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Russian revolutions of 1917 still attract the attention of the historians. Was Russia able to avoid those cataclysms? Why was the Proletarian revolution accomplished in an undeveloped rural country? These and many other questions have answers sought in the perspicacious books of the Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. He is the man who saw the truth that the revolution was the internal destiny of the Russian people and that Bolshevism could only be defeated with intellectual overcoming and not with guns.
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The Russian Consulate General in Ruse has contributed to the enrichment of Bulgarian literature. The results are not due to formal recommendations and instructions by the Asian Department and the embassy in Constantinople. Above all, they depend on the personal inclinations, beliefs and efforts of some of the Russian diplomats closely related to the Slavophile circles. Since its foundation, the Russian Consulate in Ruse, later General, is formed as a book-spreading centre for church literature and in the 70s of the 19th century plays an active role in the translation and publishing of Russian literature into Bulgarian language.
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Ignorance towards world history can lead to severe distortions in the national psyche. Even today, Bulgarians either rejoice as the greatest nation, surrounded by enemies, for some reason, or as a hopelessly lagging nation. The book offers the most fateful events and processes from the history of mankind in the twentieth century. During this century, people entered space, found the computer but at the same time faced the threat of nuclear self-destruction and were struck by a new type of plague known as AIDS. The planet became narrow. Clothing, life-style and food are uniform. The globalization, symbolized by both McDonald's fast food and Chinese restaurants, has its furious opponents, but also enthusiastic followers. Current Handbook aims to acquaint students with those historical events and processes in the history of Europe and the world in the twentieth century that directly impact human civilization, and the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, the approach is not typical for historical science - events and processes are not chronologically but problem-based considered.
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The aim of the text is to create a prosopographical portrait of the merchant-entrepreneurs from the Danubian town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian National Revival period. I will shed light on merchants’ family background, education, individual qualities, etc. Most of the merchants were born in Svishtov. On the other hand, there are persons who fled from their native places and settled down in Svishtov. Some of them chose to settle in Svishtov in order to find better prospects for professional realization and peaceful life. Often these people are not highly educated, although there are some exceptions. Despite the lack of high and/or specialized education, they compensate with their individual qualities such as natural intelligence, resourcefulness, diligence, perseverance and honesty. They used “strategic marriages” to preserve, and to extend their wealth. They created entrepreneurial networks through which exchanged information with their relatives, acquaintances and friends. They used commercial and personal letters. Some of them were fluent in foreign languages. They used different kinds of commercial ledgers. They managed to benefit from the advantages brought to them by the economic situation in the 18th and 19th centuries. All of them participate, according to their abilities, in the public life of their native Svishtov.
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The article is devoted to the role of life stories in the study of the family of theBessarabian Bulgarians. The eyewitnesses’ stories (or the stories of their loved ones)contain various appreciations, experiences, feelings, values, and meanings whichallow the reconstruction of their world. The study is based on the life stories collectedduring field ethnographic expeditions conducted in 2009-2010 in villages witha predominant or significant Bulgarian population in the Republic of Moldova andUkraine.The life stories are an invaluable source for the study of the Bessarabian familyin traditional and contemporary perspective. Sharing them requires a climate of trustbetween the respondents and the researcher. The life stories represent a collection ofselected facts and episodes, in which many hidden, suppressed and forgotten thingsremain beyond the narrative. Because of their subjective character, the family is representedin an estimative and emotional way enabling the identification of the trendsin its development and the judgement of its values and morals.
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In the moment of creating of new state quality of life in Yugoslavia was quite opposite from the expectations of its inhabitans. Different circumstances contributed to the fact that it was not capable to satisfy even its modest needs thus contributing to certain disillusions of rich and self-sufficient state. In situation marked by constant lack of finances parliamentary debates over the amount of state budget and its distribution questions related to defense expenditure always caused bitter controversies. Opposition parties mostly considered military expenditures as excessive and unnecessary not taking into consideration realities of Yugoslav position in international relations as well conditions within the army as well its needs. Ruling parties were pressed by the demands for reduction of military in general as well shortening of service period, development of air force or navy at the expense of ground forces, reductions of officer’s salary supplements, serving in areas closer to the actual places of residence, budget support to the local authorities for the maintenance of army barracks. Defense ministries considered saving measures were already bringing results on everyday basis, while certain changes could not be undertaken due to the provisions of ruling laws, and that some of them already distorted normal functioning of the armed forces. Many of these remarks were exaggerated and motivated by political interests, while remarks on the subject of underdevelopment of navy and air forces were contradictory with demands for reductions of defense budget.
