Německý bolševismus a komunistické skupiny v Čechách v počátcích ČSR

Author(s): Zdeněk Kárník / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Prvopočátky ohlasu bolševického převratu a pak třetí ruské revoluce mezi německými radikály v Československu byl jednoznačný: mísil se v něm maximální radikalismus sociální s radikalismem nacionálním. Bez jakýchkoli pochyb se tak vyjádřily dva dokumenty, jež jsou k dispozici, a to leták „Arbeiter Brünns! Bürger!“ z ledna 1919, a leták ohlašující založení Kommunistische Partei Deutschböhmen, zachycený v březnu toho roku na severu Čech. Oba útočí na českou vládu jako hlavního nepřítele a představitele imperialismu (německý třídní nepřítel nebyl brán v potaz), nýbrž i to, že počítají s organizační základnou německých zemí a území, založených v teritoriu již existující ČSR, a s jejich automatickým připojením k „Velkoněmecku“. Ideologické zaměření vůdců hnutí situaci odpovídalo.

Politický vývoj v Československu v roku 1968 (so zreteľom na podmienky Slovenska)

Author(s): Stanislav Sikora / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V júli 1960 bola prijatá Ústava ČSSR a vedúci predstavitelia komunistického režimu vyhlásili, že v Československu sa vybudovali základy socializmu. Pravda, išlo o socializmus sovietskeho typu, ktorý bol do našej krajiny „transplantovaný“ v predchádzajú- com období za asistencie predtým nevídaného a neslýchaného násilia, pričom si treba uvedomiť, že sa to dialo v mierových podmienkach. V Československu vznikol totalitný systém, ktorý rozbúral všetky tradičné spoločenské štruktúry. V politickej sfére došlo k nastoleniu diktatúry jednej strany – KSČ, v mene ktorej de facto vládla straníckoštátna byrokracia a represívna päsť režimu – Štátna bezpečnosť. V ekonomickej oblasti došlo k zoštátneniu všetkého, čo sa ešte zoštátniť dalo – vrátane živností; poľnohospodárstvo bolo násilne skolektivizované.

Invázia „pätky“ z augusta 1968 (so zameraním na medzinárodný kontext)

Author(s): Slavomír Michálek / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Šesťdesiate roky 20. storočia obsahovali takmer všetky varianty komunistickej politiky, ktoré sa uplatnili v Československu počas celého komunistického režimu. Na ich začiatku doznievala politika tvrdého kurzu. Od roku 1963 možno pozorovať isté politické uvoľnenie, čiastočnú liberalizáciu režimu, vzápätí nasledovala invázia vojsk piatich štátov Varšavskej zmluvy na „záchranu socializmu“ v Československu 21. augusta 1968 a po nej známa normalizácia, reštaurácia komunistickej diktatúry.

Kultúrny život – časopis osobností a kryštalizovania názorov – a pôsobenie Ladislava Mňačka v ňom

Author(s): Jozef Leikert / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Na dome na Štúrovej ulici č. 14 v Bratislave, kde ešte donedávna sídlil Literárny fond, sú umiestnené tri pomerne veľké mramorové tabule. Na jednej z nich je napísané: V tejto budove na Štúrovej ulici bola v rokoch 1946 – 1968 redakcia týždenníka slovenských spisovateľov Kultúrny život. Stala sa dielňou slobodného myslenia a tvorivosti, rodila sa v nej odvaha k zodpovednosti, ktorá otvárala cestu nezávislosti milovaného Slovenska. Kto jak Slovák cíti, nech sa pokloní tomuto miestu!

