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Differentiation of financial autonomy of Polish cities from the perspective of regional development

Author(s): Magdalena Łyszkiewicz,Iwona Świeczewska / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2015

The present paper raises the issues of financial autonomy of Polish cities with regard to the aspect of social and economic development of provinces; in which they are located – the topic being of crucial importance both from the theoretical and practical point of view. The significance of the undertaken research follows mainly from the fact that self-reliance and autonomy of a city in the area of financial management are indispensable conditions for its functioning. What potentially leads cities to harmonious and sustainable development is the fact that they possess legal personality; complete their tasks on their own account; manage their property and have their own; independent of the state finances; financial system. In spite of the fact that the goal of a city is not to make maximum profits but to satisfy collective public needs; the most important aim of local self-government authorities while making financial decisions should be to manage their financial resources in a rational way but; at the same time; to keep in mind the priority of the public interest.

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Jakość przestrzeni miejskiej wokół wybranych obiektów związanych z komunikacją w Łodzi i Warszawie

Author(s): Piotr Kosmowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 140/2015

Urban space in Poland has undergone not only positive transformations. The objective of the research is to determine the influence of selected communication objects on the formation of the quality of urban space on the examples from two cities: Łódź and Warszawa. The investigation included a range of methods: analysis of city plans and maps, photos and local observation. It was determined that cities in Poland, being a stage for many actors who desire to attract many users, undergo many transformations of urban space. A few examples related to communication were given, contributing towards the formation of urban terrain friendly to its users and those which are hostile to the inhabitants and other users of cities (e.g. residents, tourists).

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Miasto zielone – miasto zrównoważone. Sposoby kształtowania miejskich terenów zieleni w nawiązaniu do idei Green City

Author(s): Anna Hulicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 141/2015

Bad urban policy leads to environmental degradation and a reduction in the quality of life in cities. Therefore, local government action ought to be guided by the principle of sustainable development. The application of the green city idea can have a positive effect on the natural environment and urban quality of life. The research methods presented in this paper concern the development of green cities, which are most vulnerable to the risk of what can be called excessive urbanization. The conversion of degraded or neglected cities into green urban centers may be the answer to environmental, social, and economic problems in such cities. Urban planners increasingly more often pay attention to the link, which exists between the idea of green cities and the urban concept of a garden city. However, this novel idea assumes not only the creation of green areas, but also a reduction in dust and gas emissions, likewise noise and waste, renewable energy, implementation of sustainable transportation, and promotion of organic food staples. Cities that properly apply these principles are called green cities or eco-cities. Many Scandinavian and North American countries base their policy on sustainable development. Local governments in Poland, as well as urban planners in Poland, must derive inspiration from the environmental approach employed in other countries. Greenery plays important roles in urban aesthetics; therefore, it is necessary to take it into consideration in land use planning, city development strategies, and local programs linked with urban revitalization. New housing projects should assume the existence of such spaces, which would interfere with the natural environment as little as possible. Developers should also be required to restore destroyed green areas. The revitalization of Polish housing units must be rethought in the spirit of the green city concept. Greenery should dominate in all housing complexes, which would refresh and enrich the landscape through so-called living walls. This would have a positive effect not only on the aesthetic appearance of buildings, but also it would help maintain a more comfortable temperature throughout housing estates in the winter and in the summer. So-called green roofs could be built on the flat roofs of all existing housing blocks. Geographers and landscape ecologists should be permitted to evaluate new construction projects. Community participation and environmental education both play a key role in pro-environmental policy. Moreover, city residents should have some influence on the appearance of their city.

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Злочинність неповнолітніх як суспільна проблема

Author(s): B. M. Golovkin / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 133/2016

