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Северна Тракия – случаи на миграции и депортации през ХV – ХVІІ в. и техният исторически контекст

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Северна Тракия – случаи на миграции и депортации през ХV – ХVІІ в. и техният исторически контекст

Author(s): Damian Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The aim of the discourse is to add informatively, so far as it is possible, and contextualize direct and indirect records from initial document sources for the status and the settlement of ethnocultural communities, different from the Bulgarian (Tartarian, Serbian, Hungarian – for instance), in Northern Thrace in the period XV – XVII century. In this way a segment of the common reconstruction of the processes of ethnodemographic and settlement dynamics in the defined geographic perimeter will be build.

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Селджукски турци в Добруджа през XIII век?

Author(s): Hristo Matanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2010

This article is about the migration and the settling down of Seljuk Turks in the Bulgarian region that received the name Dobrudja after becoming part of the Ottoman empire. Professor Hristo Matanov is following the notion stated in the article and gives arguments concerning its authenticity.

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Семейна структура на населението по българското Черноморие през ХІХ в. (до 1878 г.)

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Семейна структура на населението по българското Черноморие през ХІХ в. (до 1878 г.)

Author(s): Daniela Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

This article presents the development of the family and households structure of the population inhabiting Bulgarian Black Sea coast in the 19th century. The analysis of the source material allows to identify the characteristics of this demographic structure in the contact zone of the Black Sea. At the end of the studied period there are features of marital status structure that began to be imposed in Bulgaria in the early 20th century. The region is characterized by a gradual upward trend in nuclear families.

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Сеоска насеља у Подунављу и Посавини Србије и јужне Угарске у 15. и првој трећини 16. века

Author(s): Aleksandar Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 52/2005

The Danube and Sava rivers formed the border between Serbia and Hungary until 1459, and, subsequently, between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary (1459-1526). As a result of the frequent wars and of the policy, pursued by both contesting states, of the colonization of proper territories and the depopulation of the enemy territories, the population in the frontier zone along both sides of the Danube and the Sava changed several times in the course of the latter half of the fifteenth century and the early decades of the sixteenth century. On the other hand, the geographical features of the Danube and Sava regions, consisting predominantly of flat, lowland or undulating terrain, the big rivers Danube and Sava and their numerous tributaries, as well as the network of important overland and river communications, offered favourable conditions for human life. The Serbian and Hungarian diplomatic records and the earliest Ottoman censuses make it possible for us to reconstruct the distribution of and the duration of habitation in the villages in the Danubian and Sava regions in Serbia (Macva, Kucevo, Branicevo) and in southern Hungary (Srem and southern Banat). The Ottoman censuses also provide information on the number of households in individual villages, which makes it possible to estimate the total number of inhabitants in a particular village or region. Thus it can be established that a number of villages in northern Serbia continued to exist after the Ottoman conquest in 1459 (68% of the villages in the Branicevo district). The density of population and the size of the villages varied from one area to another, and were determined, at least in the case of northern Serbia, by war operations rather than natural conditions. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized villages (6-20 and 20-40 households respectively) predominated. The area of Lucica was the only one in which as many as a fourth of the villages consisted of 40 to 60 households in 1476. The number of very small villages (1-5 households) varied, depending on the region, between 6.5% and 33%. There were only four villages with more than 100 households in the entire Serbian part of the Danubian region. In the Serbian stretch of the Sava region, the majority (65% - 75%, depending on the area) of the villages existing in 1528-1533 belonged to the category of small villages. The population density in the territory of southwestern Banat amounted to a mere 30% of the population density in Srem in the late Middle Ages. That was mainly due to the natural conditions, i.e. numerous marshes and a large expanse of sandy soil. Archaeological evidence shows that the inhabitants of the late mediaeval villages in the Serbian parts of the Danubian and Sava regions lived in partly sunken or above-ground dwellings made of wood or wattle and daub and covered with reeds.

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СЕЋАЊА АЋИМА ЈЕЛИЋА НА ДОГАЂАЈЕ У КОЧАНИМА У ЛЕТО 1912. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Biljana Vučetić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 43/2022

This paper presents Aćim Jelić’s recollections of events which occurred in Kočani in August 1912, just before the outbreak of the First Balkan War. Jelić was a teacher, school administrator, and one of the important actors of the Serbian national movement in the Ottoman Empire. In this text the author comments on the events and people in Kočani, before and after the explosion of two bombs in the Kočani markets. Jelić’s memories represent a valuable historical source, which refers to an event that resonated with the European public. This historical source is in the legacy of Aćim Jelić’s grandson, Mr. Miroljub Todorović, a writer from Belgrade.

