Ameriška tehniška misija v Kraljevini SHS 1919-1920

Author(s): Vesna S. Aleksić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2008

The author of the following deliberation analyses the work of the U.S. Technical Mission, which arrived to Belgrade in October of 1919. Its task was to provide expert assistance to the government of Serbia and the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with the renewal of railways and other traffic as well as with the reconstruction of the old mines and opening of new ones in its territory. Due to political instability and frequent government changes, the work of the mission members was rendered almost completely impossible. Unable to carry out the work they were, after all, paid to do, the mission members left the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians after a one-year stay there.

Analýza politickej a sociálnej karikatúry v časopisoch Rarášek a Ježibaba v období rokov 1870 – 1872

Author(s): Matúš Krátky / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2020

Nineteenth century Slovak caricatures come from a wide range of political positions. The magazines Ježibaba supporting the Slovak New School and Rarášek belonging to the Slovak National Party were the most important representatives of political and social humour in the years 1870–1872. They had different approaches to drawing caricatures and their thematic starting points, by which both participated in shaping the political thought of the period. The intense aggressiveness of the drawings in Ježibaba may be seen as a demonstration of the political effort of the New School to establish a new political orientation. On the other hand, the artistically more conservative Rarášek opened social themes and brought systematic effort to the work of political journalism.

Anarchistyczne wizje bezpaństwowego ładu społeczno-politycznego średniowiecznej Islandii – zarys krytyki

Author(s): Włodzimierz Gogłoza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Between the late 9th and the middle of the 13th century, Iceland was a pre-state society with a political system based on private means of creation, adjudication and enforcement of law. The functioning of this society has been a subject of numerous studies conducted within various disciplines, including legal history, political anthropology and institutional economics. In the last couple of decades, Medieval Iceland has also become a topic of interest to the various branches of the modern anarchist movement, whose members are prone to looking for historical examples of societies which lack a coercive government. The aim of this article is to critique the anarchist reconstructions of the Medieval Icelandic mode of governance. In particular, I will show that the anarchist visions of the non-state Icelandic sociopolitical order are anachronistic and substantially differ from the accounts found in the Old Icelandic narrative sources, as well as in the private collections of the medieval local law, known as Grágás.

Andrzej Wierzbicki: Jak powstało państwo polskie? Hipoteza podboju w historiografii polskiej XIX i XX wieku.

Author(s): Anne Kluger / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Anne Kluger - Andrzej Wierzbicki: Jak powstało państwo polskie? Hipoteza podboju w historiografii polskiej XIX i XX wieku. [Wie ist der polnische Staat entstanden? Die Eroberungshypothese in der polnischen Historiografie des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts.] Instytut Historii PAN. Warszawa 2019. 336 S. ISBN 978-83-65880-55-0. (PLN 39,99.)

Archívne dokumenty k výskumu spolkového života v meste Košice v období 1867 – 1914

Author(s): Nikoleta Lattová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

In the second half of the 19th century in Hungary there was an enormous increase in the number of associations. While in 1862 there were 579 registered associations, in 1878 it was already 3995. The associations had no duty to keep administration paperwork and agenda. They were acting as independent communes and as a result of this were autonomous written records and administration paperwork. Public authorities had no right to interfere in their own administration records, they just might have consulted them. The way how the written records of each association were kept and preserved for the future generations depended on its individual "conscientious" members. This has resulted in a fact that the researchers who are dealing with the issues of administration record keeping have access mainly to incomplete and fragmentary archive documents. The aim of the article is to present the conditions of the archival historical sources that are related to the research of community life and life in associations in the city of Kosice in 1867 – 1914. The research was conducted in archives and libraries located in the investigated city of Košice, as well as in the same type of institutions in Budapest. Available historical sources particularly include the articles of associations, reports to the police headquarters and own documents and records of associations themselves. These include documents such as speeches, annual reports, reports on general meetings, almanacs, journals, publications published by associations and issues of memorial books published on the occasion of special anniversaries to commemorate the founding of association.

