur in the İndian subcontinent and reigned between 1526 and 1858. Bâburs, playing a major role in the development of culture and civilization in İndia, legated a surprisingly rich historical heritage. Bâburs, who made important contributions to the islamization of İndian, ruled different ethnic and religious communities with justice over three hundred years. Bâbur Empire reached the summit of his power during the reign of Akbar and achieved a multi-regional empire identity with the conquest from 1556 to 1605.
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Husam Chelebi was an Ottoman scholar who lived in the reign of Ottoman Sultans Bayazid II and Selim I and wrote some books and treatises in the field of jurisprudence and theology. His books and treatises were confused with many books of some scholars, especially with Husam ad-Din at-Tuqati (ii. 840/1456), both in the biographical and bibliographical books, and in the registrations of the Manuscript Libraries in Turkey. In this article we concern with the life of Husam Chelebi and also to make clear his books and treatises.
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One of the most important institutions of Islam that regulates social and economic life in a community, is the waqf. It is possible to encounter traces of this institution in every region that Islam took hold. One can observe that, waqfs founded by various benefactors in a range of settlements from the smallest villages and hamlets to the largest cities were active in different fields and thanks to these activities they transformed and affected the cities and regions in which they were founded. This study, focusing on the institution of waqf, aims to demonstrate that how the region in question, namely city center of Aydın Güzelhisar, changed thanks to the waqfs founded in the city in a time span from the earliest periods of Ottoman rule to the beginning of the XIXth century and how it transformed into an administrative unit that also contain commercial buildings while at the beginning it was a settlement tightly dependent to country. To achieve this aim, Ottoman archival documents, that recorded waqfs founded in the center of Aydın Güzelhisar, their founders and waqf revenues, will be referred. The main subjects of this study are to determine how the waqfs that were founded in the city, their founders and transformations in their qualities affected the texture, districts and life of the city, its contributions to change and transformation of the city in the course of history.
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The sects, which are important elements of the Ottoman social and religious life, have developed their own rules, traditions and procedures. Sufi artists have written works that give information about these rules and traditions. In Turkish literature, such works are called tarikatnâme. One of the examples of tarikatnâme in our literature is Seyyid Ahmed Cezbî's work called Kenzü’l-esrâr. There are copies of this work, which is not mentioned by the sources, in the Berlin State Library and the Ankara National Library. In the work consisting of 457 couplets, verses, hadiths, prayers and dhikr are scattered among the couplets. Written in mesnevi verse, Kenzü’l-esrâr used the pattern of mefâîlün / mefâîlün / feûlün of aruz measure. Grandson of Muhammad Nurullah in the person of all the followers of Ahmed Cezbî dervish should have the qualifications, the worship styles of the members of the order of Bayramiyya, which prayers to read which prayers, the method of entering the ordeal, and so on. Sufism gave information about the rules and traditions. Kenzü’l-esrâr is also important in that it contains information about Ahmed Cezbi and the Himmetzâdeler family to which he belongs. In this article, Seyyid Ahmed Cezbî's work named Kenzü’l-esrâr was introduced, and the criticized text of the first fifty couplets of the work was shared with the scientific community.
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Aleppo was founded before Christ, which was one of the first settlements in the region. Since the earliest times epidemic diseases were constantly seen in Aleppo as well as natural disasters. During the period of 400 years under the Ottoman rule, there were constant epidemics in the city. Particularly after Europe, the plague in the Ottoman lands and then the cholera epidemic, malaria, typhoid diseases and various animal diseases were effective in social life. Thousands of people died and many animals were killed because of the epidemics that occurred in the city immediately after drought and famine. This negative events affected the city’s life socially and economically. The Ottomans took the following measures in Aleppo as in other cities against these epidemics. Tahaffuzhanes were opened and quarantine application launched in the city. Doctors and pharmacists were appointed to the city, they gave paying attention to the cleanliness of the city. they also banned the sale of certain products. Ottomans also increased the taxes on sheep and goats to prevent cattle plague. Ottoman administers were assigned veterinarian to the city to prevent animal diseases. They also asked local administrators to be cautious against these epidemics. These measures prevented epidemics for a period, but did not completely stop. According to sources, 159.970 people died from the plague and cholera in Aleppo and its environment between 639-1787. In the region 70.167 people also died because of these diseases between 1800 and 1891. People who died of these epidemics were reported to the Ottoman Government day by day. The government also gave a number of insignia to the civil servants who were fighting against the epidemic in the region. Muslims were the most affected by epidemic diseases in Aleppo and its environment.
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This study focuses on the repercussions of the fiscal and political changes at the beginning of the eighteenth century in Lesser Wallachia (i.e. Kara Eflak or Oltenia) upon the town of Vidin, with particular emphasis on the transformation of the animal husbandry in and around the region during the 1695-1740 period. In this vein, it contends that Habsburg policies in Oltenia considerably shaped peasant mobility as well as the contours of the livestock sector around Vidin. During the time span from 1695 to 1718 demographic mobility, sale of pasture lands and ownership problems pertaining to meadows were the key phenomena shaping the dynamics of the animal husbandry in Vidin. After the fall of Oltenia to Habsburg control (1718), the fundamental economic policies in Vidin and Danubian Basin revolved around the practice of tying peasants to the land through a series of tax exemptions, thereby making up for the labor deficit in the agriculture and livestock sectors. In a world already characterized by labor deficit, the Habsburg and Ottoman economic policies created, particularly in the town of Vidin, a strategy of tax games which could only be maintained by powerful magnates. The notables of Vidin succeeded in not only attracting peasants to work in the estates around the town, but also creating kışlaks (i.e. winter pastures) and çiftliks (i.e. large estates) for the exploitation of meadows across Ottoman Eastern Wallachia. Hence, by the time the Habsburg rule in Oltenia finally came to an end in 1739, the Ottoman center inherited tax-evasion tactics dominated by individuals with military titles and local notables in particular, and a livestock sector centering around farms termed as kışlaks in Wallachia and the Danubian region.
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