Nacionalistické aktivity obyvateľov Spiša po vzniku Československej republiky

Author(s): Martin Furmanik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

The study deals with the nationalist activities of the Spiš inhabitants after the establishment of Czechoslovakia. The end of the First World War and the destruction of Hungary directly stimulated nationalist activities of the Slovak population in all its regions, even in the Spiš region. The nature and dimension of these activities in Spiš region, was determined by its multi-ethnicity. Therefore in Spiš were mobilized members of various nationalities - Slovak, German, Hungarian and Ruthenian. Nationalist manifestations in the observed period were mainly related to the operation of national councils of these nationalities. The Hungarian National Council, the German National Council of and East Slovak Council were supported by the Hungarian government, which at that time ruled over the territory. On the contrary, the Slovak National Council was on the defensive. After the occupation of Spiš by Czechoslovak army in December 1918, the situation turned. Pro-Hungarian oriented councils were either cancelled or got to the defensive and the Slovak National Council was encouraged by Czechoslovak government. During the year 1919 there was a different manifestation for Czechoslovakia and against it, what will be addressed to this paper, too.

Political development of the Hungarian opposition parties in the interwar Czechoslovak Republic

Author(s): Milan Olejník / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper deals with the basic issues of political development of Hungarian opposition parties during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic (CSR). Within the frame of parliamentary democracy in CSR the whole array of political parties was active,including political associations based on the ethnic principle. Among the Hungarian community the primary role was played by the Provincial Christian Social Party (PChSP) and the Hungarian National Party (HNP). Eventually, even though they were representing primarily interests of the Hungarian population,they differed in their confessional orientation, but also in their ability to gain support of voters outside the Hungarian community. PChSP, which represented itself as the strictly Catholic Party, was able to attract preferences of a segment of Slovak Catholics. On the other side, the Hungarian National Party could count on votes of certain number of members of the Jewish minority. The both parties differentiated also in their approach to ruling coalition. Whereas MNS was pursuing a policy of opposition in some circumstances it was open to cooperation with government if its demands aimed at improvement of the status of Hungarian community would be met, the PChSP was a priori against any cooperation with government. Till their unification both Hungarian opposition parties were active as autonomous political associations.A dramatic development of political situation at the close of 1938 resulted in a radical change of the status of the Hungarian political opposition as well as Hungarian population. On the basis of Vienna Arbitrage from 2 November 1938, a sizeable part of the Southern Slovakia, where the majority of members of the Hungarian minority lived was annexed by Hungary.

Vybrané aspekty úspešnosti náborových akcií zamestnancov pre Východoslovenské železiarne

Author(s): Marianna Bobková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

The thesis deals with selected factors that were influencing the development of employees´ number of Eastern Slovakia Steel factory. The company, today under the name United States Steel Corporation, is situated in Košice, the second largest city of Slovakia, with more than 240,000 citizens. However, during the 1950s the city had approximately 60,000 citizens only, but the census of 1980 recorded in excess 200,000 citizens. For reasons that in the second half of the 20th century, the population increased fourfold which could not be caused by the natural population growth only, it is appropriate to focus on the causes during that particular historical period. The years from 1948 to 1989 are characterized by strong influence of totalitarian regime and government interference in both economic as well as social life of citizens. Above all the interests of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had to be respected, which was reflected also in the type of industrialization and its focus on the Cold War development. In The Czechoslovak Republic the idea of increased industrialization was enforced on the territory of today’s Slovakia. One of the plans was the industrialization of population-rich, but economically declining eastern Slovakia. Košice represented a strategic centre of the eastern part of the republic, in which the construction of industrial enterprises was supposed to be carried out and which impacted on the population. The construction of Eastern Slovakia Steel factory started in 1960. The factory was supposed to provide the biggest number of job opportunities not only in the Košice city, but also in the nearby districts, which led to migration of the population. Therefore, this thesis focuses on depiction of the relation between industrialization and the physical movement of people. There are two types of recruitment actions and activities for gaining workers described in this article. Through numerical data recorded in charts and graphs the rate of recruitment percentage together with explanation of causes stated in reports is highlighted. Additionally, propaganda activities which played a significant role in appealing to public are also depicted. Articles in newspapers and company brochures were supposed to be in favour of gaining persons into employment for metallurgical factory. The article offers opportunities for better understanding of the mutual relation and influence between political system, industrialization and the society. The intention here was the systematization of statistical data that may represent resource for further research in the field of development of Košice, the growth of the population and the total transformation of the city. Furthermore, to provide a resource for the llustration of the nature of political, economic and social changes of the given time period.

Англиканската църква, Източното православие и България (XIX – средата на ХХ в.) Част втора.

