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Українська звитяга у символах
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Українська звитяга у символах

Author(s): Vіktor Karpov Vasilovich / Language(s): Ukrainian

Військові традиції – це правила, звичаї і норми, які історично складаються у війську певної країни та передаються з покоління в покоління, здебільшого підкреслюючи зв’язок сучасних вояків з учасниками подій бойового минулого. Військова символіка України по праву стала предметом наукового дослідження, бо вже має власну досить багату історію та традиції. Загальноприйняте розуміння складових військової символіки до якої відносять: військову емблематику – емблеми військових формувань, їх керівних органів, як то Міністерства оборони України, Генерального штабу Збройних Сил України, Державної прикордонної служби України, Служби безпеки України, Внутрішніх військ Міністерства внутрішніх справ України, емблеми родів військ і служб, власні емблеми військових частин, кораблів та установ, комплекс емблем військової та спеціальної форми одягу; військову вексилологію – комплекс прапорів, зна- мен, штандартів, що їх використовують військові формування, зокрема, прапори Збройних Сил України, Міністерства оборони, Генерального штабу, видів Збройних Сил України, Служби безпеки України, Внутрішніх військ і, безперечно, Бойовий прапор військової частини, штандарти посадових осіб; військову фалеристику – комплекс державних військових нагород, відомчих заохочувальних відзнак, знаків класної кваліфікації спеціалістів, інші нагрудні знаки. До військової символіки також належать уніформологія, військова сфрагістика і військова геральдика. У широкому розумінні символіка є умовним відображенням подій, явищ, понять, ідей через конкретні властиві їм вияви – символи. Символіка вивчає історію походження, функціонування й використання різновидів символів, які є концентрованою фор- мою відбиття і фіксації наукових, релігійних та інших знань людини за допомогою стилізованого зображення. В історичній науці утвердилася думка, що символіка у тому чи іншому вигляді постає, власне, із появою стабільних суспільних груп. Однією із найяскравіших сторінок вітчизняної історії є скіфський період. У стародавньому світі скіфське військо здобуло славу непереможного.

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1995-2015 - Women and Political Life in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina
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1995-2015 - Women and Political Life in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): / Language(s): English

(English edition) While working on improving our program and portfolio on women’s human rights we quickly realized the absence of a detailed and visible account of “women’s” history in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although there are a significant number of publications and several activist initiatives that address certain fragments of history and explore events, periods of time, and regions, there is currently no exhaustive institutional account of women in Bosnia, nor are attempts being made to create one. The academic community has unfortunately failed in this area. The history of women and their contribution to public life remains at the margins of academic inquiry. The Sarajevo Open Centre published the book Women Documented: Women and Public Life in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th Century. The book was edited by Jasmina Čaušević, a program coordinator at the Sarajevo Open Centre, in cooperation with ten authors. Through publishing this book, the Sarajevo Open Centre and our partner organizations wanted to celebrate the centenary of the First World War in a different way. It was precisely the work on Women Documented that revealed to us the need for further work exploring women’s history in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We hope that our (virtual) museum of women’s history in Bosnia will eventually be institutionalized in Bosnian society. In November and December 2015, we will commemorate the 20-year anniversary of the Dayton Peace Accords – the international agreement that brought peace to Bosnia and Herzegovina and laid the foundations for the long and grueling process of peace-making and trust-building. The Dayton Peace Process was, as this book will demonstrate, a classic example of male politics. The commemoration will, again, be dominated by men – Bosnian and Herzegovinian and world leaders. We decided to conduct this research and publish this book to challenge the male-dominated approach to memory. This publication aims to offer systematic insight into the role played by women in political life. Our goal is to offer a better understanding and a concise overview of political life over the past 20 years, based on the stories of a number of women - activists, politicians and institutional leaders - with the hope that it will inspire other authors to explore BiH political history during this period of time. Since this aspect of history is particularly under-researched, the very process of gathering information was challenging and so we welcome constructive criticism, comments, and suggestions for improvement and enrichment of this text. I would like to thank Marina, Arijana and Edita, who accepted to work with the Sarajevo Open Centre on this project. I would also like to thank my colleague Maida Zagorac, who has helped me immensely with her excellent oversight of both the technical and the substantive aspects of this text. I also owe thanks to the Embassy of Swiss Confederation in Bosnia and Herzegovina for supporting our work and the research of women’s history in Bosnia and Herzegovinian.