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The article traces the multifaceted activity of prof. M. Drinov as a public figure and scientist to legitimize Sofia as the capital of Bulgaria. The emphasis is on revealing the sound scientific justification of Drinov’s idea. “The Sofia line” in his writings is traced in all his works where he argues that it is Sofia that is the geographical, historical, spiritual, cultural and social center of Bulgaria.
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The study examines the social characteristics of the clergy in the kaza (region) of Razlog in the early twentieth century. Based on the register of local parish priests from 1910, the main socio-economic indicators of the clergy are traced: age, marital status, ordination circumstances, years of service, church hierarchy, origin and heredity of the profession, education, parish size, annual income. The regional peculiarities of the clergy in the context of the general data on the Bulgarian priests in Macedonia in the beginning of the XX century are outlined.
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The proceeding recording of the Special Judicial committee, appointed by the Sublime Porte, reveal the worthy position of Vasil Levski as well as the foresight of his tactics. In comparison to him, the behavior of most of Bulgarians, involved in the Sofia Trial, seems at first to give an idea of mass confessions which are in discordance with their former activity and the oath of safeguarding the revolutionary organization secrets. The records of the interrogatories make a painful impression on the reader. Actually, the preserved Ottoman documents are fragmentary, as the records in them are incomplete. The investigators usually pay special attention to the brave behavior of three more outstanding committee figures besides Levski: Christo Kovachev, Dimitar Pashkov and M. Poplukanov. In the present article, the scrutiny of the records of proceedings reveals the worthy actions of other defendants who make attempts to express the political grounds of the Bulgarian Liberation Cause. Among the records of the extorted personal confessions can be found cases of firmly rejected accusations or attempts to mislead the inquiry in order to free from blame some suspect, to preserve a secret or a committee member who has escaped the prosecution till then. Undoubtedly, the daring words, uttered in court were meant to protect the national aspirations for the liberation of the fatherland from the Ottoman domination, for equality and for a future republic. The main defendants in the trial in Sofia were convicted according to the clauses of the Ottoman Penal Law, dealing with political crimes. The Sublime Porte admits officially the political motives of the patriot’s actions, without easing their sufferings as exiles in Minor Asia. However, this appears to be a new approach to the previous practice of law suiting Bulgarians, accused of rebelliousness. It is well grounded to consider the trial in Sofia 1872-1873, which signed Vasil Levski’s sentence.
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published by PROSVETA (Belgrade 1946). // This book is a selection from those articles by Tihomir Đorđević which present mostly cultural opportunities in Serbia a hundred years ago. The articles are taken from the books "Our People's Life", "The Serbia of King Milos" and from a literary supplement "Politika". All articles were published as published by Tihomir Djordjevic; only a few shorter places have been left out, which have a very close character. As the book is intended for a wider circle of readers, references and sources are reduced to a minimum.
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С иредговором Милована Ђиласа
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This work shows that Magyarization dates back to the Middle Ages, and that it was associated with the Magyars’ plan to turn the multinational Hungary into a monoethnic Magyar state, using any means available, even though by the end of the eighteenth century the number of Magyars in the country amounted to less than one third of the population. Even at that time, it was almost a common fact that the Magyars showed awareness that this process is what keeps them unified at all times. In their struggle for survival, the self-preservation instinct made Slavic people on the Hungarian soil as well as the Romanians, develop the power to resist assimilation, whereas the Germans of the region, except for the Transylvanian Saxons, showed no such resistance; in Germans, it wouldn’t start to form until 1848. In its initial stages, the prime purpose of Magyarization was to magyarize the original names of places. Just for how long that was the case will be explained elsewhere. The facts became even clearer when the sources started to reveal more detailed accounts of the initial phases of Magyarization, as well as of its later developments. The Magyars soon turned their policy towards magyarizing personal names of the previously mentioned peoples , especially the Slovaks. The policy of Magyarizing the Slavs was a matter of cooperation with the Vatican, but later it went on to cause misunderstandings between them, although it never led to any conflicts, or separation.