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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.

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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.

Author(s): Damian Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

The text aims to present a translation of a document from September 1451, defining the boundaries of the land of Krichim as mulk of the Grand Vizier Chanderli Khalil Pasha, contextualizing the information in it with the published and commented so far about the region as the economic base of the mulk. Waqf, as well as a horizontal structure in which interactions between the settlement and the network of religious infrastructure are visible.

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Скопскиoт Санџак и администрацијата (1750 – 1800)

Author(s): Mehmet İnbaşı / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2020

This text presents the history of the city of Skopje during the Ottoman rule and especially analyzing the administrative establishment of the Skopje Sandzak until the end of the 18th century. Based on previously unpublished archive material of Ottoman provenance, the text offers a list of governors of the Skopje Sandzak in the period from 1756 to 1791. Thus, for the first time, the names of the mutasarrifs of the Skopje Sandzak are presented, which gives the idea of how the administrative establishment of the Sandzaks functioned at that time on a wider territory. Also, the list of mutasarifs of the Skopje Sandzak shows that they were quite often replaced, indicating that the Ottoman Empire at that time had serious problems with stabilizing its power in the Balkan Peninsula, especially after several unsuccessful wars with Russia and Austria.

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Славка Драганова. Количествен анализ на овцевъдството в българските земи под османска власт от средата на XIX в. до Освобождението. София, Издателство на БАН, 1993. 304 с.

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Славка Драганова. Количествен анализ на овцевъдството в българските земи под османска власт от средата на XIX в. до Освобождението. София, Издателство на БАН, 1993. 304 с.

(Quantitative Analysis o f Sheep Breeding in the Bulgarian Lands under Ottoman Rule from the Mid-I9th c. to the Liberation)

Author(s): Stoyanka Kenderova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1994

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Слика османске војске у делу једног немуслиманског поданика - Мурадџа Д’Осон и његов Tableau général de l’empire Othoman

Author(s): Bojana Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

Ignacius Muradgea d’Ohsson (1740-1807) was a little-known non-Muslim Ottoman historian and the author of one of the most significant works about Turkish history, the Tableau Général de l’Empire Othoman. This book was written and published during his sojourn in Paris in three luxurious in folio volumes, designed for Western European Christian aristocrats. Muradgea claimed that, unlike the writings of previous historians, his opus was based on Ottoman sources. In addition, he insisted that everything that had previously been written about the Ottomans was false. Tableau Généralis no ordinary history, but an overview of the Turkish government institutions, ceremonies, and customs. Muradgea wrote about the Ottoman Army in a section that describes contemporary Ottoman institutions in the second half of the 18th century. All corps of the continental troops, including naval forces, were exhaustively listed. On the one hand, Tableau gives considerable information on the origins of the military units, particularly the Janissaries. The author considered them one of the most important factors of the former Ottoman power, but also a threat to state stability and the security of its subjects. Also, he emphasized obsolete Turkish military technology and the poor education of the officer corps. The only way to restore Ottoman military forces, according to the author, was the reform that could be carried out by an enlightened sultan. That sultan was in fact Selim III (1789-1807), a founder of the New Army (Nizâmi Cedîd), in whose activities d’Ohsson had been included as a consultant for his knowledge of the western military model. Despite Muradgea has rarely impersonated historical events, he devoted a lot of space to the 1774 terms of peace in Kucukkajnardja between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, subtly underlining the danger of Russia. On the other hand, his descriptions are often full of completely irrelevant details, while the basic information on the issue is missing. Frequently, his information about the troop numbers is incomplete or inaccurate. Although he had insisted on army reform, he mentioned military changes in the time of Selim III (Nizâmı Cedîd, for example) only a few times or he did not mention it at all (e.g., in the case of the establishment of the Imperial military engineering school in 1795, in which he had participated). However, with all these imperfections, Tableau Général is a unique work in the historiography of the Ottoman Empire, providing a positive view of the Turks, which was a rarity in Christian Europe. In sum, this study provides insight into all the corps of the Ottoman Army and indicates its problems and struggles in the 18th century.

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Софийският санджак в османската миграционна политика през 60-те–70-те години на XIX век

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Софийският санджак в османската миграционна политика през 60-те–70-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Ventsislav Muchinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2015

The article reviews the migration policy of the Ottoman rule in Sofia district (Sanjak of Sofia) in the 1860s and 1870s. To the Sublime Porte this district had important strategic significance on controlling the provinces inhabited by Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire and on fencing off the anti-Ottoman actions of the neighbouring Principality of Serbia. The article establishes the objectives the Ottoman authorities wanted to achieve with their migration policy, it outlines the main directions of its implementation and analyzes the results achieved.