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Konkurence a výkonnost na evropských železnicích
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Konkurence a výkonnost na evropských železnicích

Author(s): Zdeněk Tomeš / Language(s): Czech

European countries after 1993 applied railway reforms. The reform strategy included vertical separation (infrastructure – services), horizontal separation (freight – passenger) and the entry of competition. The aim of this book is to identify the effect of reforms on railway’s output. Based on regression analysis of data in 27 European countries in the period 1995–2011 it was identified, that horizontal separation is increasing output where as no clear effectcould be identified in case of vertical separation. The effect of competition entry was different for sample of Western and Eastern European countries. In passenger sector the entry of competition was increasing output in Western Europe but decreasing it in Eastern Europe. Also other reform and control variables had significantly different effects for samples of Western and Eastern European countries. The results therefore indicate that European railway reform generates different results for Western and Eatstern European countries.

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Evakuiran u Pakračku poljanu
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Evakuiran u Pakračku poljanu

Author(s): Đorđe Gunjević / Language(s): Croatian

Dnevničko-memoarski zapisi Đorđa Gunjevića, ratnog pomoćnika povjerenika Vlade za Pakrac zaduženog za zdravstvo i socijalnu skrb, tekst je koji ukazuje na sudbinu pojedinca u vihoru Domovinskoga rata, ali i na sudbinu zajednice. Gunjević je svoj posao pomoćnika povjerenika, koji je potrajao nešto više od mjesec dana, radio u ekstremno teškim ratnim uvjetima u Pakracu. Glavna točka njegovog posla bio je Medicinski centar, velika i ugledna zdravstvena ustanova, koja je bila samo dvjestotinjak metara udaljena od položaja pobunjenih Srba. Tko je bio u Pakracu i vidio gdje je Medicinski centar, a gdje su bili položaji pobunjenika, zna da im je bolnica bila kao na dlanu, doslovce na puškomet, i zna da nisu morali ni nišaniti da bi je pogodili. Pakrac je od kraja kolovoza, pa sve do potpisivanja Sarajevskog primirja bio jedna od žarišnih točaka u Domovinskom ratu. Istina, nikad toliko pod lupom javnosti poput Vukovara ili Dubrovnika, ali kada je početkom 1992. godine potpisano Sarajevsko primirje, Pakrac je, baš kao i obližnji Lipik, bio jedan od najrazrušenijih hrvatskih gradova. U takvim nemogućim okolnostima trebalo je nekako djelovati i koliko je to bilo moguće održavati red u Medicinskom centru u kojem je i pri kraju rujna 1991. godine još uvijek bilo više od 300 pacijenata, od toga njih 275 na Psihijatriji. Gunjević je osmislio, a u dogovoru s Ministarstvom zdravstva i svojim pakračkim suradnicima i suradnicama proveo važnu, rizičnu, humanu, ali i nužnu operaciju - evakuaciju Medicinskog centra. Nagrada za to bio mu je, zbog njegove nacionalne pripadnosti, „boravak“ u Pakračkoj Poljani, pod zapovjedništvom Tomislava Merčepa, jednoj od najtamnijih i najsramotnijih točaka Domovinskog rata. Tako se je klatno sudbine u Gunjevićevu slučaju gibalo vrlo brzo: od vrhunca zbog uspješne evakuacije do propasti i razmišljanja o samouništenju na Pakračkoj Poljani u samo nekoliko dana. Gunjevićevi zapisi nisu, međutim, samo knjiga o njegovoj osobnoj sudbini. To je knjiga o tome koliko jedna zajednica može u ratu brzo propasti, odnosno, preciznije rečeno, koliko brzo može biti prisiljena na propast. U samo nekoliko dana Pakrac se našao na popisu mjesta u Hrvatskoj koja su krajem ljeta i početkom jeseni za vrijeme pobune i agresije na Hrvatsku, mimo svoje volje, civilizacijski propadala. U samo nekoliko dana stanovnici Pakraca morali su zaboraviti kakva je to civilizacijska tekovina tekuća voda iz vodovoda, što je to organizirani komunalni život, morali su naučiti što znači šištanje plina iz uništenih instalacija, kako izgleda život u gradu u kojemu ne funkcioniraju socijalne službe, u kojemu se broj zaposlenih u Medicinskom centru naglo smanjuje sedam puta, u kojem se više ne mogu isplaćivati mirovine, ne zato što nema novca, nego zato što to fizički nije moguće. U svemu tome, i u svojoj dramatičnoj osobnoj sudbini, Gunjević nalazi lijepe riječi i riječi poštovanja za mnoge svoje sugrađane. Nekima od njih bit će ugodno čitati ove zapise. Ima među njima ljudi raznih struka, raznih nacionalnosti. S poštovanjem se prisjeća svojih kolega iz zdravstva, primjerice Katice Bergman, dr. Nikole Zelića, dr. Luke Vrbana i Slave Jankovića, dr. Ivice Kosteckog. Sa sjetom se prisjeća svog kolege iz Povjereništva Stjepana Širca. Nekima, pak, vjerojatno neće biti ugodno čitati Gunjevićeve zapise. I opet, tu ima ljudi raznih struka, raznih nacionalnosti, kako „ njegovih“ Srba, tako i Hrvata. Začuđujuće je, međutim, da Gunjević pronalazi riječi poštovanja, pa i simpatije, čak i za neke ljude koji su ga držali u zatočeništvu u Pakračkoj Poljani. Gunjevićeva priča na kraju je ipak imala sretan završetak, koliko je to moguće u ratno doba. Ostao je živ, kuću je obnovio, a Grad Pakrac ga se sjetio i dodijelio mu priznanje. Njegovi zapisi isključivo su - njegovi. Rezultat su začudne, gotovo nevjerojatno činjenice da je rokovnik u kojemu je 1991. godine bilježio što je radio kojega dana uspio sve „preživjeti" i koji je poslužio kao temelj za rekonstrukciju događaja i prizivanje događaja iz sjećanja. Njegova sjećanja, zabilježena oporim stilom, lišenim lirike, točna su koliko sjećanja pojedinca, bez obzira na pomoćna sredstva, mogu biti. No, ona su, osim osobnog svjedočanstva jednog doba i jedne sudbine, i poziv svima drugima da pokrenu vlastita sjećanja i iza sebe ostave memoarski zapis na jedno burno, ratno doba.