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The paper is devoted to the historical striving of the Republic of Tatarstan to strengthen its legal status through sociological and economic self-determination. Prerequisites for this situation were analyzed. Tatarstan has distinguished itself as a leader of democratic federalism and an asymmetric federation of Russia. The development of Tatarstan was initiated in the early 1990s. An expert approach is required to evaluate the political and legal situation and the steps taken by the Tatarstan government and parliamentarians to adopt the key legal acts. The idea that the legal institutionalization of the status of Tatarstan in the early 1990s was determined by the activity of the academic and scientific community, which was represented by researchers, lecturers, and graduates of the Faculty of Law of Kazan University, was discussed. It was concluded that the principled position of the Tatarstan government supported by the active participation of lecturers and graduates of the Faculty of Law, who acted as parliamentarians and experts, was the potential that determined the consistency of the fundamental legal acts underlying the establishment of the legal status of Tatarstan as a subject of the democratic federation.
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There are several basic structures of the population, which describe the connection between its demographic and economic development. Determinative among them are the occupation and industrial structures of the social-economic activity. The current work aims to determine the influence which the demographic potential of a specific territory exerts on its economic development. To achieve this goal we trace the chronological dynamics of the main elements of these structures, the tendencies in the dynamics and the factors which define them. The analysis of the source material allows us to determine the demographic state which testifies to a set of events which are typical for the transition to capitalistic forms of production. These events, though, have restricted influence for accomplishing this transition within the studied period.
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The archives of Bulgarian entrepreneurs from the National revival period contain valuable primary sources that allow us to investigate different issues. Such is the situation with the documentary collections of brothers Hristo, Nichola and Ivan Todorovi Pulievi, and their relatives Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi. One can find in those primary sources information concerning the division of the Bulgarian lands in the production of certain agricultural and craft goods; for little-known or unknown businessmen, for commercial practices, for certain events of regional and national scale. Some of the problems mentioned above have been the subject of scientific interest and research, but there are still “white fields” that deserve attention.
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This article reviews the new management strategy processes of internalization of cultural property gifted person in terms of nation-building in Ukraine. The author of the study based on the best domestic and international experience gained in a designated area. To define the modern strategies of management of the internalization processes of cultural properties of gifted person in terms of nation-building in Ukraine, the author of the article conducted sociological studies, which included questionnaires and oral interviews talented students in higher educational institutions of Ukraine. In this process we used the method of conversation. The sample was 2500 people. Gifted students should have not only the appropriate knowledge and information from the literature, but they also should have the specific skills of evaluation, analysis, systemizing, using their knowledge in practice. This is an integral part of such thing as reading culture. The first category of respondents conventionally have been attributed to the "humanities." The question "What subjects do you most enjoy watching?". The 37% of respondents answered that they had liked the humanities. The second category of gifted students were the "artists." Among the 32% of respondents preferred subjects of art and artistic cycle such as piano, vocal, choral conducting, visual arts, choreography, design etc. The third category were "economists and lawyers" (the 7% of them preferred subjects of economic and the 5 % of them preferred the jurisprudential cycle), and the fourth one were "naturalists, scientists", 19% of them called subjects of science series such physics, The 41.1% of the respondents "humanitarians", answering the questionnaire "What book edition do you prefer?" called fiction, the 17% of them called books on art, art history, the 11.1% of them named the educational one, the 7% of them named the scientific popular publications, the 5.3% of them – socio-economic literature, the 3,2% of them – religious one, the 3.1% of them – books and textbooks, the 2,6% of them – natural scientific literature, the 2%of them – philosophical, the 2.2% of them – literature on cultural studies, the 2.1% of them – political, the 1.5% of them – technical, the 0.95% of them – art literature, the 0,85% of them – psychological. The question was 'What genres and topics you prefer to book literature?" The humanists said that they are most interested in classics (14.6%), poetry (9.2%), historical novel (8.7%), realistic story (7.3%), modern fiction (6.8%). The 6.5% of respondents like adventure, 6,4% – scientific fiction and fantasy, 5.5% – the modern novel, 5% – drama, the 