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Социално-икономически аспекти на соколарството в Румелия през XVI век

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Социално-икономически аспекти на соколарството в Румелия през XVI век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2017

The article analyzes the information on the socio-economic situation of the falconers from the groups of the shahin and cakir falconers, according to the information of two Ottoman registers of 1560. The falconers who served for the inner courtyard falconry service, such as the cakir and shahin falconers from Sofia and Vidin’s sanjak, were among the most privileged. They were exempt from ispence, tithes, and taxes on sheep and beehives. The falconers of the Nikopol and Silistra sanjaks, as well as those of Philibe and Pazardjik kazas, despite of having their office-lands, they paid taxes on sheep and bee hives, and in cases where their plots were in the Doganci-basi timars, they were also taxed with ispence and tithes. When they did not fulfil their service and did not obtain the required certificates, the falconers had to pay the equivalent of the rayet taxes, a large part of which included the fee for a dead bird (falcon) – murde beha. Falconers’ office-lands included fields for planting cereals, vines and meadows. The plots were not very large, but since they were not taxed, in most cases they were enough to feed a household. A group of falconers served only to be exempt from state extraordinary taxes and services. These people were obliged to pay ispence and cizye (jizya), taxes on sheep, pigs and beehives. In most cases these are newly registered falconers or brothers and sons of falconers from old falconers’ families. Despite the differences in status, falconers of all categories had the potential to become an economically active and wealthy social bracket. The exemption from the various components of state extraordinary taxes and services over time became an essential privilege that benefited even falconers without office-lands and taxed with cizye.

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Социодинамика на българо-сръбските културни връзки по време на Възраждането

Author(s): Mónika Farkas Baráti / Language(s): Belarussian Issue: 3-4/2005

The years of Ottoman rule served to isolate the Balkan region from the blossoming Renaissance period in Europe, and consequently the culture of this area was deeply affected by Turkish influences. The study gives a survey of the cultural contacts between Bulgarians and Serbs during the National Revival. Among the Slavs the period of the National Revival and the epoch of the Enlightenment is appearing tardily compared to other European countries. Among the Southern Slavs it starts in the 18th century. Because of its lateness the process is faster (while in Western Europe the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity lasted app. 300 to 400 years, the same process among the Southern Slavs takes 100 years). The Bulgarian and Serbian Renaissance is tightly connected with the war of independence and the revolution, the core motivation being national indepedence and not individual freedom.

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Сподвижниците на Васил Левски пред извънредната съдебно-следствена комисия в София 1872–1873 г.

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Сподвижниците на Васил Левски пред извънредната съдебно-следствена комисия в София 1872–1873 г.

Author(s): Ognyana Mazhdrakova-Chavdarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The proceeding recording of the Special Judicial committee, appointed by the Sublime Porte, reveal the worthy position of Vasil Levski as well as the foresight of his tactics. In comparison to him, the behavior of most of Bulgarians, involved in the Sofia Trial, seems at first to give an idea of mass confessions which are in discordance with their former activity and the oath of safeguarding the revolutionary organization secrets. The records of the interrogatories make a painful impression on the reader. Actually, the preserved Ottoman documents are fragmentary, as the records in them are incomplete. The investigators usually pay special attention to the brave behavior of three more outstanding committee figures besides Levski: Christo Kovachev, Dimitar Pashkov and M. Poplukanov. In the present article, the scrutiny of the records of proceedings reveals the worthy actions of other defendants who make attempts to express the political grounds of the Bulgarian Liberation Cause. Among the records of the extorted personal confessions can be found cases of firmly rejected accusations or attempts to mislead the inquiry in order to free from blame some suspect, to preserve a secret or a committee member who has escaped the prosecution till then. Undoubtedly, the daring words, uttered in court were meant to protect the national aspirations for the liberation of the fatherland from the Ottoman domination, for equality and for a future republic. The main defendants in the trial in Sofia were convicted according to the clauses of the Ottoman Penal Law, dealing with political crimes. The Sublime Porte admits officially the political motives of the patriot’s actions, without easing their sufferings as exiles in Minor Asia. However, this appears to be a new approach to the previous practice of law suiting Bulgarians, accused of rebelliousness. It is well grounded to consider the trial in Sofia 1872-1873, which signed Vasil Levski’s sentence.