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Konzultacijski proces o Inicijativi za osnivanje REKOM - pregled mišljenja, prijedloga i preporuka - srpanj – prosinac 2009.
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Konzultacijski proces o Inicijativi za osnivanje REKOM - pregled mišljenja, prijedloga i preporuka - srpanj – prosinac 2009.

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Konzultacije su organizirali Centar za građanske inicijative Poreč (Hrvatska) i Documenta (Hrvatska). Skupu je prisustvovalo 25 sudionika/ca iz organizacija za ljudska prava, udruga stradalih i obitelji nestalih, organizacija mladih, ženskih grupa, profesionalnih udruga i lokalnih vlasti u Istri. Amir Kulaglić iz Srebrenice (BiH), Vesna Teršelič (Documenta, Hrvatska) i Eugen Jakovčić (Documenta, Hrvatska) bili su predavači, dok su skup moderirali Bisera Momčinović (Centar za građanske inicijative Pula, Hrvatska) i Goran Božičević (MIRamiDA centar Grožnjan, Hrvatska). Radio Pula, Tv Nova izvještavali su sa događaja. Novi list i Glas Istre su objavili razgovor s Amirom Kulaglićem, autora Mladena Radića, kao i tekst „Prekinuti šutnju i poricanje“ autorice Tatjane Gromače.

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Sjećanja na rat - U Pakracu, Lipiku i okolnim mjestima
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Sjećanja na rat - U Pakracu, Lipiku i okolnim mjestima

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian

Publikacija Sjećanja na rat u Pakracu, Lipiku i okolnim mjestima nastala je kao rezultat nastojanja Documente da se zabilježe sjećanja ljudi koji su preživjeli rat na području Pakraca, Lipika i okolnih mjesta. Cilj nam je bio zabilježiti nepisane priče iz ne tako davne prošlosti koja će nas, htjeli mi to ili ne, još dugo zaokupljati. Vjerovali smo da će pokušaj rekonstrukcije ratnih zbivanja na tom području i prenošenje subjektivnog iskustva ljudi koji nisu bili nositelji političke moći, ni kreatori političke povijesti, omogućiti uvid u naizgled skrivene aspekte života na području zapadne Slavonije i produbiti spoznaju o prirodi i tijeku ratnih sukoba 90-ih.

