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Stara šola v Vodicah 1855-1869

Author(s): Stane Okoliš / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

The article discusses the single-grade school in Vodice from the beginning of its continuous operation in 1855 until the introduction of the liberal school legislation in 1869, which fundamentally changed the school system. The period of the old school in Vodice is marked by the consequences of the Spring of Nations and Revolution of 1848, and the Concordat between the Austrian Empire and the Holy See of 1855. While the measures of 1848 contributed to the improvement of teaching in the primary schools, the Concordat mainly strengthened the role of the Catholic Church in the management, organisation, and supervision of teaching in primary education. Throughout this period, Jernej Stamcar, who was the second public teacher in Vodice, held the position of teacher, which also included the position of organist and sexton. The article is mainly based on the minutes of the district school staff meetings and the parish notice books, which are the main available sources for the history of the school in this period.

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Splošni šolski red za nemške normalne, glavne in trivialne šole v vseh cesarskih kraljevih dednih deželah

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

Besedilo je prevedeno iz nemščine v sodobno slovenščino po nemško- -slovenski izdaji za deželo Kranjsko, ki je bila najverjetneje objavljena leta 1777.

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Austrian General School Ordinance and the Establishment of Primary School Systems in Europe from the Mid-18th to the Mid-19th Century

Author(s): Simon Malmenvall / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

School laws and related legal provisions represent valuable resources for the study of educational and broader cultural processes. Based on the approximately simultaneous beginnings of mass accessible state primary education from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century, this article covers examples of legislative and other measures of four European countries – Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia. Due to the importance of the Theresian-Josephine reforms for Slovenian history, the circumstances in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire with the General School Ordinance from 1774 are chosen as the starting points of this research. Increasingly centralized countries, with the decisive help of the school network, created a capitalist-industrial society, at the centre of which were productivity-oriented individuals devoted to the state. The synergy among state authorities, ecclesiastical organisations, and awareness of the usefulness of education was key to the expansion of the school network and literacy, which was most successfully reflected in the case of Prussia.

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»Ko je šola začela« Pogled v način življenja otrok v obdobju Splošnega šolskega reda skozi šolske knjige

Author(s): Marjetka Balkovec,Klara Marija Keršič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

This paper offers a glimpse into the period when the first national primary school act, with the beginning of compulsory and mass education, also marked a turning point in the way children lived. The Age of Enlightenment was characterised by new ideas, changes in society, and changing attitudes towards children and education. A review and analysis of fundamental documents and schoolbooks attempts to provide an image of children in our territory during this period. In her survey of the century, Mag. Debevec Balkovec focuses on the General School Ordinance (1774), the Method Book (1777), catechisms, arithmetic books, and manuals for farming, whereas Keršič focuses on reading books and alphabet books.

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Šolske reforme in pismenost na Slovenskem od terezijanskih časov

Author(s): Aleš Gabrič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the impact of the three largest school reforms of the first level of education on literacy in the Slovenian territory. The effect of the general school order from 1774 on the increase in literacy cannot be determined precisely, as no statistical data is available and the assessments of individuals were more the result of their own opinions. The increase in literacy fell short of expectations, as before the revolution of 1848 only around a third of the school-age generation of children attended school. The next school reform in 1869 brought a step towards general literacy, which is more precisely evidenced by statistical data and maps showing that by the First World War the vast majority of young people had already mastered reading and writing and that there were more illiterate people in some more remote parts of Slovenian territory and among the older generation. The primary school reform of the 1950s therefore no longer had the (narrower) aim of increasing literacy, but the reform planners were already focusing more on the transition from elementary school to secondary school.

