"Vergangenheitsbewältigung" po česku

Holokaust v českém samizdatu

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.

"Viss" par Jēkabu Strazdiņu

Author(s): Eduards Kļaviņš / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 25/2021

The book review analyses the monograph "Jēkabs Strazdiņš" (Riga: Neputns, 2020) by art historian Jānis Kalnačs who has gathered all available data about the noted Latvian figural painter and art collector of the inter-war period.

"Социалистический реализм" и драма болгарского творца (середина 40-х - середина 50-х годов)

Author(s): Nataliya Hristova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1-2/1998

"Територіальне питання" у відносинах між Японією і Росією та спроба його вирішення в 50-60-х роках ХХ ст.

Author(s): Sergiy V. Reznichenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2010

Author, drawing on scientific researches of domestic and oversea historians, materials of press, exposes essence problems of "norths territories", process of its origin and position of the USA in its decision.

(Ne)istorinis istorinio Atgimimo laikotarpio tyrimas

Author(s): Tomas Vaitelė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 46/2020

Review of: Tomas Vaitelė - Rec.: Anna Mikonis-Railienė, Renata Šukaitytė, Mantas Martišius, Renata Stonytė, Politinis lūžis ekrane: (po)komunistinė transformacija Lietuvos dokumentiniame kine, videokronikoje ir televizijoje, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2020.

(Ne)oficiální kulturní aktivity mládeže v Československu v období tzv. normalizace

Author(s): Miroslav Vaněk / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

The fall of the regime in 1989 was of course caused by many factors - external (western pressure, M. S. Gorbachev in the role of the General Secretary of the USSR) and internal (economics, environment, opposition). The coming of the new youth generation in the 1980s was also an important internal factor. After many years it was a generation not afflicted and traumatized by living through the events of 1968 (but also 1938 or 1948). The term “youth” did not acquire its new meaning, it was comprehended as a specific entity, but also something that is advisable to keep under control. Democratic, authoritative and totalitarian regimes boasted about their best intentions and care not only for children, but also for young people. Politicians accepted their existence, but at the same time drew the lines for their activities, strictly watched and organized by real adults. The Czechoslovak communist regime was perfectly aware of the potential “threat” of the free time. Till its fall and depending on the situation it tried in the name of so called “battle for juvenils” to hold back and fight the activities of youths. During the 1980s the regime was short-winded in its campaign and was forced to relieve the pressure somewhere. The youth took the opportunity and their new activities could be pointed out as the seeds of the new civil society. They themselves understood them as “freedom islands” that helped them survive the pre-revolution regime. Young environmentalists, punk fans, new wave fans (and rock fans in general), peace activists, young Christians in various groups and slowly forming student activities created a platform ready to support changes coming with the year 1989 and some of them really acted on it. The old regime was not dissolved by the juveniles, but they surely did contribute to the changes not only before 1989 but also after it.

(Not) Developing a Reference of the Second Vatican Council in Slovakia (The History and Operation of Movements and Lay Associations)

Author(s): Damian Saraka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Church movements and lay associations are one of the admirable fruits of the Second Vatican Council. However, it was not simple to inject the recommendations and regulations of the council into the life of the Catholic Church. In Eastern Europe and especially in former Czechoslovakia the Catholic Church had to confront a massive external conflict against totalitarian communist regimes which openly restrained implementing the fruits of the council into practical life. The Greek Catholic Church, which was prohibited by the totalitarian regime in Czechoslovakia for 18 years, became caught in the centre of that conflict. Despite the period of darkness and many conflicts, there came a period of freedom and blossoming of new movements and communities, which involve new forms of communication with modern people and answer their need for strong and personal experiences with God. However, also in the middle of the free society and continuous activity and blossoming of movements there are internal conflicts, which are the consequence of adolescence, development of structures and applying of charismas of particular movements and communities in the Catholic Church environment. It is the period of adolescing to ‘Church maturity’ which cannot be without conflicts. Despite the conflicts, church movements and lay associations are the answer to dramatic calls of the present-day period induced by The Holy Spirit.

(red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz: Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań

Author(s): Mirosław Boruta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: Mirosław Boruta - Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań, (red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa 2016, ss. 600

(Trajna) nedovršenost države?