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Suočavanje s prošlošću u Hrvatskoj - stavovi i mišljenja aktera i javnosti u Poraću
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Suočavanje s prošlošću u Hrvatskoj - stavovi i mišljenja aktera i javnosti u Poraću

Author(s): Kruno Kardov,Dražen Lalić,Vesna Teršelič / Language(s): Croatian

Mnogi se pitaju, na prvi pogled logično i opravdano, koja je uopće svrha suočavanja s prošlošću. Prema njima, umjesto bolnoga i beskorisnoga pa i štetnoga suočavanja s minulim nasiljem i zločinima, pojedinci, narodi i društva trebaju ostaviti prošlost iza sebe i sasvim se okrenuti (boljoj) budućnosti. Iako prihvaćamo dobrohotnost većine tih kritičara, nas troje autora ove knjige spadamo među ljude koji se ne slažu s tvrdnjama o uzaludnosti ili štetnosti suočavanja s prošlošću, i to iz više razloga. Ponajprije ističemo razlog koji je po našem mišljenju najvažniji: suočavanje je ne samo potrebno nego i nužno zbog svih kojima prošlost uopće nije prošlost, već je traumatiziranost zbog neposredno ili posredno pretrpljenoga nasilja u ratnim i drugim sukobima osnovna odrednica njihove sadašnjosti, a nekima i budućnosti. Takav odnos prema prošlosti imaju milijuni ljudi koji žive u mnogim zemljama i na različitim kontinentima.

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The Energy Sector and Energy Policy of the Czech Republic
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The Energy Sector and Energy Policy of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček,Filip Černoch / Language(s): English

This book addresses various aspects of the energy sector of the Czech Republic. There is hardly a more turbulent and more sensitive sector of the economy of the Czech Republic than the energy sector. As a result, its future is carefully monitored by not only the political and economic elite of the country, but also by the general public. The book The Energy Sector and Energy Policy of the Czech Republic is divided into eight chapters. The fi rst describes the key actors and the legislative framework of the energy sector of the Czech Republic, including an analysis of the Government, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of the Environment, and other legislative and regulatory bodies and political parties. The second chapter introduces the rich and complicated history of the development of the Czech national energy sector. The following chapters familiarize the reader with the coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, renewables industries, and electricity and heat. The book is recommended to scholars and researchers, as well as experts in the relevant fi elds of study, but will also serve as a guide for those outside academia who work with the topic daily, such as in public administration. Finally, the general reader can make great use of this book to gain a thorough yet accessible impression of the Czech energy sector.

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DEMOGRAFSKE I ETNIČKE PROMJENE U BIH
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DEMOGRAFSKE I ETNIČKE PROMJENE U BIH

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Još su prije 4–5 tisuća godina u zapadnoazijskim ratarskim društvima „vođeni spiskovi inventara, stanovnika (da bi se moglo oporezovati i slati u rat), džakova žita, robova i tako dalje“ (Eriksen 2003: 54). Biblija nas upoznaje i s popisom stanovništva u Rimskom carstvu. Što je onda popis stanovništva pa je tako značajan za državu i društvo? Mogli bismo reći kako je popis stanovništva neka vrsta opisa demografskog i ekonomskog stanja društva u određeno vrijeme (broj kućanstava, stambenih objekata, poljoprivrede…). Tako dobiveni podaci služe i za usporedbu s podacima iz ranijih „stanja društva“, kao i za demografske i ekonomske procjene što bi moglo slijediti u danom društvu. Za popis stanovništva se temeljito pripremaju popisni obrasci, obavlja se obuka popisivača kako bi se popis obavio što uspješnije. Kod sastavljanja pitanja u popisnom listu, uvijek se vode debate kakvu tipologiju odgovora ponuditi. Recimo, kod nacionalne pripadnosti nude se odgovori „Bošnjak“, „Hrvat“, „Srbin“ i „Ostali“. Ili kod pitanja o konfesionalnoj pripadnosti nude se modaliteti odgovora „katolik“, „musliman“, „pravoslavni“, „Ostali“.

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Historijski revizionizam, govor mržnje i nasilje prema Srbima u 2021.
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Historijski revizionizam, govor mržnje i nasilje prema Srbima u 2021.

Author(s): Tihomir Ponoš,Nikola Vukobratović / Language(s): English,Croatian

The Bulletin before you gives an overview of events in 2021 that were motivated by prejudice, intolerance and hatred of Serbs in Croatia. It goes beyond the framework of official statistics, making use of a series of more or less familiar events to show how society breathes, thus bearing witness to an atmosphere that is very much present, yet is not always visible in numbers, nor publicly recognised and acknowledged as problematic. In fact, things need to be told like they are — in Croatia, even today, deep into the 21st century, Serb ethnic origin is still subject to intolerance and hate. The reactions elicited by the messages, sentences, drawings and other expressions of hatred towards Serbs, that is, most often their absence, or indeed denial of the problem, are no more than burying our collective heads in the sand and downplaying the significance of such expressions. This way, the moment when new generations will be able to grow up without having to learn not to accept the other merely due to their ethnic origin, is in increasing abeyance. This is why the exceptional value of this overview lies precisely in its power to raise awareness of the problems faced by people around Croatia merely because they or their family members are, or are even just assumed to be, Serbs. Likewise, this Bulletin can serve as a kind of traffic-light warning for all those tasked with bringing about positive changes, including by all means the relevant ministries — of the Interior, Justice or Education, as well as the State Attorney's Office and judges, not omitting politicians at all levels — with clear indicators of the deviations that in a democratic society should not have the status of acceptable patterns of behaviour.