Author(s): Zhivko Lefterov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The first contacts of the Anglican Church with the Eastern Orthodoxy date from the early 17th century and launch a process of rapprochement, which is well known in the international historiography. Over the centuries, until today it has a different intensity depending on the degree of theological negotiations and political situation. The study traces the impact of this process among the Bulgarian Orthodox community and among Bulgarian society, how Bulgarians form their perceptions of the Anglican Church and to what extent the subject goes out of theological dialogue and is publicly known and discussed, and hence politically exploited. The author traces the attitudes and positions which the representatives of the Anglican Church occupy regarding major events related to Bulgaria, and Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the 19th and early 20th century; how individual public officials try to see farther than purely theological dialogue and to use sporadically, albeit unsuccessfully, the benevolence of the Anglican Church to Eastern Orthodoxy in the context of the national tasks that need to be resolved. During the Second World War and the Cold War Anglican-Orthodox rapprochement becomes part of big politics and is influenced by Stalin‘s religious policy. Initially, Stalin relies on the Anglican Church for expansion of Orthodox influence in international organizations, but later he begins to consider it as a rival and opponent. Consequently, the dialogue is restored only after Stalin‘s death, but on the part of Orthodox churches of the socialist camp and particularly Bulgaria it will be subject to the religious policy of „opening“ led by communist parties, which aims to use the churches in the big propaganda war between Orient and Occident about the existing religious freedom behind the Iron Curtain.

Орлин Събев. Роберт Колеж и българите, София, “Изток-Запад”, 2015, 463 с.

Author(s): Rumyana Radkova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2015

Book review

Вацлав Ханка и българите

Author(s): Marcel Černý / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2015

The article examines the contribution of the Czech Revival philologist, publisher and poet Vaclav Hanka (1791–1861) to the Czech-Bulgarian cultural relations and contacts. The author analyzes in more detail his short translation called A Short History of the Slavonic Peoples in Ancient Times (1818), based on the Friedrich Christian Ruhs (1781–1820) book Handbuch der Geschichte des Mittelalters (1816). The chapter devoted to the history of medieval Bulgaria is the first specialized Bulgarian study published in Czech. Hanka has not written a whole bulgarian article on his own (except for the Bulgarian supplements in his research in the field of palaeoslavistics) and is restricted to resolving works of his colleagues and excerpts from the correspondence of his friends, mainly the Russian Slavonic scholar Izmail Ivanovich Srenevski (1812–1880). Nevertheless, for many Bulgarians, he was invaluable advisor during their trips to Bohemia (eg. Ivan Andreev Bogorov, Konstantin Dimitriev Petkovič, Ivan Vasilev Shopov, Petăr Beron, Konstantin Pavlov, Dimităr Stefanov Mutev or Nathanail Zografski) and discoverer and publisher of “Kralovedvorski manuscript” and “Zelenogorski manuscript” pseudo old Czech poetic mystification of the early 19th century, which are considered precious monuments from the 13th and 10th century (to their Bulgarian translators – besides the already-named Petkovič and Shopov – belong Teodosi (Bogdan) Ikonomov, Rayko Zhinzifov, George Benev and Atanas T. Iliev).

Historical Sciences in Bulgaria and the Institute for Historical Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Author(s): Daniel Vatchkov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2018

The article examines the scientific work of the Institute for Historical Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences since its establishment in 1947 to the present day in the context of the general development of historical science in the second half of the 20th century. The era of communist totalitarianism had a heavy impact on the research of historians. They had, willingly or unwillingly, to study historical processes following the ideological formulations set by the Communist Party. In the 1960s, a slight liberalization of public life began, allowing for a more adequate examination of a number of issues from Bulgarian and world history, mainly from the point of view of the facts. Since the fall of the communist regime in 1989, the ideological constraints on historical science and the work of the scientists at the Institute for Historical Studies fell away too. Research freedom, as well as the wide opening of archives, allowed historians to start exploring many new themes and to seriously reconsider others. However, the new conditions in which historical science has been evolving give rise to a number of challenges. In short, the task of historians in the new conditions is to create historical texts that are freed from the myths that have accumulated over time; to give the most accurate picture of the past and thus to offer to society appropriate solutions to the current problems in its development.

A Brief View over American Most Prominent Abolitionist Newspapers and Writings during the Mid XIX Century (1820-1850’s)

Author(s): Borislav Momchilov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The main purpose of this article is to show the different aspects of abolitionist literature in United States during the mid-nineteen century. The wide historiographical view of this subject brings to the reader chance to receive accurate knowledge over this object. Over the last few decades the rhetoric over the abolitionism debate is circulating in many aspects, in a slightly range of historical researchers. Important target of this lemma is to show the main and impacting literature and newspaper writings in USA during relevant period.