The article is dedicated to the problem of juvenile crime under conditions of armed conflict and socio-economic crisis in Ukraine. Since 2010 the level of juvenile crime has been constantly decreasing. Generally, this is determined by transformation of state policy for the treatment of juvenile offenders, literally, reducing the severity of charge in prosecuting children in conflict with the law.With the onset of economic and political crises, the state does not pay enough attention to the above mentioned category of children; while the national network of social workers fail to maintain relevant prevention coverage. As a result, being especially vulnerable, juveniles turn en masse to lucrative crimes in order to survive, get involved in urban violence, join criminal groups and take part in grave crimes together with adult delinquents.The crime situation becomes more complex due to the consequences of the economic crisis and the ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine. According to estimates of independent experts, the number of “street children” in Ukraine has increased dramatically. Their estimated number ranges from 120 to 300 thousand. The boost of “street children” in total results in escalation of urban violence, thefts, robberies, rapes etc. The author presumes that the risk of involvement in criminal activities is especially high for the children of internally displaced persons from the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions (approximately 130 thousand minors).It has been stated that children are starving in every fifth internally displaced family. Continuous military activities and armed violence make devastating psychological impact on these children. Displaced children, who witnessed the hostilities, have grievous psychological problems; some of them have embittered towards other people, nursed a grudge, are jealous of peers for any reason and aimed at revenge and replicating violence.The current state of juvenile crime could is characterized by the following trends: amplification of lucrative motivation, causation of common crimes by poor life circumstances and the struggle for survival in a hostile environment, increase of urban violence, the convergence of various patterns of criminal behaviour, the boost of recidivism, the involvement of minors in criminal activities by their parents, close relatives and other negatively experienced persons. On the one hand, modern juvenile crime acquires the features of a hybrid combination with criminal offenses, but on the other hand, it turns out in the escalation of grave crimes and felonies. The discovered trend impacts the effectiveness of crime prevention in the relevant scope.

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How Winter Tourism Transformed Agrarian Livelihoods in an Alpine Village. The Case of Damüls in Vorarlberg/Austria

Author(s): Robert Gross,Verena Winiwarter / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2015

Winter after winter, hundreds of thousands of skiers visit Alpine communities to experience bodilymediated landscape sensations. Studying Damüls, a well-known ski resort in Austria’s westernmost province Vorarlberg, we can show that both massive economic growth and massive interventions into Alpine landscapes accompanied winter tourism development. We narrate the environmental history of Damüls over 200 years by analysing strategies of commodification of »nature« and property rights, shedding light on the potentials and pitfalls of sustainable development of remote Alpine communities when they draw their income from winter tourism. The paper investigates how inhabitants dealt with changing environmental and economic conditions in a pre-industrial era. Settlers experienced resource limitations typical for an agrarian society. When the valleys were industrialized, Damüls nearly vanished as a permanent settlement. Then, tourists entered the stage, turning the wheel of local development into a different direction in several steps. Travel writers and photographers had integrated Damüls into the mental topography of urban leisure seekers in the 19th century. A romantic tourist gaze of Damüls developed. From the 1930s onwards, federal authorities discovered the economic power of tourism to improve national trade balances and fostered the tourism transformation. While the impact of tourism was modest in the interwar years due to limited capital and energy availability, these limitations were lifted when the ‘1950s syndrome’ arrived. This third step was characterized by a massive building boom, influencing even inherited property rights. Ski lifts, hotels, roads and later snow systems and ski slope-buildings mushroomed, providing comfortable access to snow-secure Alpine landscapes. The maintenance of this infrastructure requires energy and capital investments, leading to material and energy flows that depend on the availability of cheap energy in large amounts. Agrarian Damüls produced a very modest surplus, depending on available labour input. Touristic Damüls gobbles up energy to provide for tourists leading to a much greater economic gain, but with a considerable impact on natural systems. A sustainable future of Alpine settlements requires new forms of dealing with Alpine nature, forms that are less dependent on the industrialized, globalized system of mobility of people, energy and matter that leads to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution and habitat destruction.

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POTENCIAŁ DZIEDZICTWA KULTUROWEGO MNIEJSZOŚCI NARODOWYCH W MAŁYCH MIASTACH – PRZYKŁAD BRZEZIN

Author(s): Katarzyna Leśniewska-Napierała / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

Small towns are understood here as settlements with municipal rights having up to 20,000 inhabitants. In Łódź Voivodeship (a unit of Poland’s administrative division) there are 28 such settlements inhabited by almost 210,000 people. The aim of the study is to analyse the potential of the heritage of national minorities in the towns of Łódź Voivodeship. The town of Brzeziny was selected for the study as national minorities played a prominent role in its land development in the past.Małe miasta rozumiane są jako ośrodki posiadające prawa miejskie i liczące do 20 tys. mieszkańców. W województwie łódzkim funkcjonuje 28 takich ośrodków, zamieszkanych przez niespełna 210 tys. osób. Celem podjętych rozważań jest analiza potencjału dziedzictwa mniejszości narodowych w małych miastach regionu łódzkiego. Jako szczegółowy przykład rozważań wybrano Brzeziny, w których w przeszłości mniejszości narodowe odgrywały niezwykle istotną rolę w rozwoju przestrzennym.