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Sveevropska studija o politici obrazovanja za demokratsko građanstvo
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Sveevropska studija o politici obrazovanja za demokratsko građanstvo

Author(s): / Language(s): Montenegrine

Obrazovanje za demokratsko građanstvo (ODG) je postao zajednički cilj obrazovnih politika u Evropi tokom kasnih 90-tih. ODG je bio snažno podržavan na političkom nivou, ali prilično nedosljedno pokrivan inicijativama vlada. Ova studija je iz tog razloga bila potrebna kako bi dala pregled politika koje su u upotrebi i diskrepanci između politike i prakse. Opšti trendovi su morali biti identifikovani zajedno sa pojedinačnim preporukama i idejama za dalju akciju. Sveevropska studija o politici ODG-a je pokrenuta 2002. godine. Njen glavni cilj je bio da označi nacionalne ODG politike u Evropi. Studija je uključivala saradnju velikog broja ljudi u Evropi. Posebno se treba zahvaliti autorima: gdinu César Bîrzéa (Rumunija), gdin-u David Kerr (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo), gdin-u Rolf Mikkelsen (Norveška), gdin-u Isak Froumin (Rusija), gdin-u Bruno Losito (Italija), gdin-u Milan Pol (Republika Češka) i gdin-u Mitja Sardoc (Slovenija), sa početnom podrškom gdin-a Cameron Harrison-a (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo) i gdin-a Bernd Baumgartl-a (Austrija).

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Finansal Gelişim, Demokrasi ve Beşeri Sermayenin Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi
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Finansal Gelişim, Demokrasi ve Beşeri Sermayenin Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi

Author(s): Gamze Destek,Gökçen Sayar / Language(s): Turkish

Although there are many empirical studies examining the effects of financial development on economic growth performance of countries, the impact of the increased national income as a result of financial development on the low-income segments of society and income distribution is mostly ignored. In addition, it is also well-known fact that there are contradictory arguments about the impact of financial development on income distribution. However, according to the hypothesis called "financial Kuznets hypothesis" which has been introduced in recent years, in the initial stages of financial development, high asymmetric information and the high cost of accessing financial resources deteriorates the income distribution. Along with the maturation of the financial system, access to financial resources of the low-income segment is facilitated therefore income distribution is positively affected. To sum up, according to this hypothesis, an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between financial development and income inequality. This study aims to examine the validity of the financial Kuznets hypothesis for the period of 1990-2013 for 23 developing countries. In this direction, it is aimed to examine the effects of economic growth, democracy, human capital and financial development on income inequality. For this purpose, panel unit root, panel cointegration, panel FMOLS long-run coefficient estimator and panel causality tests are utilized to examine the relationship between mentioned variables. As a result of the empirical analyses, it is seen that when the findings are evaluated on the basis of the panel, increasing national income, democracy level and human capital accumulation reduces income inequality. Furthermore, it is found that there is Ushaped relationship between financial development and income inequality and therefore the existence of financial Kuznets hypothesis is not confirmed.

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İkti̇sadi̇ ve İdari̇ Bi̇li̇mlerde Akademi̇k Anali̇z ve Tartişmalar
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İkti̇sadi̇ ve İdari̇ Bi̇li̇mlerde Akademi̇k Anali̇z ve Tartişmalar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

Tanımsal açıdan bakıldığında finansal gelişme, finansal piyasaların, finansal kurumların ve finansal araçların gelişmişliğini ve büyüklüğünü ifade etmektedir. Finansal gelişme, finansal piyasalarda birbirinden farklı birçok menkul varlığın bulunması ve bunların piyasa katılımcıları tarafından daha fazla kullanılabilir hale gelmesiyle tanımlanır. Diğer bir deyişle, finansal gelişme, finansal piyasaların gelişmişliği ile ilgili bir ifadedir. Ekonomik büyüme ise en basit tanımıyla, bir ekonomide üretim kapasitesinin, üretim miktarının ve bu nedenle milli gelirin artışını ifade eder (Erim ve Türk, 2005).