Белгийските провинции в плен на европейската политика (1814 – 1815 г.)

Author(s): Svetla Glushkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2015

The political construct established in 1814 – 1815 by Napoleon’s victors aimed at uniting Belgians and Dutch in one country the Netherlands governed by William of the Orange-Nassau dynasty. The construct was theoretically useful for the European balance but at the same time it turned out to be anachronistic because it took into consideration neither the religious differences nor the continuous formation of two completely different nations.

Нов поглед към българския елит

Author(s): Gergana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Николай Папучиев. Антропология на вещта и символните форми. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018

Author(s): Mira Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

Book review

Балканската политика на „Отел Ламбер“ и установяването на Източната агенция в Цариград (1831 – 1842)

Author(s): Aleksandar Zlatanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article dwells into the ideological development and evolution of the Balkan policies of Adam Czartoryski’s Hôtel Lambert – one of the Polish political camps in exile, represented by the conservative-liberal and monarchic ideas. The geopolitical changes in Europe at the end of 1830’s forced Czartoryski and his émigré camp in Paris to shift their political concepts. As a culmination of that new course, Hôtel Lambert established a permanent Eastern Agency in the Ottoman capital, which was headed by the Polish agent Michał Czajkowski. And it is no coincidence, since after the second Ottoman Egyptian Crisis the East was no doubtfully established as a focal geopolitical point.

Image of the Other in Teaching History: Humanistic Potential of the Intersubjective Approach

Author(s): Svitlana Hanaba / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Understanding the socio-cultural significance of the experience of the past in solving the problems of the present causes a growing interest in historical education and focuses on finding effective methodological approaches to translating knowledge about the past through education. One such approach is an intersubjective approach. The paper deals with the humanistic potential of an intersubjective approach to understanding the Other and fostering the ability to compromise through historical education. A well-considered attitude towards the Other, an inner interest and understanding of the significance of the other presence implies that in the social deprivation of hostility, the inadmissibility of domination and oppression in my Self of the world of the Other Being will be deprived. Both are understood as correlates of intersubjective constitution of reality. In dialogue interaction Otherness is not subordinated, it is assigned to my Self, it remains an “insoluble” individuality. Content analysis of history books of Ukraine has shown that they are conceptually sustained, lacking stereotyped and impartial assessments of the racial, ethnic, cultural nature of the Other. However, ambiguous historical events involving different peoples and states are not alternatively presented. The narrative in the textbook undoubtedly should be the Ukrainian ethnic group as the core of national history. At the same time, using the anthropological and territorial principles as the core of the story, the textbook should strive for Ukraine to be perceived as space where other ethnic communities whose existence is an integral part of Ukrainian history reside alongside Ukrainians. Relevant in overcoming the false image of historical education is the development of the ability to think critically about historical facts, to give them their own judgment. Understanding of the historical process from the point of view of an intersubjective approach will contribute to the formation of a person’s tendency to cultural tolerance, tolerance and dialogue with the Other, the realization that the Other is also entitled to a mistake or his own ratio, the ability to see the world in all its diversity and uniqueness.

Кавалерите на ордена „За храбростъ“ във флота на Негово Величество

Author(s): Yancho Bakalov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

The article presents research on the Military Order of Courage and Soldiers' Cross for bravery of His Majesty's Navy during the Balkan Wars and World War I. The interest is focused on the conditions in which the ship's crews and shore units were assigned in solving combat tasks, the scale of force of the forces in counteraction to a repeatedly superior opponent, the contribution of the most prominent of them to success, and the assessment that was given to them. The award-winning Naval Officers are presented as an association of professionals and like-minded people who have built an organic society of the Knights of Courage. Later periods of activation of the Military Order are shown in fragmentary form.

The Discourse of the Past and the Role of Memory in the Lithuanian and Latvian Cultural Press during the Transition Period (1988–1992)

