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OSMANLI GELENEĞİNDE SAKAL-I ŞERİFİN YERİ VE BULGARİSTAN’DA SAKAL-I ŞERİF MUHAFAZALI CAMİLER

Author(s): Bahriye Gülay Gülyüz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

The love for Muhammad has been a unifying element for Muslim Turks in every geography. This love, which is not confined to the person of the Prophet, has been extended to include the people and things that he is in contact with. Particularly, the parts of the body of the Prophet have a special importance for Muslims. Among these elements, which are protected as sacred entrances, the sakal-ısherifs(hair from Prophet’s beard) dominate in number.In the Ottoman tradition, the sakal-ı sherifs were kept in the appropriate places of clothing and were generally preserved in their private enclosures in mosques and households, and were visited on blessed days and nights. This tradition was carried to different geographies with the Ottomans.It is known that some of the mosques in Bulgaria, which is one of the first places to be conquered by the Ottomans in the Balkans, kept the sakal-ı sherifs. However, depending on the region's emergence of Ottoman rule, it became difficult to determine the number of these structures. Some of the sakal-ı sherifs in the mosques in Bulgaria have survivedand some have been forgotten. In this study, it will be tried to determine the mosques that maintain the holy beard in Bulgaria based on the existing examples and architectural tradition.

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Kırım Hanlığında Saray Protokolü

Author(s): Mehmet Arpaci,A. Melek Özyetgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 62/2019

The edicts and letters belonging to the Crimean Khanate contain important information about the political, socio-cultural and economic structure of the state. Since these documents are diplomatic correspondences, they have a source value of the first-hand, illuminating especially the international relations of the Khanate. As it is understood from the correspondences, the state structure of the Crimean Khanate is based on the Genghis laws, but it is also in a special position where the Ottoman influence is observed. All the procedures and ceremonies that contain traces from these two different state structures constitute the palace protocol of the Crimean Khanate. The diplomatic correspondences of the Crimean Khanate period particularly reveal the ceremonies against foreign ambassadors in the Crimean palace, procedures during the delivery of taxes and gifts received from foreign states annually, and the tradition of signing peace negotiations and specifications. At the same time, international practices related to captive and slave trade also exist in this correspondences. Undoubtedly, the most important sources to be used in determining the practices of the ancient state tradition of the Crimean Khanate are the edicts and letters sent to foreign states. The publication of Zernov forms the most volume of these correspondences with 378 documents. In this study, all of these documents have been examined in the philological and historical perspective based on the original text. At this point, in addition to introducing the practices related to the Crimean palace protocol, it gives information about the origins of the terms used.

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CANSEVER, Turgut (2013). Osmanlı Şehri

Author(s): Harun Biçakci / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 62/2019

Review of: Cansever, Turgut (2013). Osmanlı Şehri, İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 240 s., ISBN: 978-605-114-1633, Review by: Harun Biçakci

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Tuna Ötesi ve Yukarı Macaristan Bölgelerinde Osmanlı-Habsburg Sınır Çatışmaları (1567-1580)

Author(s): Mehmet Solak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 61/2019

The Ottoman Empire regarded the Danubian basin as the abode of war in the 16th century. Therefore, she continuously expanded the field of dominance over the Danubian water region in Hungary and Croatia. The Habsburg Monarchy counteracted this Turkish threat by establishing a border defense system extending from the Adriatic Sea to the Carpathians. This defense system consisted of chief (head) captainships which were distinct military-administrative zones in the geographies of Hungary and Croatia. The struggle between the two political powers in the Ottoman-Habsburg border region occurred as the constant mutual (reciprocal) raids (invasions) of the large and small troops. The Ottoman empire took local precautions in the border defense so as to remove the arising atmosphere of non-confidence. This study has examined (focused on) the precautions taken by the Ottoman Empire in the border defense by eliciting the raids into the Ottoman territories carried out by the Habsburg Monarchy between 1567-1580 .