Author(s): Aleksandar R. Miletić / Language(s): Serbian

Nedovršenost države, koju je Đinđić video kao uzrok unutrašnjih protivrečnosti u jugoslovenskoj federaciji i kasnije u Srbiji njegovog vremena, do danas se već u značajnoj meri normalizovala kao stanje stvari i svesti. Politički akteri i društvo u Srbiji sa njom ozbiljno računaju; ona je postala značajan deo identitetske legitimacije društva koje kao da ne bi umelo da funkcioniše izvan kategorija fiktivnog suvereniteta i zamrznutog konflikta na Kosovu. Uzimajući Đinđićevu postavljenu dijagnozu i hronologiju pojave izlazi da ova nedovršenost institucija i neizvesnost državnog statusa na različite načine traju neprekidno od druge polovine 60-ih godina prošlog veka, dakle već pola stoleća. Godišnjica atentata na prvog demokratski izabranog premijera Srbije čini se kao dobar povod da se razmotri istorijski kontekst ovih prvih 50 godina naše nedovršenosti. Nije zgoreg, naime, biti pripravan za nastupajuće godišnjice. Počećemo od socijalističke Jugoslavije.

„Egalizarea ideologică” a Vestului, între pace şi război

Author(s): Marius Iorgulescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3-4/2019

The author proposes an analysis of the concept of ”ideological equalization” between West European countries at the end of the Second World War, which may be defined as limiting or even eliminating the inherent differences in approaching the political organization of society on a homogenous democratic basis, faced with the aggressive assertion of an ideological formula identified as a common enemy: communism.

1 Decembrie la Cluj-Napoca (1949-2004). Anatomia unei sărbători

Author(s): Elena Bărbulescu,Constantin Bărbulescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/2005

Cercetarea comemorărilor lui 1 Decembrie în Clujul postrevoluționar este realizată pe două paliere: unul etnologic, folosind metoda anchetei participative, și un al doilea istoric, constând în analiza discursului presei și a celui istoriografic. Cu alte cuvinte, într-o primă parte studiul trece în revistă modul cum după 1989 a fost comemorat 1 Decembrie la Cluj-Napoca, face un istoric al evoluției sărbătorilor comemorative, iar într-o parte secundă se reconstituie destinul semnificației Unirii în perioada 1948-1989. În intervalul 1948-1968 nu există comemorări oficiale ale evenimentelor din 1918, iar discursul istoriografic recuperează timid după 1960 o semnificație națională a evenimentelor de la 1 Decembrie. Comemorarea explodează fastuos în 1968 cu ocazia semicentenarului și va căpăta tot mai multă importanță, direct proporțional cu poziția tot mai independentă a regimului Ceaușescu față de URSS. Comemorarea este un eveniment simbolic direct subordonat discursului politic. Dar și discursul istoriografic este supus celui politic; anul 1968 reprezintă și relansarea temei Marii Uniri în istoriografia română, temă care de acum și până în 1989 are un destin asigurat. De fapt, destinul postrevoluționar al lui 1 Decembrie nu poate fi nici măcar imaginat în absența recuperării sale în ultimele trei decenii ale perioadei comuniste. Din acest punct de vedere avem de-a face cu o continuitate.

15 LET OSREDNJE DRUŽBOSLOVNE KNJIŽNICE JOŽETA GORIČARJA

Author(s): Janez Jug / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 30-31/1999

This article presents the history of the Central Social Sciences Library ‘Jože Goričar’, its precedent libraries, as well as the automation process of library functions. The library had been founded in 1985 by the merging of the Library of the Sociological Institute and the Library of the Faculty of Sociology, Political Sciences and Journalism. The automation process began in 1978 when the Social Science Information Centre was founded, which covered the computer processing of bibliographic data. In 1993 the library entered the system of cooperative cataloging COBISS and in 1994 included the bibliography of the Faculty of Social Sciences into the system. The automation was completed by 1995 with the automation of the lending segment of library functions.