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The Roma Response to Development Strategies: A Replicate Model for Collective Action and Inclusive Development in a Hungarian Village

Author(s): Malay Mishra,Gopalakrishnan Karunanithi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper deals with seminal changes in the socio-economic life of the Roma community in the village of Cserdi in Hungary, brought about by a host of strategic programs of a dynamic Roma Mayor. It suggests several measures to develop a viable development model by consolidating his programs with a few modifications to suit the Roma, who constitute the majority population in the village, as well as their counterparts living elsewhere in Hungary and Central and Eastern Europe. It also illustrates how such a model has proven to be a successful strategy in developing and empowering marginalized groups in India, while arguing its efficacy for the Roma situation in Hungary.

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Income gap between rural and non-rural households – Case of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Radek Zdeněk,František Střeleček / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The paper compares incomes of Czech rural and non-rural households and identifies households persisting below the poverty line. The data were taken from the statistical research entitled “Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for 2005 and 2008”. Households were classified according to the municipality size (up to 2,000 inhabitants is rural). Household incomes were assessed according to net annual income per consumer unit. Positive skewness and high kurtosis is a typical feature of household incomes; a similarity with log-normal distribution can be presumed. The difference between rural and non-rural household incomes was significant. In 2005, the share of households with incomes below the poverty line did not significantly differ in rural and non-rural areas. The probability of escape from the group with the lowest incomes seems to be higher in the Czech Republic compared to foreign countries.

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Social sustainability and urban renewal on the example of inner-erzsébetváros in Budapest

Author(s): Gábor Csanádi,Adrienne Csizmady,Gergely Olt / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

This article outlines recent social processes in central Budapest – Inner-Erzsébetváros, focusing on social sustainability and gentrification, and presents the potential social conflicts emerging in this area. We examine the recent history and trends and possible long-term effects of real-estate development in the research area. The article concludes that the gentrification events in central Budapest could be a warning signal of future social displacement and social exclusion.

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Social Capital and Leadership: Rural Cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Annette Hurrelmann,Catherine Murray,Volker Beckmann / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2006

There is controversy about the potential for collective action in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). Many authors argue that the level of social capital is low in CEECs, whereas others underline that, while trust in authorities and the state may be low, interpersonal networks are present. This paper explores the issue on the basis of three case studies conducted in the project IDARI (“Integrated Development of Agriculture and Rural Institutions in Central and Eastern European Countries”). They study rural cooperation projects, i.e. production and marketing in agricultural cooperatives, a rural tourism initiative and the management of a national park. It was asked: what is the basis for successful cooperation and what are the reasons why cooperation fails? The conclusion is that two main obstacles for collective action in rural CEECs are low bridging of social capital and unclear gains from cooperation. In such a situation, well-connected local leaders who provide credible information and establish links among different actor groups and with authorities can be of crucial importance to achieve collective action. This finding is interesting because most of the literature on social capital does not acknowledge the need for a “mediating agency”but expects cooperation to happen “automatically”where enough social capital is present. However, it is also shown that leadership becomes difficult where conflicting interests, low general trust and little initiative of actors prevail. A policy conclusion is that better financial and technical support for prospective leaders in rural cooperation projects in CEECs could contribute to the success of initiatives.

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Dschami und Mahalle des Tojgun Pascha im stadtteil Buda-Víziváros

Author(s): Győző Gerő / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2001

Die Topographie des türkenzeitlichen Buda (Ofen) wurde von Lajos Fekete auf Grund der Quellen so exakt bestimmt, daß die archäologischen Freilegungen deren Richtigkeit in nahezu vollem Umfang bestätigt haben, Eines der am frühesten entstandenen türkischen Stadtviertel bzw, Befestigungsabschnitte Ofens war der Mahalle des Tojgun Pascha, Das Zentrum dieses Stadtteils bildeten die von Tojgun Pascha gestifteten Gebäude, Zu dem Gebäudekomplex Tojgun Paschas gehörten, wie Ewlija Tschelebi schreibt, eine Dschami, ein Doppelbad - Tschifte Hamam genannt -, eine Medresse und auch Läden, Letztere mögen in einem kleineren Bedesten- oder Arasta-Gebäude untergebracht gewesen sein, das mit dem auf dem Stadtplan von de la Vigne in der Nähe der Dschami dargestellten Bau mit Säulenhalle identisch sein dürfte, Von den Stiftungseinrichtungen Tojgun Paschas ging allein die 1553-1555 erbaute Dschami unbeschädigt aus der Belagerung des Jahres 1686 hervor; in der Kapuzinerkirche, der heutigen unterwasserstädtischen Pfarrkirche, blieben bedeutende Details der Dschami erhalten, Die bei der Freilegung der Kibla-Mauer »in situ« zum Vorschein gelangten Fenster bzw, die im Kircheninneren entdeckten Reste der Mihrab, des türkenzeitlichen Fußbodenniveaus und Kanzelfundaments (Mimber) haben es ermöglicht, den Grundriß des Gebäudes sowie seine südöstliche Fassade authentisch zu rekonstruieren,