Nekomunistický reformný prúd v roku 1968 – denník Ľud v 60. rokoch

Author(s): Juraj Alner / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Téma pozostáva z dvoch častí: jednou je história Strany slovenskej obrody, ktorá Ľud vydávala, druhou udalosti odohrávajúce sa priamo v redakcii. Oboje sa vyvíjalo (presnejšie: stagnovalo) vo vzájomnej symbióze do polovice šesťdesiatych rokov, potom sa začal postupný proces odpútavania Ľudu od SSO. V rokoch 1969 - 70 sa noviny vrátili do stojatých vôd malej politickej strany. Zatiaľ čo pojem „politický marketing“ označuje symbiózu či vzájomnú závislosť politiky a médií, symbióza SSO a Ľudu za komunistického režimu bola špecifi cká: SSO svoje noviny v skutočnosti vôbec nepotrebovala, pretože sa nepotrebovala (a veľmi ani nechcela) prezentovať na verejnosti svojimi názormi (nijaké nemala) a nepotrebovala ani získavať voličské hlasy (nebolo ju možné voliť nad rámec mandátov, ktoré automaticky dostávala od komunistov). V roku 1968 (a krátko predtým a potom) nomenklatúre SSO Ľud skôr prekážal, pretože vstupoval vlastnými postojmi do politickej debaty. Ten vlastný postoj bol v príkrom rozpore s líniou, ktorú mali dopredu nakreslenú ofi ciálni reprezentanti strany kolaborujúcej s mocou.

Literatúra

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Fotodokumentácia

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Inštitucionálne nástroje kontroly cirkví v období existencie komunistického režimu na Slovensku (1948 – 1989)

Author(s): Jan Pešek / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Vzťahy komunistického režimu a cirkví pôsobiacich v Československu štyridsať rokov, od jesene 1949 do pádu komunizmu koncom roka 1989, formálne vymedzovali tzv. cirkevné zákony, prijaté v Národnom zhromaždení 14. októbra 1949. Šlo o zákon č. 217/1949 Zb. o Štátnom úrade pre veci cirkevné a zákon č. 218/1949 Zb. o hmotnom zabezpečení cirkví a náboženských spoločností, na ktoré nadväzovali v mimoriadne krátkom čase prijaté vykonávacie vládne nariadenia, osobitné pre každú cirkev. Tzv. cirkevné zákony zakotvovali existenciu Štátneho, respektíve Slovenského úradu pre veci cirkevné ako vrcholného štátneho orgánu na riadenie cirkví, požiadavku predbežného štátneho súhlasu na výkon duchovnej funkcie, zloženie sľubu vernosti republike a ďalšie zásadné ustanovenia. Stanovovali aj podobu aparátu na riadenie a kontrolu cirkví, ktorá sa de facto štyridsať rokov nezmenila; dochádzalo síce k čiastkovým zmenám, boli však skôr formálne ako obsahové. Na cirkvi pritom „dohliadali“ aj ďalšie štruktúry komunistického režimu. O všetkých podstatných otázkach štátnej cirkevnej politiky rozhodovali vedúce orgány KSČ, či už riadne (predsedníctvo, politické byro) alebo mimoriadne (rôzne cirkevné komisie), prípadne aj orgány na nižšej úrovni. Podstatné bolo pôsobenie bezpečnosti, predovšetkým jej štátnobezpečnostnej zložky, ktorá si vytvárala príslušné oddelenia, respektíve referáty na riešenie cirkevnopolitickej problematiky. Štátna bezpečnosť mala cirkvi v svojej kompetencii, a to nielen tým, že ich sledovala a v prípade potreby priamo zasahovala, ale pôsobila aj sprostredkovane, cez príslušný štátny aparát, inštitucionálne vybudovaný a „špecializujúci sa“ na kontrolu a riadenie cirkví.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - RUSSIAN INFORMATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST UKRAINIAN STATE AND DEFENCE FORCE