1923-1980 Yılları Arasında Isparta Sanayisi ve Ekonomiye Katkıları

Author(s): Esin Yüzbaşi,Byram Akça / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 28/2021

In this study, the industrial activities of Isparta province between 1923 and 1980 and the contributions of these activities to Isparta economy have been investigated. In Isparta, the sectors of rose farming, rose oil manufacturing and carpet weaving have directed the city’s economy. Besides these, small handicrafts made with old methods in Isparta,which are weaving, leatherwork, shoe-making, coppersmithing, rope making and blacksmithing, continued to exist but their impact on the economy decreased with industrialization. Thanks to the economic policies implemented in Turkey during the republican era, important factories were founded between the years 1923 and 1980. Especially in the early 1970s, different industrial sectors developed, cement, feed, forest products processing, biscuit, fruit juice and garment factories have been opened and thanks to these, the number of products that Isparta exports and the level of gross provincial income due to industry increased. These factories, which hold a significant place in Isparta industry,made contributions to both city economy and that of the country. Thanks to the economic policies implemented in Turkey during the Republican era, industrialization increased and by 1978; the share of Isparta industry in the gross provincial product increased to 15.1%, and with this rate, Isparta industry became the second largest contributor to the city’s economy after the agricultural sector’s share of 25.1%.

1939 versus 1989—A Missed Opportunity to Create a European Lieu de Mémoire?

Author(s): Aline Sierp / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2017

This article analyses the wider context of policy conflict concerning public memory of the 1989 events. It uses Pierre Nora’s concept of lieux de mémoire in trying to explain why 23 August 1939 has been turned into a European Remembrance Day whereas 9 November 1989 has not. By investigating closely the role that various memory actors played during debates at the European level, it advances the idea that the anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact has been more successful in establishing itself within the European remembrance landscape because it has allowed for the promotion of a unifying narrative of the European past. In doing so, the article questions the frequently advanced idea that memory clashes in the EU form around an East–West divide that in some cases overlaps with a Right–Left divide. The analysis digs deep into the complex dynamics lying at the heart of memory contests concerning the end of the Cold War within the EU and provides a more differentiated view of discussions preceding EU decisions on policies of memory.

1945–1956, the Beginning of Modernity

Author(s): Konrad Matyjaszek / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2019

This article is the second part of the introduction to issue 8/19 of Studia Litteraria et Historica. The issue focuses on an anthropological and sociological analysis of the years 1945–1956 in Poland and, to some degree, on a deconstruction of contemporary Polish narratives on Stalinism.

1949-1982 Yılları Arasında Din Psikolojisi Alanında Yazılan Eserlerin Doküman Analizi Nitel Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Beyazıt Yaşar Seyhan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 13/2021

It has been tried to do document analysis together with content analysis about some terms in the works written between 1949 and 1982, which is assumed to be the first period of the psychology of religion. The terms researched are “şuur (consciousness)” and its derivatives in Ottoman, and “consciousness”, “subconscious”, “unconscious” terms which is the modern usage of the term “şuur” and “adolescent, puberty” terms of Western origin which correspond to the meanings of “ergen ve argenlik”. The frequency of the use of these terms in the books was determined and it was examined whether there was a change in time, and the scientific language in using the terms of the psychology of religion was tried to be understood in line with the qualitative method. As a result, the psychology of religion changes some of these terms over time, while others still use them. By examining whether the purposes and bibliographies of the early psychology books were similar or different, it was understood that these terms used in the books of the early psychology of religion kept pace with the language and psychology science language of that period and their changes over time. In addition, it is understood that the works written by theology-based religious psychologists do not only serve the science of psychology of religion, but also they have an individual, educational, political and social goals.

1950 ve 1954 Genel Seçimlerinde Antalya

Author(s): Sevilay ÖZER / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 29/2021

With the transition to a multiparty political life, political life in Turkey has gained further momentum. With the establishment of the DP alongside the CHP, which has been in power for any years, the traditional election atmosphere has undergone a major change. The general elections which held in 1946 and then in 1950 were quite popular. In addition to the national press, the local press followed the elections with great interest. In this process, the parties engaged in an active propaganda activity and the public listened to the speeches of the candidates both at the rally squares and in the coffeehouses.Contrary to the 1946 elections, secret ballot and open counting were applied for the first time in the 1950 general election. In the 1950 elections, where the plurality voting system was implemented, DP was elected 7 deputies from Antalya and 8 in 1954 general elections. In this study, the determination of candidates for parliamentary election for DP and CHP in the general elections held in 1950 and 1954 in Antalya, the propaganda activities of the candidates, the issues they discussed during the election campaign and the results of the elections were evaluated in detail.