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Домувањето во руралните општини во РМ: Примерот на Желино

Author(s): Ali Pajaziti / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 6/2010

Housing has always been important factor in social policy that is directly related to the quality of life of the population, their general health and functioning. The article analyzed different theoretical approaches to the concept of housing, examines the importance of quality housing in rural and urban areas, this paper presents a sociological emphasis on the role of housing in the general welfare of the population. In this paper is going to be analyzed the quality of housing in the Republic of Macedonia with a special focus on Zelino municipality located in Polog region and at the foot of the mountain Suva Gora. The municipality is composed of 17 villages and a total 24.390 people (data are taken from the last census of 2002). We will use action research that involves analysis of statistical data which will be supplemented with empirical research in the field through surveys and interviews about how the population in this region are satisfied with their housing conditions, whether and how satisfied the other factors that directly have impact on the quality of housing as a drinking water, street lighting, sewerage, electricity etc. Given that a municipality which is extended to 199 km² where some villages are in mountainous areas and who are physically are more isolated from other villages, which explores the fact whether and how local authorities are willing to provide equal conditions of this population versus the population living in more available parts of the municipality. The topic is relevant because it is directly related to the quality of life of the population living in Macedonia, which may attract interest as in scientific circles also and in public ones.

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Lokalizacja względem ośrodków miejskich a sytuacja finansowa gmin wiejskich

Author(s): Aldona Standar / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 76/2019

The objective of this paper is to present the role of the relationship between the location and financial performance of local government units. One of Poland’s largest voivodships, Wielkopolskie, was used as an example. Recent acceleration of suburbanisation processes not only results in socioeconomic changes in municipalities surrounding cities but also affects their financial performance. To attain the aforesaid objective, this study used variance analysis to investigate the significance of the differences in the financial ratios between the units analysed by location (measured as the distance of rural municipalities from district towns and from Poznań, the region’s capital). The research proved that the closer a municipality is to an urban centre, the greater its financial autonomy, liquidity and investments, yet at a higher level of debt. Also, the proximity to Poznań is a better determinant of the differences in financial performance than the location close to smaller urban centres.

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SOCIJALNI PROSTOR U UTOPIJAMA I ANTIUTOPIJAMA

Author(s): Ivanka Knežević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/1982

The tradition of utopias represents the line of projects of a society, that is »no place« and »good place« simultaneously. It is supposed, therefore, that architectural, political and other means of the everyday life in utopias (societies of total de-alienation) and anti-utopias (that gravitate toward total alienation) must be entirely different. But the anthropological background in both of them is the same: the conception of the human nature being static, suspectible to modeling to leveling the needs. The settlements, both in utopias and anti-utopias, are, basicly, the existing settlements, perfected and cleaned from all the disfunctions.

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REPRODUKCIJA SELJAČKOG GAZDINSTVA I UDRUŽIVANJE POLJOPRIVREDNIKA

Author(s): Vojin Radomirović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1977

Prilike na poljoprivrednom sektoru u nas osciliraju između krajnosti prividno suvišne proizvodnje i stvarne nestašice poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Pri svakoj od ovih krajnosti otvara se i dilema o pravcima naše agrarne politike. Među pitanjima se ističu: Šta sa seljačkim gazdinstvom?

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NEKI PROBLEMI SEOSKE STARAČKE POPULACIJE

Author(s): Miroslav A. Živković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1977

Poljoprivredni karakter SR Srbije i dominacija seoskog stanovništva u ukupnom stanovništvu zahtevaju poklanjanje izuzetne pažnje pojavama na selu, i to, kako nauke, tako i politike. Na žalost, ne možemo reći da je naša sociološka nauka bila na visini svojih obaveza i objektivnih mogućnosti.