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Спорен ли е въпросът за спорните църкви в Македония

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Спорен ли е въпросът за спорните църкви в Македония

Author(s): Rositsa Lelyova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The years after the Ilinden Uprising put to the test the overall work of the Exarchate in Macedonia. One of the levers by which the Ottoman authority tried to sabotage the process of consolidation of the Bulgarian element in the provinces was the principle of preserving the ecclesiastical status quo. After the uprising many villages started leaving the Patriarchate and passing under the jurisdiction of the Exarchate. That was an increasing trend which pushed to the fore the question of the ownership of churches and schools. For many years the problem remained unsolved by the government, whose policy was to maintain the idea on confrontation between patriarchists and exarchists. And after the Young Turk revolution of July 1908 the issue remained on the agenda and the government continued to apply the familiar tactic of delay and transfer of responsibility in this case to the parliament. The decision was taken as late as the summer of 1910 with the adoption of the Law of contentious churches and schools. Although its provisions did not fully meet the legitimate expectations of Bulgarians, they regulated a solution to a problem which albeit artificially created and maintained by the government was quite pressing for the population in the provinces.

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Срби у опсади Филаделфије

Author(s): Marko Šuica / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Soon after the Kosovo battle (1389), new Ottoman sultan Bayezid I Yildirim moved in rush from the region of Balkan Peninsula to Anatolia in order to consolidate his authority and reign. In the next two years, he had led several war campaigns against the Turkish emirates which he had wanted to conquer and include in Ottoman state. At the same time Bayezid I didn’t want to give up on the results of Europe conquest achieved by his father, trying to provide financial and military resources from already subordinated Balkan Christian states. The heirs of prince Lazar have accepted Bayezid’s supremacy by the year 1390. The exact chronology of referral Serbian legation to Ottoman ruler, headed by prince Stefan Lazarević who sworn allegiance and handed over his sister Olivera, as vassalage forfeit, has not been confirmed yet. The crucial argument for taking in consideration the year 1390 as a date when Serbian legation could have come to sultan Bayezids’ camp, could be traced in the Hagiography of Stefan Lazarević by Constantine the Philosopher. According to this source, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II and Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević at certain point have shared the same war experience in Bayezid’s campaigns. If the meeting of vassals in Serres in 1393 is excluded, which could not be considered as the military event, the reconstruction of possible joint participation in Ottoman campaigns leads us to two potential war episodes. The first is related to the siege of Philadelphia in 1390, the last Byzantine town in Anatolia. The second refers to the Ottoman conquest of Synope and Kastamonia from the year 1391. Stefan Lazarević’s possible presence in the Ottoman war camp during the siege of Philadelphia, indirectly constructed from the text of Byzantine historian Duca, some historians have used as the unquestionable fact. On the other hand, one letter from 1391, written by Manuel Paleologus during the mentioned Bayezids’ campaign leaves the hypothetical possibility that Serbian vassal troops, who had been fighting in Anatolia, were recruited from the Stefan Lazarević’s territory. Although it is impossible to give complete and fully reliable testimony of Stefan Lazarević’s formal participation in the conquest of Philadelphia, the confirmed presence of Serbian vassal troops in Anatolian campaigns show that political and social processes derived from the acceptance of Ottoman supremacy among the Balkan states were rampant. In the next historical phase of Ottoman conquests those changes brought to the complete breakdown of Christian states in the Balkans.

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Средновековната крепост и манастир Урвич край София в светлината на български и западноевропейски извори

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Средновековната крепост и манастир Урвич край София в светлината на български и западноевропейски извори

Author(s): Nikolay Ovcharov,Dimitar Stoimenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The two authors dwell on the much commented in recent years interesting medieval Fortress of Urvich near the village of Kokalyane in the vicinity of Sofia. According to the findings of the archaeological excavations, a fortification was built on the steep slope as early as the 4th–6th centuries to safeguard the important road. Abandoned in the time of the Barbarian invasions, it was reconstructed during the First Bulgarian Empire in the 10th–11th centuries. The fortification developed rapidly and flourished particularly during the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12th–14th centuries. There are documents evidencing that Urvich was involved actively in the defence of Sofia against the Ottoman invasion and suffered the same unfortunate fate as the big city. The excavations show that in the 15th–17th centuries an important Christian monastery was founded on the ruins of the fortress; the monastery was burnt to ashes by the Ottomans during the Bulgarian uprisings inspired by the Austro-Turkish Wars in the late 17th – the first half of the 18th centuries. Information from various historical sources on the fate of the Urvich Fortress is gathered and analysed in this article. The earliest is a seal from the 11th century, belonging to the Byzantine aristocrat Nikolay Οὐρβίτζιον – the Greek spelling for the Bulgarian “Urvich”. Worthy of note is the rich Bulgarian folklore tradition, describing the resistance of the Bulgarians against the Ottoman invasion, where the Urvich Fortress is repeatedly mentioned. In this regard, it is mentioned also in the Slavo- Bulgarian History completed in 1762 by Paisius of Hilendar. A definite contribution of the two authors is the discovery that Urvich was mentioned as Oruitro in several Western European travelogues and road maps from the 17th and18th centuries. Their descriptions and designations make it clear that at that time the walls of the ancient fortress were preserved in good height, and that there was a “beautiful monastery” within the walls. This description corresponds and corroborates fully the data from the archaeological excavations.