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OSMANLI DÖNEMİ GELİNLİKLERİ VE GELİN BAŞLIKLARI

Author(s): Şöhret Aktepe,Elvin Erol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 5/2019

Special day dresses were used in the Ottoman period. Bindallı dresses, the western effect of the long skirt and coat of clothing was left. Skirts, jackets; Atlas was made of silk fabrics such as taffeta and suede. It is composed of skirts with skirts and jackets with a very long tail that are made in Atlas style. The clothing of Ottoman women is an art product that is delighted with all the features of needle and thread. Fabrics, used patterns, embroideries, head decorations, veils and hot-coats as a whole when taken in harmony with women's clothes would provide integrity. Today, special day dresses, headdresses and veils are hand-made by adapting to the present day. Social status and the wealth of materials used affect the work done.

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Osmanlı Devleti’nde Siyasi Bir Rejim Algısı Olarak Sultanizm ve Eleştirisi

Author(s): Daman CANSOY / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2019

The research on the Ottoman Empire, which holds an important place in history, especially, the research done on political philosophy has a one-sided and one-way point of view. These also include the political regime of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was created within an historical process under dynamic conditions and not within a static state. In this context, instead of addressing the political regime of the Ottoman Empire from a historical perspective with a dynamic and transformational process, but passing it off as a sultan regime, does not comply with scientific ethics. Firstly, in the study, the conceptual framework of the subject is given, what the political regime means, and the dynamic process it has undergone to date has been handled in the context of examples and causal relations. Then, the existing scattered classifications of political regimes in the literature were tried to be collected under a single and static framework.

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Tek Şehir İki Seyyah; İbrahim Hamdi ve Evliya Çelebi’ye Göre Babadağı Şehri

Author(s): Fatma Altıok / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

The city of Babadağı is located in Romania today was concurred by the under Ottomans rule in 1416 during the period of Çelebi Mehmed period. This city was destroyed during the period of Vlad Tepeş (Vlad the Impaler). But it was revived period of Bayezid II. The city was namedith Baba Saltuk as well as the name of Babadağı. Babadağı, which has the status of an army city due to its location, remained under Ottoman rule until 1878 with Berlin agreement. The city of Babadağı had a great importance in terms of its location, demographic and cultural character, as well as its harboring of Sarı Saltık which is an important religious figure in Ottoman culture. The city has been visited frequently visited due to the fact that the road route was on a busy line. Evliya Çelebi and Bartınlı İbrahim Hamdi Efendi are two travelers who visit and observe the city. They who came to the city on an eighty year apart observed two different city from different perspective. The difference in their narratives about the city reveals the change and transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Eighty-year process is also reflected in the perception and expression of the two travelers. This article describe the similarities and differences between two travelers visiting Babadağı, a border town, at different times and observations on the city.

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Balkan Tarihi’nin XIX. Asrında Yaşanan Bir Sorun: Adanmış Manastırlar Meselesi

Author(s): Hadi Belge / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

For places such as Athos Mountain, Jerusalem-i Sharif and Mount Sinai (Egypt) where the monastery communities were concentrated in the Ottoman Empire, Wallachia and Bogdan (Moldovia) had a special importance. Because the monasteries in question had foundations in these lands. These monasteries, many of which were dedicated to the important names of the history of Christianity, reap the revenues of these lands allocated for them, with the help of special officers whom they were assigned to. In the period when the administration of Eflak and Bogdan was given to Fenerlian Greeks, the land devoted to dedicated churches and monasteries was enlarged to almost 11% of all the land of Wallachia and Bogdan. However, this situation began to change with the influence of the political conditions of the 19th century. In this sense, Alexandru Ioan Cuza's being a Wallachian-Bogdan Prince can be regarded as a turning point. As a matter of fact, the policy of expropriation by the Prince Cuza, supported by France, caused a great debate between the administration of Wallachia and Bogdan and the Orthodox temples under the patronage of the Greek Patriarchate. In this study, The Problem of Dedicated Monasteries which has not been evaluated in terms of Ottoman dimension and archival documents will be dealt with so that the sensitivity of the Ottoman Empire towards Christian subjects and policies related to Balkan countries will be analyzed. Nevertheless, in an age when matters related to the Holy Places can be considered as a matter of war, the Ottoman Empire, which faced a similar problem, will examine how it pursues the solution of this problem.