Az építészet mint nemzetépítés

Nemzeti stílustörekvések a magyar, lengyel, cseh (és osztrák) építészetben 1925 előtt

Author(s): Dániel Veress / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 68/2017

Architecture, just like literature and music, was involved in the nation-building processes, architects also sought ways of expressing their national identities and characteristics. The most composite displays of this patriotic approach to architecture were the attempts at distinct national styles which aimed the comprehensive nationalization of the art of designing buildings. In my article I compare these often movement-like strivings and divide them into twin groups by sociohistorical factors. According to my multiscopic and comparative research, three macro dichotomies shaped the relationship between architecture and nationalism in (post-)Habsburg Central Europe.First and foremost, these would-be styles emerged in Hungarian, Czech, and Polish architecture, while no peculiar Austrian (style) endeavour was elaborated. Due to an almost complete lack of Austrian (ethnic/national) identity, the issue was considered marginal or even dismissed among the Austro-Germans. Secondly, Hungarian, Czech, and Polish architects strove for comprehensive acknowledgement as national styles, whereas only some of them achieved this aim. It is striking that all successful efforts became fully-fledged under the aegis of an independent nation-state. Accordingly, the nationalist stirrings of the Hungarian architects, whose nation enjoyed a semi-independent status within the empire since 1867, reached this fully-fledged condition prior to the collapse of Austria-Hungary. During the very same decades, Czech and Polish attempts had to wait for this achievement until the foundation of the Czechoslovakian and Polish nation-states in 1918. Thirdly, the sources of inspiration for these would-be nationalist styles varied. The Czechs rather stood under the influence of urban culture while the Hungarians and Poles were mainly influenced by vernacular building and folk art. I could trace back this dichotomy to another socio-historical phenomenon: the unevenness of urbanisation and industrialisation within the empire’s distinct regions. (For the English version of the article see: Shelekpayev, Nari et al. [eds.] [2016]: Empires, Nations and Private Lives. Essays on the Social and Cultural History of the Great War. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars.)

BAĞIMSIZ KAZAKİSTAN’IN İNŞAASINDA NURSULTAN NAZARBAYEV’İN YERİ VE ÖNEMİ

Author(s): Mehmet Can / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2022

In the 13th century, Kazakhstan became part of the Golden Horde State. With the disintegration of this state, Khans emerged. The struggle for existence in the Kazakh lands, which was under the threat of many states, especially the Mongols, began. The Cossacks who lived under these conditions were always exposed to invasion. Especially in the last century, the process that started with the divide-and-rule policy of the Russian Empire has evolved into another direction with the Soviets coming to power. The new regime initiated artificial starvation, collectivization and collective farms in the ancient Kazakh lands. Ultimately, there was a huge reduction in population potential. People of the Slavic race were settled in their place. In 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved. Kazakhstan, living under the administration of the USSR, declared its independence and made socio-economic breakthroughs. Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was elected the first President of the country, made a great contribution to the formation of modern Kazakhstan. Even at that time, he foresaw the disintegration of the Soviet Union and began to establish his national state. In this article, the secret construction activities of Nursultan Nazarbayev before the ancient history of Kazakhstan and the independence process will be discussed.

Bancbanus – ungarisch, österreichisch, kroatisch

Zur Inszenierung eines umstrittenen historischen Stoffes im 19. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Marijan Bobinac / Language(s): German Issue: 24/2015

This article presents three dramatics adaptations of the same historic material: the medieval Hungarian aristocrat Bánk (ger. Bancbanus, cro. Benko Bot) appears as the hero in historical plays by the Hungarian author József Katona, German-Austrian Franz Grillparzer and Croatian Franjo Marković. Although these three authors differ greatly in their aesthetic and political positions, they nevertheless share a joint goal: to prompt reflection on the joint (super)national state design against the backdrop of nation building in the Danube Monarchy and the related strengthening of centripetal tendencies.