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2011: Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2011: Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Ever since 2007, the Institute of International Relations in Prague has been publishing deep and far reaching analyses of the Czech foreign policy (CFP) in book form every year. In each book the team of authors asks several fundamental questions about the CFP: What was the foreign policy in the previous year like and why? What actors were making the CFP and in what ways? How did the Czech media inform about foreign policy and how did their reporting contribute to the overall context for the CFP making? What have been the main trends of the CFP in the past few years and how does the last year relate to these trends? Can we assess the CFP as successful, where does its potential lie and where can we find the biggest problems? This year’s edition is comprised of twenty-one chapters written by twenty-three authors from the Institute of International Relations and other cooperating institutions. The book focuses on the majority of the principal dimensions of the CFP in 2011. The structure of the book underwent only very few changes since the last edition. Unlike last year we decided not to include a summarizing chapter that would cover the Czech bilateral relations to the Western European countries as a whole; instead, we went back to the original model of analysing only the relations with France and Great Britain and doing so in two separate chapters. Plus, for the first time, there is a chapter specifically oriented to the issue of energy in external relations while, unlike in previous editions, we did not include a chapter on the region of Latin America in this edition.

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2012: Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2012: Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Since 2007, the Institute of International Relations in Prague systematically monitors the Czech foreign policy, and this activity results in its publishing of an analytical monograph each year. Every year, the team of authors follows the same basic conceptual framework. The analysis is structured so that the first two chapters analyze the overall domestic political and media context of the Czech foreign policy and identify the influence and involvement of the crucial actors. The second part focuses on the key thematic areas of Czech foreign policy – the Czech activities in the European Union as well as the Czech security and defense policy. The third part analyses the main trends and dynamics of the Czech foreign policy in the immediate region of Central Europe. The fourth part discusses in detail selected bilateral and regional relations, and the fifth section analyzes the participation of the Czech Republic in other multilateral and thematic areas. At the same time all the chapters respect a unifying analytical structure. Again, every chapter first notes the political and conceptual context as the basic internal political basis for foreign policy. All the chapters then describe and analyze the specific agenda and events in 2012 and their impact on and relevance to foreign policy. Most of the authors also include an analysis of the involvement of the actors in their respective area of interest as well as its media coverage. The team of authors emphasizes the continuity of both the conceptual and the thematic matter. Therefore, the analysis contributes to the building of a robust empirical and analytical basis and also to a deepening of our understanding of the Czech foreign policy. The book consists of 20 chapters, which were written by 22 authors from the Institute of International Relations and other collaborating institutions (Charles University, Masaryk University, the University of Economics). Most of the authors point to a continuity in 2012, to the Czech Republic completing the conceptual and programmatic base, and to various responses to the economic crisis. At the same time, however, a general overview of all the chapters points to an interesting argument (the validity of which will be either proved or disproved only over the next couple of years): the Czech foreign policy is currently more complex than it was in recent years in its responding to global and regional processes and challenges and, consequently, this is also reflected in the actual outcomes of the Czech foreign policy (though in many cases with rather significant delays).