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Halepli Paul’un Seyahatnamesine Göre Sibirya

Author(s): İsmail Bülbül / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2018

Travel books consist of experiences of pilgrims throughout their journey depending on various reasons. They keep record what they see, practice and heard. These books are important sources giving significant information about locals and the geography where pilgrims visit although books are shaped in accordance with their emotions and thoughts. This paper evaluates that information about Siberia which was provided by Paul of Aleppo during the journey of his father, Macarius, was known as the Patriarch of Antioch Greek-Orthodox Church. This paper consists of three sections; namely, introduction, the overview of Paul biography and his Works and conclusion. This paper puts forward how non-Muslim Arab who was a local of the Middle East perceived Siberia. Although he some times used imperialist narrative in parallel to Russian policy in Siberia, he adopted objectivity mostly.

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XX. Yüzyıl Başlarında Ertuğrul Sancağında İpek Üretimi

Author(s): Halim Demiryürek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2018

Ertuğrul Sanjak, founded in 1885, consisted of Söğüt, İnegöl and Yenişehir qazas, with the center being Bilejik. In Bilejik having a wide range of mulberry fields many silk workshops have been opened. Most of the manufacturing plants belonged to non-Muslims, especially to Armenians. Workers who was working at these factories in Bursa and Bilecik had a strike action in 1910. The World war I process led to the shutdown of a number of factories. This article focuses on the silk industry around Bilecik in the late Ottoman period.

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Osmanlı Devleti’nin II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Demiryolu Politikaları 1908-1914

Author(s): Nesrin Kanberoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2018

With the modern and widespread use of railway in Europe, this new type of transport had aroused curiosity in the Ottoman Empire and both the sultans and the statesmen wanted to bring the railway network to the country for economic and political reasons. However, the lack of sufficient capital, experience and equipment to construct railway network led the invitation of foreign investors that had the same meaning as opening the country to exploitation. The administrators of constitutional period, who believed in the necessity of railway network but were aware that this was a means of exploitation of the Empire, wanted to continue this work differently from the policies of Sultan Abdülhamid, but time and experience brought them to the similar point. Despite the riots and wars had occurred, construction of the railways continued by making concessions.

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Şah Cihan Döneminde Babürlü-Safevi Diplomatik İlişkileri

Author(s): Cihan Oruç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2018

In this current study, it will be attempted to review diplomatic relations between the Baburid and Safavid within the period of Shah Jahan. İt can be seen that during the Shah Jahan period, the course of relations between the two sides and the language which was used in these relationships varied depending on which of these states held Kandahar. At first, it will be attempted to understand what kind of diplomatic superiority Shah Jahan tried to establish, in the first phase of the reign, on Shah Safi who held Kandahar. Secondly, it will be focused on the efforts of the Empire of Babur which took Kandahar to receive the support of the Safavids against the Bukhara Khanate. The following part is about how Shah Jahan had used diplomacy to provide Safavid’s neutrality when Nazir Mohammed, who was the ruler of the cities of Belh and Badakhshan of dominated by Bukhara Khanate, asked for Shah Abbas II’s alliance against Baburids. Finally, it will be mentioned why Shah Jahan suspended the diplomatic relations unilaterally despite the efforts of Shah Abbas II. to maintain.

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Maarif Vekâleti İhsaiyat Mecmuasına Göre 1925-1926 Ders Senesinde Balıkesir Hususi Mektepleri

Author(s): M. Serhan Yücel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2018

Foreign schools, minority schools and private schools, which constitute an important part of the educational institutions in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, hold a considerable place for evaluating the educational policies of the period. These schools started to lose their importance since the first years of the republic, many of them closed due to financial impossibility. Despite the support for minority schools and foreign schools of the foreign states and religious institutions such as church, the impact of the education policy applied in the first years of the republic was great. The private schools, called the Turkish Private Schools, had a difficulty in sustaining their existence in the first years of the republic because their financial resources were much more inadequate. This circumstance, in which the private schools had, is clearly illustrated in the data presented by the Journal of Statistics, issued by the Ministry of National Education. This study explores the incomes and expenses, the number of students, teachers and classroom, school buildings and fixtures in the province of Balıkesir, which has five of 43 Turkish Private Schools in total that were active all over Turkey in 1925-1926 academic year. We have compared the statistical data in the Journal of Statistics with the other educational institutions in the province of Balıkesir and all over Turkey and have generally assessed the Balıkesir private schools in 1925- 1926.