1952 YILINDA MİLLİYET GAZETESİNDE YER ALAN LAİKA KARABEY’E AİT MÜZİK YAZILARI BİBLİYOGRAFYASININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Author(s): Beril ÇAKMAKOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 83/2021

Laika Karabey lived in the 20th century and contributed to traditional Turkish art music as a tanbur performer, composer, editor, music writer and instructor. It is known that Karabey, who was very productive in the period he lived, has an important place in the Turkish classical music tradition. Considering that the women representing the Turkish classical music tradition are few in number, it can easily be said that Karabey made important contributions to the history of Turkish music both in the context of her productive female identity and in ensuring the continuity of the tradition. Karabey's works, especially as a writer, are considered useful in terms of understanding the Turkish music tradition, as it provides important data about the music culture of the period. Laika Karabey drew attention with her regular newspaper articles, in addition to her articles in the Musiki Magazine, which was considered one of the most important magazines of the period. Music articles in the Milliyet newspaper, which was founded on May 3, 1952, both provide important data about the musical understanding of the period and contain information about Karabey's musical understanding. In line with the study, first of all, Karabey's music articles in Milliyet newspaper were obtained by archive scanning method. The universe of the study is limited to the articles that Karabey wrote in the Milliyet newspaper during 1952. The aim of the study is to reveal Karabey's views on music in line with the data obtained, and to present data on the general musical understanding of the period, especially in line with his criticisms.

1956 and the Collapse of Stalinist Politics of History: Forgetting and Remembering the 1942 Újvidék/Novi Sad Massacre and the 1944/45 Partisan Retaliations in Hungary and Yugoslavia (1950s–1960s)

Author(s): Árpád V. Klimó / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Two acts of mass violence that occurred during World War II have strained relations between Hungarians and Serbs for decades: the murder of several thousand civilians in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and the surrounding villages in January 1942, committed by the Hungarian army and gendarmerie, and Tito’s partisan army’s mass killings and incarceration of tens of thousands civilians, most of them Hungarians, at the end of the war. Remembering these atrocities has always been difficult and strongly politicized, but this was particularly the case when the Communist regimes in Hungary and Yugoslavia based the legitimation of their authority on anti-Fascist narratives and interpretations of the war. The conflict between Stalin and Tito, and the anti-Stalinist revolution of 1956 made it even more difficult to propagate the original Stalinist narrative about the war, which stood in ever starker contrast to everyday realities. When Kádár began to revise the political justification of his regime with a narrative that was both anti-Fascist and (moderately) critical of Stalinism in the 1960s, the remembrance of the 1942 massacre changed. In Yugoslavia, the weakening of the central government in the 1960s contributed to a local re-appropriation of the memory of 1942, while the 1944 killings remained a strict taboo until 1989.

1956 Süveyş Krizi ve Ortadoğu’ya Etkisi

Author(s): Mehmet Erkan Kıllıoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

In the period after the Second World War, the great colonial empires of the 19th century and their colonial order fade away and a new bipolar international political system led by the USA and USSR, emerged. The emergence of this new international political system forced the disintegration of the old order. During this disintegration process, Britain tried to evacuate and liquidate her former colonies, which put a huge burden on its economic, political and military system, but in doing so tried to keep the strategically important points, at least the ones left in the west of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal region, which remained in Egyptian territory, was one of those strategic assets. Egypt, whose relations with the West occasionally deteriorated due to its former colonial past history, announced that it had nationalized the Suez Canal after one of such problematic events. Although the USA, the presumed leader of the Western World, was not satisfied with that decision, but tried to decrease the tension in order to cease the USSR intervention to the Middle East and increase its influence. However, Britain and France, who are in charge of the Suez Canal and Canal Company, were not satisfied with Egypt’s decision that nationalized the Suez Company. They took decisive action both to take the Canal back and to overthrow the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdünnasir, who was hostile to them in the Middle East region. As a result, the Suez Crisis of 1956 occurred. Britain and France won the military struggle but lost in the political process. Balances in the Middle East region and the world system have changed dramatically and the Suez Crisis was the starting point of this change.