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Сретен Вукосављевић у борби за национално ослобођење од Турака

Author(s): Momčilo Isić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

Sreten Vukosavljević, a prominent scientist, the founder of sociology of village in Yugoslavia, university professor, fighter against fascism and activist for building a democratic Yugoslavia, early in his career as a teacher, especially after his return from Timočka Krajina to a primary school in Nova Varoš in 1904, proved himself as a true champion of national liberation of his people from the centurieslong Ottoman rule. In April 1912 he became a member of the organization Unification or Death, and soon its leader in Stara Raška. In his struggle he was not reluctant to apply the most radical measures. In spring 1912 he formed a Komita company and took command of it. He crossed the River Lim with that company on 13th September to pursue a Turkish company across Kamena Gora. He got wounded in that battle, but after a short treatment at Ivanjica hospital, he rejoined the fighting. The First Balkan War had already officially begun and he demonstrated remarkable military skills, intelligence and courage in the war. His action during the seizure of Priboj belongs almost to the domain of fantasy.

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Српска војска у османлијским штампаним и рукописним изворима (1881–1915)

Author(s): Jovo Miladinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

During the period 1881 to 1915, the Ottomans wrote and printed about 21 studies of the Army of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. Many of them can be found in libraries in Istanbul, with one in the Central Library of the Atatürk University in Erzurum. This kind of source contains the information and views of the Ottoman officers about Serbian military tactics, military reform movement and organization, dislocation of the units, and all similar military information which helped provide understanding of the development of a potential enemy. One of the sources was written by the Ottomans military attaché who was posted in Belgrade, while some of the sources were simply a translation from French or German. This paper endeavors to identify these sources’ location, their authors, and most importantly, which kind of source was used for writing a book or an article about the military capability of the Serbia. Many of these printed and manuscript sources seem to be little-known to writers, including Turkish historians, of Serbian military history.

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Српска Револуционарна Организација у Османском Царству На Почетку XX Века

Author(s): Biljana Vučetić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2006

The work on the promotion of the national cause in Old Serbia and Macedonia in the early years of the twentieth century was directed from several centres. The revolutionary organization of the Serbs was founded even before 1905, i.e. before it obtained the support of the Serbian Government. Various authors ascribe the role of the first organizers of revolutionary activity in the territory of the Ottoman Empire to various Serbian groups. The greatest importance is generally attached to the revolutionary work organized from Belgrade. The memoirs of Antonije Todorović give us a valuable insight into the developments on the spot, i.e. in Macedonia and Old Serbia. Todorović also discussed moral problems and the role of women and children in the organization, and concluded that the Serbian revolutionary organization functioned, as regards its military, political and educational activities, as a state within the Ottoman Empire. In spite of the geographical dispersion of the Serbian revolutionary committees, and of the frequent disagreements of the activists from the Kingdom of Serbia and those from Macedonia and Old Serbia, it became necessary that their work should be coordinated. The support extended by the Serbian Government to the chetnik movement and the atmosphere created in Old Serbia and Macedonia contributed substantially to Serbia's successes in the Balkan Wars.

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СРПСКО СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНО ПЛЕМСТВО У БАНАТУ

Author(s): Saša B. Jašin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2015

Serbian medieval nobility lived in Banat and conducted its activity to the conquest of Banat by the Ottoman Empire. In this new historical circumstances demographic charter of Banat significantly changed, a Serbian elite layer began to play an important role in the life of Hungarian monarchy. It is of great importance to point out that the Serbian nobility in Banat is legitimate nobility of the Hungarian crown and that their kinship sought to yourself and Serbian people bound for the then most powerful european noble family and especially with the imperial house of Orthodox Russia.

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