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Gradski kler u Zadru u službi učitelja i kateheta u 18. stoljeću

Author(s): Zdenko Dundović,Marijana Mohorić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 67/2024

This paper explores the educational and catechetical contributions of Zadar’s clergy during the 18th century, with a focus on the catechetical manuals available for instructing children and young people in the broader Croatian region. The study suggests that catechization during this period was applied gradually, adapted to the age, social status, and gender of the learners. It can be roughly divided into three stages: the catechesis of children, adolescents, and adults. Corresponding to these divisions, catechist priests were appointed for each age group based on their level of education and pastoral experience. Clergy involved in the educational and catechetical processes in the communes of Zadar and Pag primarily acquired their foundational knowledge at local educational institutions, with many pursuing further training at Italian higher education institutions across the peninsula. A smaller number obtained higher academic degrees from the Dominican General University in Zadar. The paper also presents original archival data confirming that, alongside urban clergy, lay teachers actively participated in the educational and catechetical efforts in the Zadar commune, in accordance with ecclesiastical norms and episcopal permits.

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Pregled izobraževalnega sistema, namenjenega slepim in slabovidnim, v 19. in začetku 20. stoletja na Slovenskem

Author(s): Aleksandra Serše / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2023

Based on archive materials kept by the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia in its collections on the Carniolan Provincial Government, the Carniolan Provincial Assembly and Committee, and the Institute for Blind and Partially Sighted Children – Kočevje, we have sought to present the issue of social attitudes towards the blind and partially sighted in the 19th-century and early-20th-century Carniola within the newly established SHS state. The article gives an overview of the educational system intended for the blind in institutes and public primary schools. The final part focuses on the developments after World War I when the first Slovenian institute for the blind and partially sighted was established in Ljubljana.

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Terezijansko ljudsko štetje leta 1754 kot vir za ljubljansko šolstvo

Author(s): Boris Golec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2023

The official census of the population of the Cathedral parish of St. Nicholas, carried out in 1754 as part of the national population census ordered by Maria Theresa, provides extensive data on the students of the grammar school and the Jesuit Latin school, around 350 people, i.e. about two-thirds of the total. Particularly valuable are the details of the students’ age and residence, which are rarely found elsewhere. The census is the most complete picture of the composition of secondary school and university students from the period before school catalogues were preserved. The article outlines the possibilities for further research into the secondary school and university population. Although quite scarce, the data on Ljubljana’s primary schools are also of great importance for the history of education in Ljubljana.

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Ruska kultura in boljševizem v delih Franca Grivca ter njuna refleksija pri Slovencih

Author(s): Simon Malmenvall / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2023

Franc Grivec (1878–1963), a long-time professor (1920–1963) at the Faculty of Theology in Ljubljana, is considered a pioneer in systematic research of Eastern Christianity and Slavic cultures among Slovene authors. A significant part of Grivec’s published work is dedicated to the reception of the “Russian theme”, including the intellectual and spiritual causes and consequences of the revolutionary upheaval in Russian society with its peak in the October Revolution of 1917, which presented a topical political and cultural issue of his time. This issue is most thoroughly addressed in the monograph for a wider audience “National Consciousness and Bolshevism” originally written by Grivec on the basis of his lectures to the primary school teachers and high-school professors of Ljubljana in 1944. According to Grivec, the extremism of the Bolsheviks represents a part of the wider mechanism of Russian cultural history, in which the concept of a messianic mission of Russia, starting with the idea of Moscow has the “Third Rome”, appeared several times. Grivec also emphasises that socialism is primarily a question about God and the transformation of the whole of human life, which can unfold also on Slovene soil. Based on this, Grivec calls on Catholic leaders and intellectuals to assert Christian principles in public and foster a relectiv national consciousness (as opposed to the internationalist socialism), in order to prevent the success of the revolution.

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Šolanje za poklic farmacevtskega tehnika in za magistra farmacije v Sloveniji

Author(s): Zdravko Kvržić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2023

Already in antiquity, there were healers in Slovenia who prepared and used medicines and ointments in their treatments. However, formal pharmacy education in Slovenia only started after the end of the Second World War, and prior to that, Slovenians studied abroad. The first school for pharmaceutical assistants was established in 1946. The fully reformed university course in pharmacy began in 1960. At present, it takes four years to train as a pharmaceutical technician and five years to obtain a master’s degree in a pharmacy. Working in pharmacy requires precision, responsibility, and professionalism, as well as a lot of theoretical and practical knowledge. The purpose of this article is to show the development and course of pharmacy education in Slovenia over time.