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The report was executed for the NATO StratCom COE by the Centre for Applied Research under the Estonian National Defence College. The objective of this research is to identify how the Russian media portrays the Ukrainian military and security structures, including the policies of the Kiev government and their ‘collaboration’ with the West. The research group looks at how messages disseminated in the media attempt to construct attitudes and advocate behaviours in parallel to political and military events on the ground in Ukraine. The research covers the period from 1 April until 31 December 2014 and analyses the following Russian media: Regnum, Komsomolskaya Pravda and TV Zvezda. These media are important because they target not only Russian internal audience but also the Russian-speaking communities in the former territory of the USSR. The researchers used standardised content analysis in accordance to a specially developed Coding Manual and enriched the findings with data from 25 structured interviews with Ukrainian representatives (media, political and military experts, as well as soldiers and officers involved in the military conflict). From December 2014 the Russian military has adopted a new doctrine that explicitly states that information superiority is essential to achieving victory on the physical battleground in the modern war. It is crucial for NATO to draw appropriate conclusions from the on-going conflict in Europe in order to further strengthen the unity of the alliance and avoid such conflict scenarios between Russia and NATO in the future. Russia’s information activities have played a significant role in the overall military operations carried out in the territory of East Ukraine since 2014. Information operations were used at all levels starting with the political level (against the state of Ukraine, state structures, politicians) up to the tactical level for justifying military actions initiated by pro-Russian forces. Information confrontation and a variety of psychological operations continue to play a substantial role in the current crisis in Ukraine. Russia uses various media channels to conduct its operations against Ukraine, including governmental and private TV channels (e.g. Pervyi Kanal, Rossija 1, NTV, Russia Today, LifeNews), radio (e.g. Radio Mayak), mobile phone operators (e.g. KyivStar), Internet sources (including online publications, e.g. Regnum, TV Zvezda, Кomsomolskaya Pravda, Itar Tass, RIA Novosti ) and social media networks (e.g. YouTube, Facebook, Vk.com, odnoklassniki.ru). Some Ukrainian sources hold pro-Russian attitudes and can also be used to spread disinformation (e.g. Vesti). The separatist People’s Republics of Donetsk and Luhansk have their own channels producing anti-Ukrainian propaganda (e.g. dnrnews.com, novorus.info). The current study has focused on the media channels that represent the Russian mainstream—Komsomolskaya Pravda, TV Zvezda, Regnum. These mass media channels are generally critical against the Ukrainian government and armed forces, but do not offer a critical view of the Russian government; they justify Russian policy in Ukraine and see the Ukrainian crisis as a battlefield between Russia and West, referring to the clash of civilisations with the West (primarily the US and NATO, but also the European Union) allegedly intending to advance its sphere of influence towards Russian borders.

ŠKOLSTVO NA HRVATSKIM OTOCIMA OD 1945. DO 2022.

Author(s): Šime Barbaroša,Igor Radeka / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper follows the development of education on Croatian islands between 1945 and 2022 based on relevant primary and secondary sources. The falling trend in the number of pupils and the closing down of schools is analysed in detail, and the implications are explored – not only for the quality of life on the islands, but, in the final instance, for the continuation of that life. Collected dana revealed the trend of island depopulation has led to a declined number of pupils, more serious problems with organising their transfer from homes to schools, as well as difficulties in ensuring the teaching staff and sufficient equipment for island schools. The number of main schools in larger island towns and regional schools in smaller places categorised as “primary schools with difficult working conditions” is on the increase. Unfortunately, the most distant, small and sparsely populated islands no longer fulfil the conditions for having primary schools (both main and regional ones). Children and young people are prematurely leaving the family and island life in search of appropriate education in mainland cities which over a longer period, lowers the chances for their return after completing the education. Additionaly, schools have a particularly important role in re-establishing the balance between the needs and the possibilities of life on the islands, as young families with children cannot live there without schools.

DOPRINOS EMERITUSA MLADENA BEVANDE U PROUČAVANJU I PROMICANJU PEDAGOŠKE MISLI U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Merima Muslić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Contribution of Emeritus Mladen Bevanda to the study and promotion of pedagogical thought in Bosnia and Herzegovina Mladen Bevanda is among the first to receive a master’s degree and a doctorate in the field of history of pedagogy and education in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo. Due to the quality of the works, he presented them in books that are still used by students studying the History of Pedagogy and Schooling in BiH course. Professor Bevanda established this course, and through teaching, the graduate theses of his students, and a significant bibliography, left his mark in the study of both historiography and the development of pedagogical ideas in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

KRATAK OSVRT NA DOPRINOS PROF. DR. MLADENA BEVANDE

Author(s): Hrvoje Milošević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Akademik Bevanda u Sarajevu je među inicijatorima osnivanja 5. lipnja 1993. godine Udruge hrvatskih djelatnika u odgoju i obrazovanju i njezin tajnik i među pokretačima utemeljenja Hrvatskog društva za znanost i umjetnost 18. prosinca 1993. godine. Biran je u zvanje dopisnog i redovitog člana Društva te tajnika i predsjednika u dva mandata, svaki put tajnim glasanjem i među više kandidata.