Author(s): Viktorija Jonkutė / Language(s): English Issue: 52/2023

The aim of the article is to analyze the discourse of the past that developed in the Lithuanian and Latvian cultural press in the late 1980s and early 1990s, discussing the dominant conceptions of history and perception of time. It is generally argued that with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union an era of presentism began. However, the post-Soviet transition materialized in the Lithuanian and Latvian cultural press as a reconstructive, retrospective transformation, dominated by narratives about the past. This research is based on theoretical assumptions about collective memory (Halbwachs 1951; Assmann 2020), the regime of historicity (Hartog 2015; Koselleck 2004), and the inventory of temporal perspective (Zimbardo, Boyd 1999; 2008). Most of the analyzed material is cultural periodicals: weekly Literatūra ir menas (Literature and Art) and Šiaurės Atėnai (Athens of the North) and monthly Pergalė (Victory; in 1991 renamed Metai (Year)) and Kultūros barai (Domains of Culture), Sietynas (The Pleiades), Nemunas (The [River] Nemunas); Latvian monthly periodicals Avots (Source) and Karogs (Flag) and weekly Literatūra un Māksla (Literature and Art). These are occasionally supplemented by other periodicals and publications, as well as by the general context. Researching them, ten discursive functions of the interacting (re)constructed forms of memory were identified: communicative/informational, functional/pragmatic, testimonial/justice-driven, emotional/therapeutic, ontological/metalinguistic, reproductive/mimetic, identity-based, social/ mobilizing, ethical/moral, political/ideological.

HYBRID THREATS AND ACTIVITIES: MODERN PERCEPTION AND EVOLUTION

Author(s): Vitalie Sili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The constantly changing security environment has recently been influenced by a series of hybrid threats, widely used by various entities, including states, to achieve the proposed objectives. The specific feature, characteristic of the ongoing events, including the war in Ukraine, denotes the merging of hybrid methods and tactics of action with the conduct of active armed operations. In this context, we consider it extremely important to study the forms of manifestation characteristic of hybrid attacks to identify, prevent and counter them.The use of hybrid methods, often extremely complex, requires combining the efforts of the international community and adopting concrete actions that would contribute to the protection and promotion of true democratic values.The danger of hybrid threats consists in combining a wide spectrum of tools, such as: disinformation, propaganda, cyber-attacks, use of cyberspace, support and promotion of terrorist forms of operation, frequently externalized through certain crimes of a terrorist nature, interference in the internal affairs of the state, manipulation of opinion public etc.

The Pro-Boer Campaign in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Volunteers in the South African War of 1899–1902

Author(s): Boris Gorelik / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

Bulgarians were among the 2,600 foreigners who took part in the South African War, also known as the Second Anglo-Boer War. Their presence helped to make this colonial conflict a matter of international importance. This paper is an attempt to consider the Bulgarian involvement within a context of the pro-Boer campaign in Bulgaria, using published sources of a Bulgarian and international origin and applying the biographical method. Bulgarians travelled to the Transvaal at their own risk and expense. Most of them had military experience and, evidently, expected to improve their combat skills in a modern war against a leading European army. Their sense of kinship with the Boers was evoked by a nationalist paradigm. Bulgarians tended to view the Boers as fellow agriculturalists whose way of life was being threatened by a stronger nation. Most Bulgarians believed that the British Empire, the adversary of the Boers, was to blame for the revision of the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano at the Congress of Berlin. Therefore, Bulgarians delighted in the British misfortunes in the South African War. This sentiment may explain why no volunteer from Bulgaria is known to have fought for the British in that war. Bulgarian volunteers, representing various social groups and occupations, took part in some of the major battles of the South African War. The involvement of these volunteers was an expression of the Bulgarian solidarity with the Boers. Investigating this phenomenon gives us a deeper understanding of the problems and aspirations of Bulgarians at the turn of the twentieth century.

По пътя на дипломацията: непознатият д-р Хараламби Сърмаджиев

Author(s): Aleka Strezova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

This text explores the life and work of Dr. Haralambi Sarmadzhiev, a Bulgarian diplomat from the late 19th century. His career began as a legal adviser and confidant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Denominations, and later he served as a diplomatic agent in Belgrade and Vienna. The article highlights his role in the 1898 International Anti-Anarchist Conference. It also delves into his personal life, including his marriage to Elena Pulieva, an heir of Evlogy Georgiev, and examines the fate of his family after his untimely death and the political changes in Bulgaria post-1944.

NICHITA SMOCHINĂ – BRIEF BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHY

Author(s): Eugen Străuţiu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Nichita Smochină, originally from the outskirts of the city of Dubăsari on the bank of the Dniester, is the main personality of Transnistrian Romanians starting with the installation of the Bolshevik regime and until the maturity of the communist regime in Romania.He established and managed associations of Transnistrian Romanians and periodical publications intended for them; wrote books and articles about the ethno-political reality in Transnistria; he has held administrative positions in which he has leveraged his research expertise. He was a member of the Romanian Academy.Isolated and persecuted by the communist regime in Romania, he was allowed to return to the field of research in the last years of his life (under the conditions of the ban on the Transnistrian subject).His memory is in a consistent recovery process, both in the Republic of Moldova and in Romania.

Любен Каравелов и неговите книги

Author(s): Nikolay Chernokozhev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 49/2024