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Jubileji: Jožef Kalasanc Likavec, Janez Miklošič, Karel Ozvald, Engelbert Gangl, Slavko Hodžar

Author(s): Polona Koželj,Matic Intihar,Anton Arko,Simon Malmenvall / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2023

Rojen je bil leta 1773 na gradu Žinkovy na Češkem. Po končani gimnaziji je opravljal delo pisarja pri vojaški upravi v Pragi. Leta 1798 je bil posvečen v mašnika ter stopil v katoliški red piaristov, ki so se ukvarjali predvsem z izobraževanjem revnih otrok.

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Poročila in ocene

Author(s): Branko Šuštar,Maja Hakl Saje,Marjetka Balkovec Debevec,Mateja Ribarič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2023

Reviews of: Nepozabljena Klasična gimnazija Maribor, Maribor: Umetniški kabinet Primož Premzl, 2023, 560 str.; Milena Černe, Šolstvo na severnem Primorskem v času Italije 1918–1943, Nova Gorica: Pokrajinski arhiv, 2023, 62 str.; Raziskovanje zbirk izobraževalne zgodovine – 19. mednarodni simpozij šolskih muzejev in šolskozgodovinskih zbirk, Berlin 2023 / »Exploring Collections of Educational History« – 19th Symposium of School Museum and Collections of Educational History, Berlin 2023; Zgodovina izobraževanja na konferenci ECER v Glasgowu avgusta 2023. Vrednotenje različnosti v izobraževanju / The Value of Diversity in Education

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Pouk matematike na ljubljanski gimnaziji v drugi polovici 19. stoletja

Author(s): Milan Hladnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2022

The article presents maths lessons at the Ljubljana (classical) gimnazija secondary school in the second half of the 19th century. In addition to a short general outline of the concept of the gimnazija, reformed in 1848, with the curriculum and the newly introduced baccalaureate, the article deals with the mandatory material in maths lessons, its division between the grades, and the prescribed or recommended textbooks for arithmetic and geometry. This is followed by an overview of who taught maths and physics at this school and who were the leading teachers in these two subjects in that period. Some students from that time are also singled out, who after the baccalaureate enrolled to study maths and physics (or natural sciences), successfully finished their degree and at least partly pursued a career in this field, and whose pedagogical, professional or academic work contributed to its development.

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Dr. Otmar Pirkmajer, rektor UNRRA univerze Svobodna Evropa in njegovo delo za begunce

Author(s): Irena Žmuc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2022

Otmar Pirkmajer, Slovenian, lawyer, professor, rector, writer and politician. Through his unusual life story, the article wishes to throw light on the overlooked and politicised time after World War Two. It is less well known that he took part in the establishment of a unique educational institution – the UNRRA University, an institution educating for the new, post-war world.

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Spomini Ane Valenčič na ljudsko šolo v Podstenjah v času italijanske oblasti

Author(s): Ana Mikuletič,Natalija Mikuletič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2022

The article presents the school in Podstenje near Ilirska Bistrica, founded in 1869 and active for 73 years. From the autumn of 1935 until the school was abolished on 4 June 1942, one of its pupils was Ana Valenčič, from the nearby village of Mereče. After World War One, this part of the Primorska region fell to Italy, which introduced a policy of Italianising the Slovenian population. For this purpose, Italy started founding Italian schools and introducing Italian language into the existing schools. Teaching in the one-year people’s school in Podstenje also took place in Italian and in her memories Ana Valenčič returns to that period.