BARBARIANS, CIVILIZED PEOPLE AND BULGARIANS. Definition of Identity in Textbooks and the Press (1830–1878)

Author(s): Dessislava Lilova / Language(s): English

Are Bulgarians barbarians or civilized? Answering this question consumed a considerable part of the intellectual energy of the Bulgarian elite in the 19th century. The dilemma was first put up for discussion at the beginning of the century and ever since then, each new generation has been joining a fresh round of the debate. Interest in the topic has been sufficiently lively to lend legitimacy to the "barbarism-civilization" taxonomy as the main framework within which the nation builds its identity. This research aims to explore the origins of this process. The analysis covers the period from the 1830s to the rise of the independent Bulgarian state in 1878. This is the chronological framework in which the intellectual elite imported and promoted the ideological grammar of modernity and the taxonomies of progress. The objective is to shed light on the history, mechanisms and results of their transfer.

Belgium létrejöttének historiográfiája, 1830-1849

Author(s): Gábor Erdődy / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Bemeikungen über ein unvollendetes und unpubliziertes Werk über Bulgarien von Felix Kanitz

Author(s): Bojan Beshevliev / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1995

Bengalscy muzułmanie - od autonomii do niepodległego państwa

Author(s): Marek Moroń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2005

Besim Atalay’ın Türk Büyükleri veya Türk Adları İsimli Eserinin Soyadı Kanunu Uygulamasındaki Rolü

Author(s): Gürol Pehlivan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

In this article the role of Besim Atalay’s work “Turkish Elders or Turkish Surnames” in the Surname Law practices of Turkish Republic will be discussed. Atalay, the author of the work was among the Ottoman intellectuals of the last period, and he was in Turkism movement. In the 1910-1920 period, he worked as a teacher and director of education, entered the first Grand National Assembly of Turkey in April 1920, and served as a deputy until 1946. Within this process, it is seen that Atalay showed a full devotion to Atatürk and his reforms and actively involved in the simplification movement of Turkish language especially with his studies on language. He also had an important role in surname law practices, which can be evaluated within the project of Westernizing new Republic’s Turkish society. This practice which aims to conform to the Western world, had a strong relation with nationalist ideology since it encouraged Turkish surnames to be taken. At this point, Atalay’s book, which was published firstly by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1923, was published again by the state in 1935 and 1936, and also upon the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs the names in this book were came out as a list in all newspapers across the country. It is also noteworthy that there were some other publications, which imitated his book to a large extent. Apart from these, it is interesting that Atalay made some important ideological changes in his book. Many words such as sultanate and sultan were completely removed from his text and by doing so his book was adapted to a new political environment.

Bosna i Hercegovina pred izazovom samostalnosti

Author(s): Ivan Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2021

Što današnju Bosnu i Hercegovinu drži na okupu? Nažalost, nikakva unutarnja kohezivna energija, dovoljno snažna da ju održi ako bi međunarodna zajednica prestala bdjeti nad njezinim integritetom. Ovaj uvid jest uznemirujući, ali ako je točan, nema koristi da se od njega okreće glava, nego bi morao postati polaznom točkom svih intelektualnih, znanstvenoteoretskih i političkih promišljanja o najadekvatnijim rješenjima koja bi pomogla da se postupno dođe do političke kohezije nužne za samoodrživost i funkcionalnost Bosne i Hercegovine.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Facing the Challenge of Independence

Author(s): Ivan Lovrenović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

What holds today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina together? Unfortunately, there is no internal cohesive energy that would be strong enough to keep it together if the international community would cease to guard its integrity. This insight is disturbing, but if it is accurate, there is no use turning one’s head away from it. Rather, this insight should serve as the starting point for all intellectual, theoretical, and political re-thinking in the search for the most adequate solutions that might help lead to a gradual reaching of the political cohesion necessary for a self-sustaining and functioning Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnia Must be a Civil State