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SOCIOLOGIJA U JAPANU

Author(s): Shoji Kokichi / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1975

Jedan od najznačajnijih činilaca društvenog razvitka je svakako razvitak društvene svesti; izučavanjem ovog činioca postaje sasvim jasno da su krajnji nosioci društvene svesti pojedinci kao takvi. To znači da je društveni razvitak u celimi u krajnjoj liniji uslovljen stepenom razvitka društvene svesti pojedinca, na isti način na koji je u ekonomiji — političkoj ekonomiji — kao što se kaže, proces proizvodnje >u krajnjoj liniji uslovljen stepenom potrošnje pojedinca.

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Rola rodziny w codziennej trosce o osoby starsze w świetle zmieniającej się sytuacji na obszarach wiejskich w Wietnamie

Author(s): Do Thi Thanh Nhan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

This paper use datasets on the elderly in four provinces, including 307 el derlyin Ha Tinh, Quang Ngai in 2017, 407 elderly in Ninh Binh and Tien Giang in 2016of the project “Strengthening Social Engagement in Elderly Care in Changing Economicand Family Structure in Asia: Policy and Practical Dialogues between Local Communitiesin Vietnam and Japan.” This paper aims to evaluate roles of family members, especiallyof women in caring for the elderly and to explore the difficulties posed for contemporaryfamilies in relation to the roles of the community and the state. In particular, the paperwill identify the forces influencing the way that each family member provides care for theirelderly in the social and culture context of Vietnam. Our findings showed that families playa very important role in elderly care and that women still play crucial roles in caring forthe elderly regardless of circumstances. The family is the most important support for theelderly in Vietnam during illness (spouses and children). Family economic con dition,health status, illness, gender, age, and working status have significant impacts on the healthof the elderly. It is noted that taking care of the material life for the elderly is one of theburdens that the family faces, which raised need for a more comprehensive system of socialsecurity and social services for the elderly especially in the rural areas in the contextof increasing migration and recent changes in family structure and functions.

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«Для пользы города я готов поклониться хоть черту»: глава Ленсовета Н.И.Смирнов в период оттепели (1954–1962 гг.)

Author(s): S. I. Podolskiy,I. V. Voloshinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 28/2019

The article explores the life and activities of the prominent regional economic manager Nikolai Smirnov (1906–1962), who served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council in 1954–1962. Smirnov was a colorful and talented person. At the same time, he did much for the development of the urban economy. He had to work in difficult conditions of interaction of the city with the capital's structures, especially defects of the planning and distribution system. Smirnov proved himself a loyal supporter of Khrushchev, and he skillfully used the support of the leader. Smirnov strove for a simple and democratic style of communication with his subordinates and was humane and accessible. Close attention is paid to the use of nomenklatura methods of work, based on personal connections in central planning and distribution structures. A product of his time, Smirnov was able to defend the city’s interests and to make a worthy contribution to improving the daily life of Leningrad’s people. During his leadership, Smirnov addressed such important issues as the deployment of mass housing construction, the solution of a number of social problems of Leningrad’s residents, the celebration of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad, some “lifting” of the Iron Curtain, and the investigation of several large criminal communities operating in trade.

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Казань – восточный город? (на материалах путеводителя 1873 г.)

Author(s): E. M. Dusaeva,Nailya Ildarovna Khanbekova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2018

The guidebook is one of the most genre-defined forms of historical and educational work. Using the example of the text of the “Index of Kazan Historical Sites” by Professor S.M. Shpilevskii, the potential and importance of the guidebook for the formation of historical ideas in society was studied. Since the genre of the guidebook was new during S.M. Shpilevskii’s times, the presence or absence of the signs of a genre standard in this composition were determined. The theoretical basis of the research is the methods of structural analysis, semiotics and memory studies. Based on the results of the analysis of the text of the “Index”, the following methods were distinguished as the characteristic methods of creating the image of Kazan: selection of objects, marking them from more to less significant ones, the historical ideology of the discourse of the events and places described, the use of a certain presentation style and ideological antitheses “ours” – “foreign”. The obtained results show that it is impossible to describe Kazan in the framework of the European tradition; it appears as “its” Orient, an Orient that does not frighten. Kazan is the tamed Orient, the Orient in Western Costume, and the Tatars living in the city, despite being foreigners, are not alien.

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