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AYINTÂBÎ’NİN TERCÜME‐İ TİBYÂN TEFSİRİNİN MUHTEVA VE METOD BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Author(s): Orhan İyibilgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2014

The Commentary of Terceme-i Tibyan was written by Muhammed b. Hamza el-Ayntabi ed-Debbağ, who was also known as Tefsîrî Mehmet Efendi, upon the will of Sultan IV. Mehmed. The Sultan wanted Ayıntâbî to translate Koran, the original of which is in Arabic, into Turkish and explain the secrets, unique truths, metaphors and graceful examples of it. After Ayntabi wrote the Commentary, he presented it to the Sultan and the the people. We realized that some of the commentaries of Tercüme-i Tibyân in our library were recorded in the name of Şeyhülislam Debbağzâde Muhammed b. Mahmud. We also came across that in some bibliography sources, the commentary of Tercüme-i Tibyân was recorded among the Works of Şeyhülislam Debbağzâde Muhammed b. Mahmud. We determined that the commentaries of Tercüme-i Tibyân which was recorded in the name of Şeyhülislam Debbağzâde Muhammed b. Mahmud in our libraries was actually the commentary of Tercüme-i Tibyân which belonged to Muhammed b. Hamza el-Ayıntâbî ed-Debbağ. We determined that in the bibliography sources, this commentary was recorded among the works of Şeyhülislam Debbağzâde Muhammed b. Mahmud by mistake, in fact its author was Muhammed b. Hamza el-Ayıntâbî ed-Debbağ. Ayntabi wrote the commentary using the quotations from Begavi’s, Razi’s and Beydavi’s commentaries. He, when needed, used some other quotations, too. We also identified that this commentary wasn’t the translation of Hızır b. Abdurrahman el-Ezdi’s Tibyân commentary. In our study we evaluated resources of the commentary, the content and the method which Ayntabi followed while writing the commentary of Tercüme-i Tibyân by giving information. The information about the writer of Tercüme-i Tibyân and its interpreter was clarified. Besides, in our study we enlightened the position of this commentary /Tercüme-i Tibyân in the Commentary Activities in the Ottoman Age.

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OSMANLIDA HUZUR DERSİ ÖRNEKLERİ TAHLİL VE TENKİTLİ TEFSİR METNİ NEŞİRLERİ

Author(s): Aydın Temizer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2013

The lessons, which have been performed in the presence of the Ottoman sultans on the exegesis of the Quran, called Lessons of Huzur-ı Humaayuun. The good example of these lessons was the tafseer lesson on the 31st verse of Sura al-A‘raf, which presented by al-Hajj Umar Lutfi Efendi in the presence of the sultan Abdul-Hamid, the Second. In this lesson performed in the Islamic month of Ramadan in 1293, eighteen questions were directed to Umar Lutfi Efendi after he completed the presentation. All of these questions were almost related to the subjects of language.

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STRESZCZENIE DIARIUSZA WOJENNEGO KAZIMIERZA DŁUŻEWSKIEGO Z LAT 1683–1696

Author(s): Zbigniew Hundert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Kazimierz Dłużewski (died in 1725), was the deputy cup bearer of Chełm, until 1694 a Hussar officer under King John III’s winged Hussar banner, afterwards a lieutenant of a light cavalry banner, and a participant of the Polish-Turkish war of 1683–1699. He wrote a diary which survived only in the form of a summary. Dłużewski described in it military actions from the period of 1683–1696, i.e. from the relief of Vienna to Baranowski confederation. A current edition of this diary is based on the manuscript from the Zamojski Library (Biblioteka Ordynacji Zamoyskiej).