Author(s): Harun Hadžić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this paper, the author explains historical facts as well as legal and political concepts and terminology in defining "Bosnian nation" and "Bosnian state", with the aim of helping to find a solution for the establishment and normal functioning of the state of Bosnia as a UN member and subject of international law. Today's so-called Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina is a product of the imposed will of major international powers and unprincipled "attitudes" of the international community, and as such it represents a "sui generis state", established in violation of democratic practices and applicable international norms. In the paper we apply a comparison between Freud's psychoanalytic observation of the development of the individual, on the one hand, and the sociohistorical development of the collectivity - of the people / ethnos and nation, on the other. The paper cites the opinions of relevant authors, citing the case of the former Yugoslavia and USA, and points to certain dilemmas in the application of two possible principles in establishing modern states - national and civil. In applying either of these two principles, it is important to (re)define the Bosniak national name and eliminate the dilemma: „Bosniaks“ or „Bosnians“ to look at the two names in the context of the three existing Bosnian-Hercegovinian peoples – Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats.

Brunnbauer, Ulf. Globalizing Southeastern Europe. Emigrants, America, and the State since the Late Nineteenth Century. New York, 2016

Author(s): Valentina Sharlanova,Petia Bankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

BUCHAREST, 19 FEBRUARY/3 MARCH 1886: “…ANYONE UNDERSTANDS HOW SHAKY AND LITTLE DURABLE THIS PEACE WILL BE”

Author(s): Mircea-Cristian Ghenghea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Only several years after the war of 1877-1878 between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, in which Romania had also been involved and had had an important role, succeeding in gaining its state independence, the situation in the Balkan Peninsula experienced new tense moments. Against the background of the so-called Bulgarian crisis in the late ’80s of the 19th century, in which Russian interests played again an important part, along with the involvement of other Great Powers, an armed conflict between Serbia and Bulgaria took place in November 1885, causing a general concern at the continental level. Situated in the immediate vicinity of the conflict, Romania tried to contribute to its resolution, wanting to avoid a new Russian invasion and a tension of the relations with its powerful eastern neighbour.The choice of Bucharest as a venue for peace negotiations and the signing of the treaty between Serbia and Bulgaria was also a sign of the appreciation and prestige enjoyed by the Romanian state and King Carol I, primarily due to the balanced and prudent approach shown in the foreign policy and international relations. However, at the level of the Romanian historiography, the erroneous perception of an important role that Romania would have played in the completion of the conflict and the signing of the peace in Bucharest was established for some time, a perception contradicted by the historical realities and the testimonies from that period.

Budowanie narodów na peryferiach socjalistycznej Jugosławii (1945–1974): Macedonia, Czarnogóra, Bośnia i Hercegowina

Author(s): Tomasz Rawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article discusses the emergence and early development of three South-East European nationalisms: Macedonian, Montenegrin and Muslim/Bosniak, all of which were born as mass phenomena only in the second half of the 20th century. The author argues that the first three decades of the socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1974) should be considered crucial to these three nation-building processes because in this period not only the social conditions necessary for the mass production and reception of the modern national ideas were created, but also the respective national cultures were institutionalized, either fully (Macedonian) or partially (Montenegrin, Muslim/Bosniak).

Bulletin of Electoral Statistics and Public Opinion Research Data. Patterns of Nation Building and Political Integration in a Bifurcated Postcommunist State: Ethnic Aspects of Parliamentary Elections in Latvia

Author(s): Pål Kolstø,Boris Tsilevich / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

With one exception, all former Soviet republics have been proclaimed "national states" or nation-states. They are not, however, homogeneous in the cultural or ethnic sense; all of them have numerous ethnic minorities. In some cases, such as in Latvia, the dominant ethnic group numbers barely half of the total population. In such a situation, any attempt at nation building based on the language, culture, and traditions of the dominant group alone will inevitably clash with the aspirations of the minority groups, the vast majority of whom want to retain their distinct identities and at the same time to possess an equal say in political and social life. [...]