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2014: Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2014: Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Since 2007 the Institute of International Relations continuously analyzes the Czech foreign policy, and it has released 10 analytical monographs on it (including this one) in both Czech and English language variations. The analytical framework remains the same over all these years (though there was a major addition to it in 2013), which provides a unique opportunity for a long-term comparison of how the foreign policy changed over the years. With this insight in mind, the authors can say that 2014 was the most remarkable year for this analytical series since the time that it started and – perhaps – one of the most remarkable years in the history of the Czech Republic as such. Both domestic (e.g. the change of the Czech government) and international factors (e.g. the violent development in Eastern Europe and the increasingly aggressive Russian behavior) contributed to the fact that the domestic political and public interest in foreign policy reached recorded levels that were previously unheard of. In the past, the authors criticized the overwhelming disinterest in foreign policy matters on the part of the politicians and the public in the Czech Republic. However, the heightened, if aroused, political and public attention to foreign policy cannot be rendered exclusively – or even predominantly – as a positive and constructive feature of the foreign policy in 2014. This is not to say that in the long term, the increased interest in the foreign policy, if sustained and managed in a conscious and responsible way, will not yield a fruitful result in the future. But the nature of the political and public con-text of the foreign policy in 2014 further exposed the immaturity and irresponsibility of the politics of the Czech foreign policy. As mentioned, the books’ structure has been the same since 2007. The first two chapters analyze the overall domestic political and media context of the Czech foreign policy and identify the influence and involvement of each of the main actors in it. The second part focuses on the Czech acting within the European Union and the Czech security and defense policy. The third part analyzes the main development and dynamics of the Czech policies in Central Europe. The fourth section maps out various important bilateral and regional relations, and the fifth part analyzes the participation of the Czech Republic in other multilateral and thematic areas. Furthermore, all the chapters follow a unified analytical structure. Each chapter begins with the political and conceptual context of the discrete analyzed field. In the second part of each chapter, a specific agenda and some events of the examined year, as well as their impact on and relevance for the Czech foreign policy, are analyzed. Most of the authors also included an analysis of the involvement of the different ac-tors in the monitored area and also the media coverage of the given topic. With the support of the Czech Grant Agency, the team of the authors has enriched the conceptual framework in 2013 by adding several further analytical categories that would allow them to qualitatively improve the theoretical knowledge of foreign policy-making. Also, thanks to the deepened cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for the second year now, the IIR’s analysis also includes an overview of the diplomatic activities of the main Czech foreign policy actors. In 2013, several questions were added to our research repertoire in order to develop a new conceptual framework for explaining the foreign policy of small and medium-sized states, as well as a more general explanation of the Czech foreign pol-icy as such. The set of new questions consists of the following: In what areas did the Czech Republic carry out a pro-active or a re-active policy (or no policy at all), and how successful was it in this respect? Why did it carry out these policies? In what areas did a polarization and a politicization of the foreign policy-making agenda occur, and what impact did these factors have on the Czech foreign policy? How does the Czech Republic react to challenges coming from outside the regional/international/global environment, and why? And how is the Czech Republic itself trying to influence the environment?

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2013: Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2013: Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Since 2007 the Institute of International Relations continuously monitors the Czech foreign policy, and it has released seven analytical monographs about it, which have always corresponded to the same unified analytical framework. The books’ structure is and always has been as follows: The first two chapters analyze the overall domes-tic political and media context of the Czech foreign policy and identify the influence and involvement of each of the main actors in it. The second part focuses on the most important thematic areas of the Czech foreign policy, specifically the Czech impact on the European Union and the Czech security and defense policy. The third part shows the main trends and dynamics of the Czech activities in the region that is geographically closest to the Czech Republic – Central Europe. The fourth section maps out various important bilateral and regional relations, and the fifth part analyzes the participation of the Czech Republic in other multilateral and thematic areas. Alongside this composition, all the chapters follow a unified analytical structure. Each chapter works with the Czech Republic’s political and conceptual context as a basic internal basis for the Czech foreign policy. In the second part of each chapter, a specific agenda and some events of the examined year, as well as their impact and relevance for the Czech foreign policy, are analyzed. Most of the authors also included an analysis of the involvement of the different actors in the monitored area and also the media coverage of the given topic. The team of authors emphasizes continuity in both conceptual and thematic matters. For this reason, the analysis can build on a robust empirical basis and deepen people’s understanding of the Czech foreign policy. In the yearbook for 2013, there are two significant shifts from the above described concept. First, partly due to a three-year grant of the Grant Agency of the Czech Re-public, the team of authors has enriched the conceptual framework by adding several further analytical categories that would allow them to qualitatively improve the theoretical knowledge of foreign policy-making in the future. Secondly, thanks to the deepened cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the long-discussed plan of the Ministry to replace the regularly published Czech Foreign Policy Report with a new output that would preserve the statistical level of the Report but would also include evaluations and analyses has been put into practice, as this book is precisely this kind of output. On the basis of these discussions, a new concept has materialized this year for the first time. In accordance with this concept, the Institute of International Relations’ foreign policy analysis now includes, for the first time, parts dealing with statistics and surveys, and these parts were prepared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. English versions of the yearbook will also be prepared with the support of the Ministry in the future. Regarding the overall conceptual framework, there have been several changes in terms of the main questions that we are asking, as well as in how the above described concept will be fulfilled. The aim is to develop a new conceptual framework for explaining the foreign policy of small and medium-sized states, as well as a more general explanation of the Czech foreign policy as such.