SIGURAN HOD

Author(s): Marinko Jovanović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Ljeto 1960. godine bilo je tipično vrelo ljeto kakva su bila ljeta u južnoj Hercegovini tih godina. Na plaži Jaz u Šurmancima tih vrelih dana vladala je prava vreva. Dno Neretve još uvijek nije bilo zatrpano šljunkom što će se dogoditi idućih godina izgradnjom magistralnog puta lijevom obalom i nove željezničke pruge desnom obalom rijeke. Neretva je krila brojne zamke u svojim uzburkanim bukovima i pećinama, pa je Jaz bio prava oaza i za slabije i nevješte plivače. Glavnu riječ na plaži vodili su najvještiji u plivanju, ronjenju i skakanju u vodu. Jaz je bio poput košnice. Bilo je tu dosta snažnih i vrlo vještih mladića, ali svojom pojavom posebno se isticao Mladen Bevanda. Te je godine završio Učiteljsku školu u Mostaru i svaki dan koristio je da uživa u zasluženom odmoru. Kratko ošišan, širokog, dobroćudnog osmijeha, preplanulog mišićavog tijela privlačio je poglede posebno nježnijeg dijela plaže. Izvodio je različite akrobacije na vodi, a osobito je bio impresivan način na koji je izvodio salto.

DOPRINOS PROF. BEVANDE POVIJESTI PEDAGOGIJE I ŠKOLSTVA U BIH

Author(s): Snježana Šušnjara / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Osnivanje i djelovanje Katedre za pedagogiju na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu 1963. godine je bilo od velike važnosti za razvoj pedagoške znanosti u BiH. Osnivači Katedre za pedagogiju, profesori Petar Mandić, Nikola Filipović, Branko Rakić i Muhamed Muradbegović su s prvom generacijom studenata započeli raditi te 1963.godine. (Šušnjara, 2015, 2016) Katedra za pedagogiju je pored nastavne funkcije odigrala i važnu ulogu u razvoju pedagoških znanosti, čemu su pridonosili pedagoški radovi njezinih članova „[…] kako u ovoj sredini tako i šire jer su učinili značajne doprinose u inovacijama spoznaja i u tehnologiji obrazovanja.“ (Ilić 2005:57) Spomenuti profesori su aktivno sudjelovali u osnivanju pedagoških društava u BiH, a kasnije i u aktivnostima saveza pedagoških društava BiH i Jugoslavije. Uređivali su pedagoške časopise i priređivali različite susrete pedagoga i bivših studenata. Pisali su članke i priloge za pedagoške časopise u Jugoslaviji i BiH.

DR. MLADEN BEVANDA, AKADEMIK I PROFESOR EMERITUS

Author(s): Hašim Muminović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Dr. Mladen Bevanda je napisao brojne radove iz različitih pedagoških disciplina. Sve je to urađeo korektno, sistematično i originalno. Historiju školstva, kojom se ponajviše bavio, nisam imao na osnovnom studiju pa me nekako to kasnije nije ni zanimala. Čak sam se u to vrijeme čudio ko će se tim baviti kada u pedagogiji ima toliko interesantnih disciplina, pod disciplina i problema za istraživanje. Čitajući Mladenovu knjigu Pedagoška misao Bosne i Hercegovine od 1918. do 1941. i druge radove iz i historije školstva uvjerio sam se da nisam bio u pravu. Shvatio sam koliko je to relevantan problem za historiju školstva i pedagogije uopće, koliko je to bitno za budućnost državne zajednice te koliko je neistraženo. To je izuzetno važno za sva druga pedagoška istraživanja. Kada čitate ovu knjigu onda vidite koliko je to značajan i bogat period u razvoju pedagoške misli i školske prakse u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1918.do 1941. godine. Riječ je o cjelovitom i sistematičnom djelu koje se temelji na brojnim dokumentima i drugim izvorima napisanim u tom vremenu. Koliko je trebalo snage, strpljenja i napora da se dođe do brojnih relevantnih arhivskih izvora i napiše tako i toliko o ovom problemu kako bi drugi istraživači nastavili dalje.