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1844 ve 1846 TARİHLİ ÇANKIRI CİZYE DEFTERLERİNE GÖRE ÇANKIRI’DA GAYRİMÜSLİMLER

Author(s): Burak Kocaoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2018

The Ottoman State gave embezzlement status to these people in order to determine the legal status of non-Muslims. The state of embezzlement is considered by the state as a trust of God and the life, property and honor security of these individuals are taken under the responsibility of the state. They were also exempted from military service by Muslims. In the Ottoman Empire, which is an important representative of the tradition of the Turkish-Islamic State, the Non- Muslim men paying taxes constitute one of the important income sources of the state. The state has regularly registered Non-Muslims who are taxpayers in their books to protect this income source and prevent possible loss of income. These books are a very important source of the socio-economic status of non-Muslims living in the Ottoman State. Taxpayers in books There are a lot of information about personal information of Non-Muslims, as well as the physical characteristics of the taxpayers and their economic status. We will try to show the situation of the Non-Muslims who lived in Çankırı (Center) after the briefing of the short-term tax and book books in this study, based on the books of 1844 and 1846.

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“el-Mevhibetü’l-ilâhiyye ve’l-‘atıyyetü’s-sübhâniyye” ADLI ESERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE İSKİLİPLİ YUSUF EFENDİ’NİN TEFSİR ANLAYIŞI

Author(s): İhsan Kahveci / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2006

Yusuf Efendi al-Iskilibi, who was born in Iskilip and brought up in Istanbul, was an eighteenth-century Ottoman scholar. Known as “Iskilibi logician (mantıqi) and sermon-giver (waiz)”, Yusuf Efendi worked as a professor (mudarris) in Suleymaniye and Sahn Saman Madreses and a sermon-giver in Suleymaniye and Fatih Mosques. One of his important works is his exegetical work, titled as al-Mawhibat al-ilahiyya wa al-atiyyat as-subhaniyye. This work has not been published yet and comprised of 637 folios. This is not a complete tafsir work but deals only with the exegesis of the suras from az-Zilzal to an-Nas. Given the limited number of suras this work engages in, it is a voluminous work. Yusuf Efendi pays a great attention to the linguistic analysis and literary aspect of given ayas, citations from early authorities and hadith literature. One of the factors that makes it a large work is its sermon character. This fact leads him usually to digress in his interpretations from the point in question and extensively engages in topics such as the birth of Prophet Muhammad and religiously significant nights. In his interpretations Yusuf Efendi closely followed the Hanafi views in legal matters and Maturidi views in theological issues. He also stresses the Sunni positions in his exegesis and refutes non-Sunni views including Mu‘tazila, Jabriyya. In most cases he names the sources for his quotations.

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SON DÖNEM OSMANLI ALİMLERİNDEN MEHMED ZİHNİ EFENDİ’NİN HAYATI VE ESERLERİ

Author(s): Hamza Ermiş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2005

Mahmad Zihni Efendi (1846-1913) who had lived in the last period of Ottoman State is an important Islamic scholar and Arabic teacher. He undertook many important duties and prepared valuable works in his lifetime. In this study, his life and works are dealt with.

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TÂHIRÜ’L-MEVLEVÎ VE CENGİZ VE HÜLÂGÛ MEZÂLİMİ ADLI ESERI

Author(s): H. Ahmet Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2005

The Mongol invasion can be considered as one of the most interesting events in general World history, particularly in Islamic history. As a result of it, almost all Turkish Muslims living in Central Asia had to move to Anatolia, where they had established the Ottoman Empire. The relation of Mongols with the Ottoman Turks had been based on the enmity. However, in the years before the World War I, due to the spread of the West currents among the Ottoman intelligentsia, there appeared some studies dealing with the relationship between the Turks and the Mongols, and the resemblance of these two nations in linguistics and cultural area. Some Muslim historians, disappointed from most of these studies, and in turn they also published some articles about this matter. Taheer al-Mawlawi, in particular, issued a series of article entitled as “to the Muslim soldier”. In these articles, he gathered most of the accounts that had been recorded by Muslim historians, and he also cited the Mongol cruelty and collected them under the title “Cengiz ve Hülâgû Mezalimi” (The cruelties of Genghis and Hulagu), [1906, Istanbul]. His work is regarded as a good concise work on Mongol invasion, in particular against the Islamic World.

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