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2016: Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2016: Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Since 2007 the Institute of International Relations continuously analyzes the Czech foreign policy, and this years marks the 10th edition. The analytical framework remains the same over all these years (though there was a major addition to it in 2013), which provides a unique opportunity for a long-term comparison of how the foreign policy changed over the years. With this insight in mind, the authors can say that since 2014 that the turbulent international environment contributed to the fact that the domestic political and public interest in foreign policy reached recorded levels that were previously unheard of. In the past, the authors criticized the overwhelming disinterest in foreign policy matters on the part of the politicians and the public in the Czech Republic. However, the heightened, if aroused, political and public attention to foreign policy cannot be rendered exclusively – or even predominantly – as a positive and constructive feature of the foreign policy since then. This is not to say that in the long term, the increased interest in the foreign policy, if sustained and managed in a conscious and responsible way, will not yield a fruitful result in the future. But the nature of the political and public context of the foreign policy since 2014 exposed the immaturity and irresponsibility of the politics of the Czech foreign policy. As mentioned, the books’ structure has been the same since 2007, with slight variations as to which particular chapter was included or excluded in a given year. The first chapter analyzes the overall domestic and global political context of the Czech foreign policy and identify the influence and involvement of each of the main actors in it. The second part focuses on the Czech acting within the European Union and the Czech security and defense policy. The third part analyzes the main development and dynamics of the Czech policies in Central Europe. The fourth section maps out various important bilateral and regional relations, and the fifth part analyzes the participation of the Czech Republic in other multilateral and thematic areas. The fifth part is an up-to-date record of the diplomatic activities and interconnections of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, all the chapters follow a unified analytical structure. Each chapter begins with the political and conceptual context of the discrete analyzed field. In the second part of each chapter, a specific agenda and some events of the examined year, as well as their impact on and relevance for the Czech foreign policy, are analyzed. Most of the authors also included an analysis of the involvement of the different actors in the monitored area and also the media coverage of the given topic. Also, thanks to the deepened cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for the fourth year now, the IIR’s analysis also includes an overview of the diplomatic activities of the main Czech foreign policy actors.

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2010 Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2010 Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

What was the Czech foreign policy in 2010 and why? A team of authors from the Institute of International Relations in Prague and other Czech partner institutions have been looking for answers to these questions for four consecutive years. The book Czech Foreign Policy in 2010: Analysis of the IIR is the fourth volume of a series focused on the Czech foreign policy. In 20 chapters by 19 authors, the book provides a deep exploration of the Czech foreign policy based on an unchanged analytical framework. The book begins with an analysis of the general political context of the Czech foreign policy. The basic argument is that despite the fact that the government of Petr Nečas had a considerable majority, the Czech foreign policy during this time partly remained hostage to two basic features of the Czech foreign policy of the previous years: indifference and turbulent and unstable political conditions. Yet, several positive tendencies in it were recorded, such as, for example, the general calming down of the foreign policy debate, the more coherent foreign policy program declaration of the new government, or the beginning of work on a new foreign policy conception which had been promised since 2006. The second chapter adds an important analysis of the media context of the Czech foreign policy making, proving that there is a long term tendency to-ward excessive selectivity in the major media while this selectivity is determined not by the relevance of particular issues but by other, less relevant factors. This selectivity goes hand in hand with the rising personalization and more emotional framework of Czech news making. The rest of the book is divided into several chapters, and each chapter reflects a selected dimension of the Czech foreign policy. Each chapter follows the same unifying structure: in the first part, the chapter analyses the nature of the political context of the given foreign policy dimension in order to illuminate the link between the political background and the actual foreign policy outputs, which are then explored in the second part. The third part focuses on the roles and involvement of particular actors participating in the foreign policy, and the fourth part aims at describing the media coverage and media context of a particular foreign policy agenda.

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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2015. Analýza ÚMV
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Česká zahraniční politika v roce 2015. Analýza ÚMV

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

V loňském roce (2014) autorky a autoři této publikace konstatovali, že se jednalo nejvýraznější rok z hlediska zahraniční politiky za celé sledované období a do velkémíry za celou samostatnou existenci České republiky vůbec. Trend k oslabování multilaterálního a otevřeného globálního řádu a k poklesu důvěry v tento řád se v roce 2015 spíše prohloubil. Jde o jev ryze negativní pro zemi velikostí a schopností České republiky. Nadále pro nás tedy zůstává klíčová otázka: Jak a proč ČR reaguje na výzvy, přicházející z vnějšího regionálního – mezinárodního – globálního prostředí a jak se toto prostředí sama pokoušela ovlivnit? Přispívá ČR svou zahraniční politikou ke kultivaci či alespoň k udržení multilaterálního globálního řádu či nikoli? V této souvislosti se dále ptáme: V jakých oblastech a proč provozovala ČR proaktivní, reaktivní či „žádnou“ politiku a s jakým úspěchem? V jakých oblastech docházelo k po-larizaci a k politizaci tvorby zahraničněpolitické agendy a jaký vliv tyto faktory měly na zahraniční politiku?

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