Materiály s židovskou tematikou ve spisech Finanční prokuratury České Budějovice

Author(s): Vlastimil Kolda / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Financial prosecutors’ offices were one of the branches of the Czechoslovak state administration in the 1950s. They were responsible for defending the interests of the state in official proceedings of all kinds. Among other things, they dealt with matters relating to the restitution of property of legal and natural persons of Jewish origin who had suffered during the years of Nazi occupation. The records of the Financial Prosecutor’s Office in České Budějovice (Budweis), which are now housed in the State Regional Archives Třeboň, contain files on specific cases in which relatives of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution sought redress for property injustices committed by the Nazis. These files provide an interesting record of the restitution proceedings and of the frequent obstacles placed in their way by the state authorities.

Voják a politik JUDr. Bedřich Steiner (1913-1983)

Author(s): Karel Řeháček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Bedřich Steiner's life story, spanning from his birth in 1913 to his death in 1983, reflects the turbulent history of Czechoslovakia in the 20th century. Born into a Jewish family, Steiner's early years were marked by academic achievements and a strong leftist political inclination. His life took a dramatic turn during World War II when he joined the Czechoslovak army in exile, fought bravely on the Eastern Front, and suffered severe injuries. Post-war, Steiner played a significant role in the political and social reconstruction of Czechoslovakia, holding various public offices and contributing to the resettlement of the border regions. Despite his dedication, his career faced setbacks due to political purges and his Jewish heritage. Steiner's personal life was equally eventful, marked by his marriage to Marija Lebeděvová and the emigration of their sons. His story, reconstructed through archival research and personal testimonies, offers a poignant glimpse into the resilience and challenges faced by Jewish individuals in Czechoslovakia.

Nejlepší manžel a tatíček Arnošt Löwy (31. 5. 1910 Planá – 16. 8. 1953 Praha)

Author(s): Markéta Novotná / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Arnošt Löwy's life journey, from his birth in 1910 to his death in 1953, mirrors the upheavals of 20th-century Czechoslovakia. Born into a Jewish family in Planá, Löwy excelled academically and was politically active. His life changed dramatically during World War II when he joined the Czechoslovak army in exile and fought on the Eastern Front. After the war, Löwy contributed significantly to the political and social reconstruction of Czechoslovakia, despite facing challenges due to his Jewish heritage and political purges. His personal life included marriage to Gertruda and attempts to emigrate. Löwy's resilience is evident in his efforts to rebuild his life and career, even as he faced imprisonment and persecution during the political trials of the 1950s. His story, reconstructed through archival research and personal testimonies, offers a poignant glimpse into the challenges and resilience of Jewish individuals in Czechoslovakia.

Obraz židovské komunity v poválečném Československu ve fondech 4. oddělení Národního archivu

Author(s): Michaela Munková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The archival sources for the history of Jews in post-war Czechoslovakia are crucial for understanding the relationship between the state and religious communities, especially after the February 1948 coup. The State Office for Religious Affairs, established in 1949, centralized church matters and controlled Jewish religious communities, including their finances and property. The National Archive holds extensive records from this office, detailing the administration and oversight of Jewish communities. Other significant sources include the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, which managed post-war property restitution and repatriation of Jewish refugees. The National Administration of Property Assets handled Jewish property confiscated during the war. These archives provide insights into the state's control over religious communities and the challenges faced by Jews in reclaiming their property and rights. The archives also contain documents on the persecution of Jews during the 1950s, including political trials and antisemitic policies. Researchers can access a wide range of materials, from legal documents to personal testimonies, offering a comprehensive view of Jewish life in post-war Czechoslovakia.

K otázce židovského majetku v Karlových Varech po roce 1945

Author(s): Milan Augustin / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The archival sources for the history of Jewish property in Karlovy Vary after 1945 are extensive, documenting the transfer of houses to new ownership. The records, organized by cadastral areas and house numbers, reveal the varied fates of properties based on their type and the nationality and political history of their occupants. Karlovy Vary, predominantly German before and during the Nazi occupation, had a significant Jewish community that grew rapidly after 1850. Notable Jewish residents included Arthur Maier, a factory owner who built the luxurious Villa Splendid in 1898. After World War II, the villa was confiscated, and its owner, Marianna, faced severe hardships, including forced eviction and property confiscation. The villa, renamed Tajga, continued to serve as a spa house under the new regime. The detailed records in the State District Archive in Karlovy Vary provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of property restitution and the challenges faced by Jewish property owners in the post-war period.