4.6% of respondents admired detectives. In reading the 3.7% of respondents the specialty books dominate in such spheres historical – 3.3%, 3.2% – on religious subjects, 3.1% – political stories, 2.9% – horror and mysticism, 2 5% – melodrama (female romance). Publications on parenting are interested in the 1.2% of respondents, books about sex – 1.1%, interests (publications on gardening, housekeeping, cooking, etc.) – 1%, comedy books – 1%, astrology – 0.9%, psychology – 0.85%, esoteric – 0.65%. The 42.2% of respondents, being classified as "artist", responding to the questionnaire "What book edition do you prefer?" called fiction, 19% – books on art, art history, 9.7% – Fine Arts, 7 2% – religious, 7.1% – psychological, 4% – philosophical, 3.2% – cultural studies, 1.8% – books and textbooks, 1,3% – literature on education, 1.2% – scientific and popular publications, 1,1% – political literature, 0,9% – socio-economic, 0,8% – natural scientific literature, 0.5% – the technical literature. The question was 'What genres and topics you prefer to book literature?" The artists responded that they are most interested in classics (24.6%) and modern prose (11.8%). Poetry is being interested in – the 9.5% of respondents, historical novel – 6.6%, the modern novel – 6.3% and 5.8% – detectives. The structure of reading the 5.5% of respondents in this category a realistic novel dominated, adventure – 5.4%, fiction and fantasy – 4,4%, book comedy – 4.2%, drama – 3.8%. Publication of the specialty are interesting for the 2.7% of respondents, historical – 2.3%, religious – 1.1%, a political novel – 1%. The 0.9% of respondents like to read horror and mysticism, 0.8% – melodrama (female romance). Books on parenting interested in 0.7% of the respondents about sex – 0.7% interest (publications on gardening, housekeeping, cooking, etc.) – 0.6%, astrology – 0.6%, psychology – 0 5%, esoteric – 0.2%. The 34% of respondents classified as "economists and lawyers' answers to the questionnaire" What book edition do you prefer? " called fiction, 25.7% – socio-economic, 10% – natural sciences, 9% – philosophical, 6.2% – political, 5.8% – scientific and popular publications, 3% – books and textbooks, 2,1% – religious literature, 2% – on art, art history, 1% – the literature of cultural studies, 0.5% – educational, 0, 3% – technical, 0.2% – fine Arts, 0.2% – psychology. The tastes of this group of readers by genre and theme, divided in such a way poetry – 15.7%, classics – 13.6%, drama – 10%, a historical novel – 6.7%. The 6.4% of respondents like to read horror and mysticism, 5.5% – modern prose, 4.1% – a realistic story, 4.8% – scientific fiction and fantasy, 4,6% – detectives, 3.5% – adventures. The books on specialty preferred the 3.5% of respondentsv, comedy genre – 3.4%, a historical novel – 3.1%, political – 2.7%. The religious topics of interest of the 3% of the respondents, 1.4% prefer the modern novel, 1.3% – melodrama (female romance). Books about sex are interesting for 2%, the education of children – 1.2%. Books of interest – 1%, astrology – 0.1%, psychology – 2%, esoteric – 0.4%. The 49.6% respondents – "naturalists, scientists" among the priorities of book editions called natural-scientific literature, 11.7% – artistic, 9.5% – technical, 7.1% – books and textbooks, 5.1% – political literature, 5% – popular science, 2.8% – philosophical, 2.3% – books on art, art history, 2% – education, 1.9% – socioeconomic, 1.1% – religious, 0.8% – the literature of cultural studies, 0.6% – the literature of the fine arts, 0.5% – psychology. As for genres and themes of books, the most popular among the readers of this book are in the category of specialty – the 39.7% of respondents, historical – 8.3%, classics – 7.4%, poetry – 5.2%, a historical novel – 5.1 %, realistic story – 4.7%, political novel – 4.1%, modern prose – 3.7%. The 3.4% of respondents like adventure, 3.3% – scientific fiction and fantasy, 2.4% prefer the modern novel, 2.2% – drama, 2.1% – the publication of comedy, 2% – astrology, 1.7% – psychology, 1.4% – detective, 1.1% – religious subjects, 0.9% – horror and mysticism, 0.5% – melodrama (female romance). Publication of parenting are interesting for 0.4%, a book about sex – 0.2% interest publications – 0.2%. The author of the article also carried out the sociological and cultural analysis of the interests and priorities of the gifted person in the field of music. The 32% of respondents preferred the subjects of art and artistic cycle such as piano, vocal, choral conducting, visual arts, choreography, design, etc. On the basis of which they were classified as "artists." The largest number of respondents preferred piano and symphonic art (55, 8%). The second of the most popular with respondents artists is vocal art (22, 1%). On third place on the popularity of the respondents is choral art (15, 3%). The author proved the possibility of optimal control of the process of internalization of cultural properties gifted person in conditions amounting personal interests and needs that have the diverse orientation.
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The proposed study is an integral part of an unpublished study commissioned by UNICEF in 2013. It aims to identify of the most important problems concerning Roma children and to propose adequate measures to address them. It was conducted according to my own methodology, in which observation and informal conversations are the most important approaches. I was impressed by the desire with which each respondent approaches the open discussion and the opportunity to express his/her opinion on the issues treated.
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