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Fototeka v Slovenskem šolskem muzeju

Author(s): Mateja Ribarič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2022

The article presents one of the basic activities of the Slovenian School Museum: performing a public service that includes working with material and presenting heritage to the public. This includes collecting, documenting and digitalising museum material, in line with the museum’s collecting policy. There follows a presentation of individual photo library collections: of photographs, of old postcards with a school theme, and an audio-visual collection, which is comprised of a number of sections.

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Jubileji: Šentrupert, Moravče, Mihael Hermann, Fanny Susan Copeland, Jože Plečnik, Matko Potočnik, Josip Mazi, Andrej Rape, Franc Pediček, Slovenski učitelj, Novi zapiski

Author(s): Tatjana Hojan,Polona Koželj,Anton Arko / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2022

Leta 1822 so začeli zidati šolsko poslopje, ki je bilo končano naslednje leto. Tam so se učenci zbirali ob nedeljah in praznikih med prvo in drugo mašo. Kaplan jih je poučeval v verouku, čitanju, pisanju in računstvu. Leta 1854 je prišel v kraj prvi učitelj, ustanovljena je bila enorazrednica in začel se je celodnevni pouk. Manjša pozidava poslopja je bila izvedena leta 1860, novo šolsko poslopje pa sezidano leta 1897, ko je bila šola razširjena v dvorazrednico. Šoli so pridružili tudi vrt. Do leta 1935 je bila šola razširjena v štirirazrednico. V drugi svetovni vojni so Nemci zasedli šolo in je pouk od 1941 do 1944 potekal v nemškem jeziku. Šolsko poslopje je bilo v začetku leta 1945 požgano. Po vojni so s poukom pričeli 29. oktobra 1945. Vpisanih je bilo 219 učencev, pouk pa je potekal v zasebnih prostorih. Šolsko poslopje so obnavljali in je bilo pripravljeno z začetkom šolskega leta 1946/47. Sedaj je šola podružnica Osnovne šole Primoža Trubarja v Laškem.

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Razvoj misli o vzgoji z umetnostjo pri nas od konca 19. stoletja do danes

Author(s): Patricija Čamernik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2022

This article presents the development of the idea of educating through art on the basis of an analysis of articles from three Slovenian pedagogical journals: Popotnik, Pedagoški zbornik and Sodobna pedagogika. On the basis of the central ideas, a hypothesis is formed about five waves of development of the idea of using art in education, and the paradigmatic background for it is presented. The article mentions the key authors, together with their ideas, as well as foreign influences and movements abroad.

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Jakob Kelemina (1882-1957), nestor slovenske germanistike

Author(s): Petra Kramberger,Irena Samide / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2022

Jakob Kelemina is considered to have laid the foundations for the Germanic and English studies in Slovenia. From the founding of the University in Ljubljana to his death in 1957 he was the head of the Section for Germanic Philology and the later Department for Germanic Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Arts, and for three mandates (1930/31, 1937/38 and 1944/45) also the dean of the faculty. He not only decisively marked the first phase of Germanic studies in Ljubljana but, together with Rajko Nahtigal (1877–1958), Fran Ramovš (1890–1952), France Kidrič (1880–1950) and Ivan Prijatelj (1875–1937), also the early days of the Slovenian university. His research into German medieval literature gained an international reputation, and he also researched and published literary studies, historical and modern linguistics, ethnography and folklore studies. This article, which presents his life, academic, pedagogical and research activities, focuses particularly on a detailed presentation of his studies at the University of Graz, and on a brief presentation of his pedagogical activities.

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Orientalizem v učnih načrtih za zgodovino od leta 1945 do leta 1991

Author(s): Rok Kastelic / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2022

The article analyses how history curricula between 1945 and 1991 contributed to the spread of orientalist discourse. It divides the content of many curricula and various other fragments from documents from that time into meaningful units that are then further supplemented with findings from classical and modern historiography. Documents from the past are examined in the spirit of the findings of that time, while at the same time their content is evaluated in line with today’s findings. Analysis and explanation are thus interwoven in order to show a way out of the orientalist discourse which (subconsciously) sees “the Orient” as inferior.

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